Christina Warinner: Tracking ancient diseases using ... plaque

45,003 views ・ 2012-04-20

TED


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譯者: Joyce Chou 審譯者: Ching Sze
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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各位是否想過,
00:17
what is inside your dental plaque?
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在各位的牙菌斑裡藏著什麼?
00:20
Probably not, but people like me do.
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可能沒有,但像我一樣的人會想這個問題。
00:22
I'm an archeological geneticist
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我是一位考古學遺傳學家。
00:24
at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine
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我任職於蘇黎世大學的
00:26
at the University of Zurich,
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醫藥發展中心
00:28
and I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease
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我針對古人類骨骼和木乃伊遺骸
00:31
by conducting genetic research
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進行基因研究
00:33
on the skeletal and mummified remains of ancient humans.
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了解人類健康和疾病的起源和演化
00:36
And through this work, I hope to better understand
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透過此研究,我希望能更加了解
00:39
the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies,
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我們的身體在進化上缺陷
00:41
so that we can improve
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我們也得以改善
00:44
and better manage our health in the future.
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並在未來管理我們的健康狀況。
00:46
There are different ways to approach evolutionary medicine,
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要改進研發醫藥有各種不同的方法
00:49
and one way is to extract human DNA
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其中一種就是從骨骼化石中
00:51
from ancient bones.
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提取人類的DNA
00:53
And from these extracts,
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從這些提取出的DNA
00:55
we can reconstruct the human genome at different points in time
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我們可以重建不同時期的人類的基因組
00:58
and look for changes that might be related to adaptations,
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並尋找可能因適應而產生的變化
01:01
risk factors and inherited diseases.
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風險因素和遺傳疾病。
01:04
But this is only one half of the story.
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但這只是故事的其中一部份。
01:07
The most important health challenges today
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今天對於健康最大的挑戰
01:10
are not caused by simple mutations in our genome,
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並非我們基因組裡產生的簡單基因突變,
01:13
but rather result from a complex and dynamic interplay
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而是遺傳變異,飲食,
01:16
between genetic variation,
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微生物,寄生蟲
01:18
diet, microbes and parasites
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和我們的免疫系統之間
01:20
and our immune response.
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所造成複雜的和動態的相互作用。
01:22
All of these diseases
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這所有的疾病
01:24
have a strong evolutionary component
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有很強的進化因子。
01:26
that directly relates to the fact
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這直接和一個事實有關,
01:28
that we live today in a very different environment
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就是我們生活在一個和我們身體相比,
01:30
than the ones in which our bodies evolved.
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是一個更加不同的環境中。
01:33
And in order to understand these diseases,
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為了要了解這些疾病,
01:35
we need to move past studies of the human genome alone
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我們需要將過去研究人類基因組,
01:38
and towards a more holistic approach
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改為更加全方位的去研究
01:40
to human health in the past.
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過去的人類健康情況。
01:42
But there are a lot of challenges for this.
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但這是相當大的挑戰
01:44
And first of all, what do we even study?
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首先,我們要研究什麼?
01:47
Skeletons are ubiquitous; they're found all over the place.
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骨頭無所不在,到處都能發現。
01:50
But of course, all of the soft tissue has decomposed,
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當然,所有的軟組織都被分解掉了;
01:53
and the skeleton itself
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而骨頭本身,
01:55
has limited health information.
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健康的資訊有限。
01:57
Mummies are a great source of information,
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木乃伊是很好的資料來源,
01:59
except that they're really geographically limited
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但他們有地域限制,
02:02
and limited in time as well.
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和時間上的限制。
02:04
Coprolites are fossilized human feces,
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糞化石是人類糞便化石,
02:07
and they're actually extremely interesting.
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它們實際上是非常有趣。
02:09
You can learn a lot about ancient diet and intestinal disease,
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你可以從中學到很多關於古代飲食和腸道疾病,
02:12
but they are very rare.
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但他們非常罕見。
02:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:17
So to address this problem,
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為了解決此問題,
02:19
I put together a team of international researchers
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我組了一個國際團隊。
02:21
in Switzerland, Denmark and the U.K.
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有來自瑞士、丹麥和英國的研究員,
02:23
to study a very poorly studied, little known material
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研究幾乎沒人研究,也鮮為人知的物質。
02:29
that's found on people everywhere.
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此物質能在任何人身上找到
02:31
It's a type of fossilized dental plaque
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那是牙菌斑化石,
02:34
that is called officially dental calculus.
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正常也被稱為牙結石。
02:37
Many of you may know it by the term tartar.
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很多人可能都知道那是長期牙垢。
02:39
It's what the dentist cleans off your teeth
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那也是各位每次去看牙醫,
02:41
every time that you go in for a visit.
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牙醫會幫各位清洗掉的東西。
02:43
And in a typical dentistry visit,
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在典型的牙醫診斷中,
02:45
you may have about 15 to 30 milligrams removed.
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你可能有大約15至30毫克的牙結石會被清理掉。
02:48
