Christina Warinner: Tracking ancient diseases using ... plaque

45,003 views ・ 2012-04-20

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Woo Hwang κ²€ν† : Park youn hee
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ μΉ˜μ„μ—λŠ”
00:17
what is inside your dental plaque?
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무엇이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κΆκΈˆν•΄λ³΄μ‹ μ μ΄ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
00:20
Probably not, but people like me do.
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저같은 일을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 그런적이 μ—†μœΌμ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
I'm an archeological geneticist
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μ €λŠ” 취리히 λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ˜
00:24
at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ν•™ μ„Όν„°μ—μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
00:26
at the University of Zurich,
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κ³ κ³ μœ μ „ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
and I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease
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κ³ λŒ€μΈμ˜ λΌˆμ™€ 미이라의 μž”ν•΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ
00:31
by conducting genetic research
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μœ μ „μž 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
00:33
on the skeletal and mummified remains of ancient humans.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 건강, μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 기원과 진화λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
And through this work, I hope to better understand
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이 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 신체에 λŒ€ν•œ
00:39
the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies,
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진화적인 취약성에 λŒ€ν•΄ 쒀더 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 바라죠.
00:41
so that we can improve
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ”μš±
00:44
and better manage our health in the future.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ μ‚΄μˆ˜ μžˆμ„κ±°λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
There are different ways to approach evolutionary medicine,
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ν•™μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°λŠ” λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 방법이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
00:49
and one way is to extract human DNA
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ³ λŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λΌˆμ—μ„œ
00:51
from ancient bones.
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜λŠ” 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
And from these extracts,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ
00:55
we can reconstruct the human genome at different points in time
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ μΈκ°„μ˜ μœ μ „μ •λ³΄λ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„± ν•  수 있고,
00:58
and look for changes that might be related to adaptations,
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적응성, μœ„ν—˜μš”μΈ λ˜λŠ” μœ μ „λ³‘κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ
01:01
risk factors and inherited diseases.
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변화듀을 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
But this is only one half of the story.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이뢀뢄은 였늘 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ λ°˜λ°–μ— λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
The most important health challenges today
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건강 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
01:10
are not caused by simple mutations in our genome,
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μœ μ „μž μ •λ³΄μ˜ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ‘°ν•©μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€κΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
01:13
but rather result from a complex and dynamic interplay
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μœ μ „μ  λ³€ν˜•, μ‹μŠ΅κ΄€,
01:16
between genetic variation,
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미생물, 기생좩듀과
01:18
diet, microbes and parasites
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λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”
01:20
and our immune response.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  역동적인 μƒν˜Έκ΄€κ³„μ˜ 결과라고 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
All of these diseases
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이런 λͺ¨λ“  병듀은
01:24
have a strong evolutionary component
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신체가 μ§„ν™”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 생긴것이라기 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
01:26
that directly relates to the fact
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ‚°λ‹€λŠ”
01:28
that we live today in a very different environment
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사싀과 직접적인 연관이 μžˆλŠ”
01:30
than the ones in which our bodies evolved.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 진화적인 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
And in order to understand these diseases,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
01:35
we need to move past studies of the human genome alone
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μœ μ „μž μ •λ³΄λ§Œμ„ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:38
and towards a more holistic approach
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 건강에 λŒ€ν•œ λ”μš± 전체적인
01:40
to human health in the past.
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접근방법이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
But there are a lot of challenges for this.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 λ°©λ²•μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ‚œκ΄€λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
And first of all, what do we even study?
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λ¨Όμ €, λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 뭘 연ꡬ ν•  것인가? λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:47
Skeletons are ubiquitous; they're found all over the place.
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λΌˆλŒ€λ‚˜ 골격은 ν”ν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ‚˜ 발견 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
But of course, all of the soft tissue has decomposed,
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λ¬Όλ‘  뼈λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ 연쑰직은 λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ–΄ 버렸죠.
01:53
and the skeleton itself
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뼈 μžμ²΄λŠ”
01:55
has limited health information.
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μ œν•œμ μΈ 건강 정보λ₯Ό λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Mummies are a great source of information,
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λ―Έμ΄λΌλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 정보 μžμ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
except that they're really geographically limited
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미이라가 μžˆλŠ” 지리적이고
02:02
and limited in time as well.
