Rainer Strack: The surprising workforce crisis of 2030 — and how to start solving it now

212,368 views ・ 2014-12-03

TED


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翻译人员: Yixiong Zhu 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
2014 is a very special year for me:
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2014对我而言是特殊的一年:
00:16
20 years as a consultant,
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20年的咨询生涯,
00:18
20 years of marriage,
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20年的婚姻经历,
00:19
and I'm turning 50 in one month.
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还有下个月我就要50岁了。
00:22
That means I was born in 1964 in a small town in Germany.
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我是1964年出生在一个德国小镇。
00:28
It was a gray November day,
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那是在十一月份一个灰蒙蒙的日子,
00:30
and I was overdue.
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我已经过了预产期却还没有出生。
00:32
The hospital's maternity ward was really stressed out
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医院的产房简直忙坏了,
00:35
because a lot of babies were born on this gray November day.
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因为当天有很多孩子出生。
00:40
As a matter of fact,
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事实上,
1964年是德国出生率最高的一年:
00:42
1964 was the year with the highest birth rate ever in Germany:
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00:46
more than 1.3 million.
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新生婴儿超过130万。
00:48
Last year, we just hit over 600,000,
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而前一年,只有60万出头,
00:51
so half of my number.
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我出生这一年的一半而已。
00:53
What you can see here is the German age pyramid,
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这里你们所看到的是德国的年龄金字塔,
00:57
and there, the small black point at the top, that's me.
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最顶端有个小黑点,那就是我。
01:00
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑声)(掌声)
01:06
In red, you can see the potential working-age population,
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红色的是潜在的工龄人群,
01:10
so people over 15 and under 65,
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也就是15岁以上65岁以下的人。
01:14
and I'm actually only interested in this red area.
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我感兴趣的其实只是这块红色区域。
01:18
Now, let's do a simple simulation
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现在,咱们做一个简单模拟,
01:20
of how this age structure will develop over the next couple of years.
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看看这个年龄结构在未来的几年将如何发展。
01:24
As you can see,
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你们能看到,
01:26
the peak is moving to the right,
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高峰向右移动,
01:28
and I, with many other baby boomers, will retire in 2030.
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而我,连同很多其他婴儿潮出生的人, 将在2030年退休。
01:35
By the way, I don't need any forecasts
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顺便说一句,预测这块红色区域
01:37
of birth rates for predicting this red area.
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不需要对出生率进行估计。
01:40
The red area,
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这块红色区域,
01:41
so the potential working-age population in 2030,
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2030年潜在的工龄人群,
01:45
is already set in stone today,
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现在就已经决定了,
01:48
except for much higher migration rates.
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除非有更高的迁移率。
01:52
And if you compare this red area in 2030 with the red area in 2014,
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如果你比较2030年和2014年的红色区域,
01:58
it is much, much smaller.
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你会发现2030年的要小得多。
02:01
So before I show you the rest of the world,
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在我展示世界其他地方的情况之前,
02:03
what does this mean for Germany?
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你们觉得这对德国意味着什么?
02:07
So what we know from this picture is that the labor supply,
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从这个图表中我们知道,劳动力供给,
02:11
so people who provide labor,
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也就是能够劳动的人,
02:13
will go down in Germany, and will go down significantly.
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在德国将减少,显著减少。
02:16
Now, what about labor demand?
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那么,劳动力需求呢?
02:19
That's where it gets tricky.
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这就有点微妙了。
02:22
As you might know, the consultant's favorite answer to any question is,
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你们可能知道, 咨询师对任何问题的惯用答案是,
02:26
"It depends."
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“看情况。”
02:28
So I would say it depends.
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所以我也得说,这要看情况。
02:31
We didn't want to forecast the future.
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我们不想去预测未来。
02:33
Highly speculative.
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有太多不确定性。
02:34
We did something else.
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我们用了另一种方式。
02:36
We looked at the GDP and productivity growth of Germany
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我们研究了过去20年
02:39
over the last 20 years,
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德国的GDP和生产力增长,
02:41
and calculated the following scenario:
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计算出了以下情形:
02:44
if Germany wants to continue this GDP and productivity growth,
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如果德国的GDP和生产力想要继续增长,
02:48
we could directly calculate
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我们可以直接计算出
02:50
how many people Germany would need to support this growth.
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德国需要多少人来支撑这种增长。
02:54
And this is the green line: labor demand.
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就是绿色的线:劳动力需求。
02:57
So Germany will run into a major talent shortage very quickly.
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所以德国很快将出现劳动人口严重短缺。
03:03
Eight million people are missing,
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800万人的缺口,
03:05
which is more than 20 percent of our current workforce,
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超出我们现有劳动力人数20%。
03:07
so big numbers, really big numbers.
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很大的数字,相当大。
03:10
And we calculated several scenarios,
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我们计算了几种不同的情形,
03:12
and the picture always looked like this.
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结果都是这样的。
03:16
Now, to close the gap,
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那么,要缩小缺口,
03:18
Germany has to significantly increase migration,