But in ancient times before tooth brushing,
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但在古代有刷牙習慣之前,
02:51
up to 600 milligrams might have built up on the teeth
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一個人一輩子,大約有高達600毫克的牙結石
02:54
over a lifetime.
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可能會附著在牙齒上。
02:56
And what's really important about dental calculus
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而牙結石的重要性
02:59
is that it fossilizes just like the rest of the skeleton,
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在於它就像留下來的骨架化石的其餘部分。
03:02
it's abundant in quantity before the present day
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它是目前數量上最豐富的,
03:05
and it's ubiquitous worldwide.
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而且無所不在。
03:07
We find it in every population around the world at all time periods
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我們能在數萬年前的每一個時期
03:10
going back tens of thousands of years.
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世界各地各種族群的人身上找到。
03:12
And we even find it in neanderthals and animals.
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我們甚至也在尼安德特人與動物身上找到。
03:15
And so previous studies
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先前的研究,
03:17
had only focused on microscopy.
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只聚焦顯微鏡下的事物。
03:19
They'd looked at dental calculus under a microscope,
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研究員透過顯微鏡觀看牙結石,
03:21
and what they had found was things like pollen
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他們發現了類似花粉的東西
03:24
and plant starches,
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和植物澱粉;
03:26
and they'd found muscle cells from animal meats
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他們也發現動物肉類中的肌肉細胞,
03:28
and bacteria.
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還有細菌。
03:30
And so what my team of researchers, what we wanted to do,
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所以我的研究團隊想做的事,
03:33
is say, can we apply
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是我們能否運用
03:35
genetic and proteomic technology
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基因和蛋白質技術
03:37
to go after DNA and proteins,
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追蹤DNA和蛋白質,
03:39
and from this can we get better taxonomic resolution
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從結果中得出更好的分類方法,
03:42
to really understand what's going on?
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進而了解其中奧妙。
03:44
And what we found
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我們得到的結果是
03:46
is that we can find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria
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找到許多共生和致病的細菌
03:48
that inhabited the nasal passages and mouth.
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生活在鼻腔和口腔裡。
03:51
We also have found immune proteins
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我們還發現
03:54
related to infection and inflammation
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和感染及發炎症狀有關的免疫蛋白,
03:57
and proteins and DNA related to diet.
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還有與飲食有關的蛋白質和DNA。
04:00
But what was surprising to us, and also quite exciting,
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但令我們驚訝還有相當興奮的是
04:03
is we also found bacteria
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我們發現了
04:05
that normally inhabit upper respiratory systems.
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細菌通常生活在上呼吸道系統。
04:07
So it gives us virtual access to the lungs,
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因此,這給了我們到肺部的模擬路徑,
04:10
which is where many important diseases reside.
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這是許多重要疾病的病源。
04:13
And we also found bacteria
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我們也發現了
04:15
that normally inhabit the gut.
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細菌通常生活在腸道。
04:17
And so we can also now virtually gain access
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所以我們幾乎也可以了解
04:20
to this even more distant organ system
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這更遙遠的器官系統。
04:22
that, from the skeleton alone,
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這和骨骼相比,
04:24
has long decomposed.
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是早已分解的部分。
04:26
And so by applying ancient DNA sequencing
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利用古代DNA測序
04:28
and protein mass spectrometry technologies
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和蛋白質質譜技術,
04:30
to ancient dental calculus,
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應用在研究古老的牙結石,
04:32
we can generate immense quantities of data
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我們可以得到大量的數據。
04:35
that then we can use to begin to reconstruct a detailed picture
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然後我們就可以開始重建出
04:38
of the dynamic interplay
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數千年前
04:40
between diet, infection and immunity
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飲食,感染和免疫
04:42
thousands of years ago.
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動態相互作用的詳細的圖片。
04:44
So what started out as an idea,
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而我們最初由概念,
04:46
is now being implemented
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到現在可以實行這概念,
04:48
to churn out millions of sequences
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得到很多的結論,
04:50
that we can use to investigate
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我們可以用來探討
04:52
the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease,
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在長期的進化的過程中人類的健康和疾病,
04:55
right down to the genetic code of individual pathogens.
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數百萬的個別病原體的遺傳序列代碼。
04:58
And from this information
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從此份資料中,
05:00
we can learn about how pathogens evolve
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我們可以了解致病菌的進化方式,
05:02
and also why they continue to make us sick.
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還有了解為何致病菌能持續讓我們生病。
05:05
And I hope I have convinced you
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另外我也希望可以說服各位
05:07
of the value of dental calculus.
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關於牙結石的重要性。
05:09
And as a final parting thought,
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最後在此
05:11
on behalf of future archeologists,
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我代表對未來的考古學家,
05:14
I would like to ask you to please think twice
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和各位說在各位回家刷牙前
05:17
before you go home and brush your teeth.
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請先三思。
05:19
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:21
Thank you.
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謝謝各位。
05:23
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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