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μ‹œκ°„μ μΈ μ œμ•½μ΄ 있죠.
02:04
Coprolites are fossilized human feces,
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뢄석은 μΈκ°„μ˜ 배섀물이 화석이 된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
and they're actually extremely interesting.
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그리고 이 뢄석이 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ .
02:09
You can learn a lot about ancient diet and intestinal disease,
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κ³ λŒ€μ˜ μ‹μŠ΅κ΄€κ³Ό λ‚΄μž₯κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ 병에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œμˆ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
but they are very rare.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό ν¬κ·€ν•˜μ£ .
02:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:17
So to address this problem,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €κ³ ,
02:19
I put together a team of international researchers
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μ €λŠ” μŠ€μœ„μŠ€, 덴마크, 영ꡭ으둜 λΆ€ν„°
02:21
in Switzerland, Denmark and the U.K.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ‚˜ 찾을 수 μžˆλŠ”
02:23
to study a very poorly studied, little known material
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잘 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€λ„ μ•Šκ³ , 연ꡬ도 λ³„λ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
02:29
that's found on people everywhere.
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ„ λͺ¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
It's a type of fossilized dental plaque
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κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ 치ꡬ라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”
02:34
that is called officially dental calculus.
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ν™”μ„ν™”λœ μΉ˜μ„μ˜ μΌμ’…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
Many of you may know it by the term tartar.
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λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 타타λ₯΄(μΉ˜μ„)라고 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
It's what the dentist cleans off your teeth
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 맀번 치과λ₯Ό 갈 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:41
every time that you go in for a visit.
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μΉ˜κ³Όμ˜μ‚¬κ°€ κΉ¨λ—νžˆ λ‹¦μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” μΉ˜μ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
And in a typical dentistry visit,
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일반적인 μΉ˜κ³Όμ§„λ£Œ μ‹œμ—λŠ”
02:45
you may have about 15 to 30 milligrams removed.
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μ•½ 15~30λ°€λ¦¬κ·Έλž¨ 정도 제거 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
But in ancient times before tooth brushing,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–‘μΉ˜μ§ˆμ„ μ•ˆν–ˆλ˜ κ³ λŒ€μ—λŠ”
02:51
up to 600 milligrams might have built up on the teeth
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ν‰μƒλ™μ•ˆ μ•½ 600λ°€λ¦¬κ·Έλž¨μ •λ„
02:54
over a lifetime.
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μΉ˜μ„μ΄ μΉ˜μ•„μ— μŒ“μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
And what's really important about dental calculus
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이 μΉ˜κ΅¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
02:59
is that it fossilizes just like the rest of the skeleton,
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뼈 쑰각처럼 화석이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
it's abundant in quantity before the present day
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κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ§Žμ€ 양이고
03:05
and it's ubiquitous worldwide.
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세계 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œλ‚˜ ν”νžˆ 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
We find it in every population around the world at all time periods
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μˆ˜μ²œλ…„μ „κΉŒμ§€ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λ„
03:10
going back tens of thousands of years.
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λͺ¨λ“  μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 물질 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
And we even find it in neanderthals and animals.
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λ„€μ•ˆλ°λ₯΄νƒˆμΈ μ΄λ‚˜ λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œλ„ 발견 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
And so previous studies
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이전 연ꡬ듀은
03:17
had only focused on microscopy.
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ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ μ—°κ΅¬μ—λ§Œ μ§‘μ€‘ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:19
They'd looked at dental calculus under a microscope,
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ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ μΉ˜μ„μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
03:21
and what they had found was things like pollen
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λΆ„λ§μ΄λ‚˜ 가루와 같은
03:24
and plant starches,
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물질만 발견 ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
03:26
and they'd found muscle cells from animal meats
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그리고 동물과 μ„Έκ· μ—μ„œ
03:28
and bacteria.
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근윑쑰직 세포 같은 κ²ƒλ§Œμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
And so what my team of researchers, what we wanted to do,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희 νŒ€μ΄ ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜ μž‘μ—…μ€
03:33
is say, can we apply
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μœ μ „μžμ™€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 뢄석 κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬
03:35
genetic and proteomic technology
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μœ μ „μžμ™€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„
03:37
to go after DNA and proteins,
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μΆ”μΆœν•΄λ‚΄κ³  이정보λ₯Ό 가지고
03:39
and from this can we get better taxonomic resolution
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μ–΄λ–€ 일듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:42
to really understand what's going on?
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더 낳은 λΆ„λ₯˜ν•™ 체계λ₯Ό μ–»κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
And what we found
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희가
03:46
is that we can find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria
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ꡬ강과 비강에 μˆ™μ£Όν–ˆλ˜
03:48
that inhabited the nasal passages and mouth.
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λ§Žμ€ 병원균듀을 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
We also have found immune proteins
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λ˜ν•œ 감염과 염증에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ
03:54
related to infection and inflammation
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λ©΄μ—­ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό μ‹μƒν™œκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ
03:57
and proteins and DNA related to diet.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό DNA 정보λ₯Ό 발견 ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
But what was surprising to us, and also quite exciting,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ†€λžκ³  ν₯λΆ„λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 것은
04:03
is we also found bacteria
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호흑기 기관에 많이 μˆ™μ£Όν–ˆλ˜
04:05
that normally inhabit upper respiratory systems.
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μ„Έκ·  λ˜ν•œ μ°Ύμ•„ λƒˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
So it gives us virtual access to the lungs,
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이런 발견으둜 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 병듀이 많이 μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜
04:10
which is where many important diseases reside.
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폐에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 λœκ²ƒμ΄μ£ .
04:13
And we also found bacteria
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λ˜ν•œ μ†Œν™”κΈ° λ‚΄μž₯μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜
04:15
that normally inhabit the gut.
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세균도 발견 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
And so we can also now virtually gain access
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ
04:20
to this even more distant organ system
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뼈λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³  μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λΆ„ν•΄ λ˜μ–΄ λ²„λ Έλ˜
04:22
that, from the skeleton alone,
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νλ‚˜ κ°„κ³Ό 같은 신체 μž₯기에 λŒ€ν•œ
04:24
has long decomposed.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
And so by applying ancient DNA sequencing
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그리고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ³ λŒ€μ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ‚˜μ—΄ν•˜κ³ ,
04:28
and protein mass spectrometry technologies
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λΆ„κ΄‘ 뢄석 κΈ°μˆ μ„
04:30
to ancient dental calculus,
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κ³ λŒ€μΈμ˜ μΉ˜μ„μ— μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬
04:32
we can generate immense quantities of data
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μˆ˜μ²œλ…„μ „μ— μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜
04:35
that then we can use to begin to reconstruct a detailed picture
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μ‹μŠ΅κ΄€, 감염, 면역체계 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
04:38
of the dynamic interplay
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μƒν˜Έ 관계에 λŒ€ν•œ
04:40
between diet, infection and immunity
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μžμ„Έν•œ 그림을 μž¬κ΅¬μ„± ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
04:42
thousands of years ago.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ μ–‘μ˜ 데이터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
So what started out as an idea,
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그리고 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•œκ²ƒμ€
04:46
is now being implemented
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 건강과 병에 κ΄€ν•œ
04:48
to churn out millions of sequences
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μž₯기간에 걸친 μ§„ν™”μ˜ 역사와
04:50
that we can use to investigate
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병원체 μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμ— λŒ€ν•œ
04:52
the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease,
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μƒμ„Έν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 쑰사 ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μœ μ „μž 정보λ₯Ό
04:55
right down to the genetic code of individual pathogens.
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λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ 생산해 λ‚΄λŠ” 아이디어λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And from this information
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이 μ •λ³΄λ“€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„°
05:00
we can learn about how pathogens evolve
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병원균이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
05:02
and also why they continue to make us sick.
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μ™œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ•„ν”„κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
And I hope I have convinced you
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μ €λŠ” 이런 μΉ˜μ„μ˜ 연ꡬ가 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
05:07
of the value of dental calculus.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ ν™•μ‹ ν•΄ μ£Όμ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
And as a final parting thought,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ,
05:11
on behalf of future archeologists,
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미래의 κ³ κ³ ν•™μžλ“€μ„ λŒ€ν‘œν•΄μ„œ
05:14
I would like to ask you to please think twice
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 집에 κ°€μ…”μ„œ μ–‘μΉ˜μ§ˆμ„ ν•˜κΈ°μ „μ—
05:17
before you go home and brush your teeth.
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λ‘λ²ˆλ§Œ 생각해 μ£Όμ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
05:21
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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