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德国需要大量鼓励移民,
03:22
get many more women in the workforce,
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并让更多女性进入劳动力大军,
03:24
increase retirement age —
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还要提高退休年龄 —
03:26
by the way, we just lowered it this year —
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顺便说一句, 我们今年才降低了退休年龄 —
03:28
and all these measures at once.
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并同时采取这些措施。
03:31
If Germany fails here, Germany will stagnate.
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如果德国不这样做,德国就会陷入停滞。
03:35
We won't grow anymore. Why?
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我们的经济将不再增长。为什么?
03:38
Because the workers are not there who can generate this growth.
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因为没有能够支撑这种增长的劳动力。
03:41
And companies will look for talents somewhere else.
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企业将要去别处找寻人才。
03:45
But where?
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从哪里呢?
03:48
Now, we simulated labor supply and labor demand
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我们模拟了15个世界最大的经济体的
03:52
for the largest 15 economies in the world,
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劳动力供给和需求,
03:55
representing more than 70 percent of world GDP,
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这些经济体的总和超过了世界GDP的70%。
03:59
and the overall picture looks like this by 2020.
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到2020年,总体情况将是这样。
04:03
Blue indicates a labor surplus,
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蓝色表示劳动力剩余,
04:06
red indicates a labor shortfall,
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红色表示劳动力短缺,
04:08
and gray are those countries which are borderline.
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灰色是处在边界的国家。
04:12
So by 2020, we still see a labor surplus in some countries,
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在2020年,一些国家仍会有劳动力剩余,
04:18
like Italy, France, the U.S.,
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例如意大利,法国,美国,
04:20
but this picture will change dramatically by 2030.
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但情况在2030年将发生剧烈变化。
04:25
By 2030, we will face a global workforce crisis
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到了2030年,我们最大的经济体们
04:29
in most of our largest economies,
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将面临全球性的劳动力危机,
04:32
including three out of the four BRIC countries.
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包括四个金砖国家中的三个。
04:35
China, with its former one-child policy, will be hit,
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中国,采取过独生子女政策, 也将面临这一问题。
04:38
as well as Brazil and Russia.
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巴西和俄罗斯也一样。
04:42
Now, to tell the truth,
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然而,坦率的说,
04:46
in reality, the situation will be even more challenging.
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真相是,问题还要更加严峻。
04:50
What you can see here are average numbers.
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这里你们所看到的是平均数字。
04:54
We de-averaged them
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我们将其去平均化,
04:56
and broke them down into different skill levels,
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细分到不同的劳动技能水平,
04:58
and what we found
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这样我们就会发现
04:59
were even higher shortfalls for high-skilled people
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高技能劳动力将面临更大缺口,
05:03
and a partial surplus for low-skilled workers.
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低技能劳动力会有部分剩余。
05:08
So on top of an overall labor shortage,
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所以在整体性劳动力缺乏的基础上,
05:11
we will face a big skill mismatch in the future,
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我们在未来还将面临劳动技能的严重不匹配。
05:15
and this means huge challenges
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这意味着政府和企业将
05:17
in terms of education, qualification,
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在教育,资格认证和培训中
05:19
upskilling for governments and companies.
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遇到巨大挑战。
05:24
Now, the next thing we looked into was robots, automation, technology.
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之后,我们研究了机器人,自动化和科技。
05:30
Will technology change this picture and boost productivity?
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科技能否改变这一状况并提高生产力?
05:35
Now, the short answer would be
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简单的说,答案是
05:37
that our numbers already include a significant growth in productivity
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我们的数字已经考虑了 科技所能带来的大幅度
05:42
driven by technology.
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生产力增长。
05:45
A long answer would go like this.
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完整的答案是这样的。
05:48
Let's take Germany again.
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再举德国为例。
05:51
The Germans have a certain reputation in the world
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德国人的工作效率
05:53
when it comes to productivity.
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在世界上享有特别的声誉。
05:56
In the '90s, I worked in our Boston office for almost two years,
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90年代,我在波士顿分部工作了将近两年,
06:00
and when I left, an old senior partner told me, literally,
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我走的时候,一位年长的合伙人跟我说, 这是他的原话,
06:04
"Send me more of these Germans, they work like machines."
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“多给我找这样的德国人,干活跟机器似的。”
06:08
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:12
That was 1998.
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那是1998年。
06:16
Sixteen years later, you'd probably say the opposite.
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16年后,你听到的可能正相反。
06:19
"Send me more of these machines. They work like Germans."
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“多给我找这种机器,干活跟德国人似的。”
06:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑声)(掌声)
06:30
Technology will replace a lot of jobs, regular jobs.
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科技将取代很多岗位,普通岗位。
06:34
Not only in the production industry,
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不仅在生产领域,
06:36
but even office workers are in jeopardy
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办公室白领也面临危机,
06:38
and might be replaced by robots,
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也有可能被机器人,
06:41
artificial intelligence, big data, or automation.
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人工智能,大数据,或自动化取代。
06:45
So the key question is not if technology replaces some of these jobs,
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所以关键问题不是科技是否会取代某些岗位,
06:50
but when, how fast, and to what extent?
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而是什么时候取代,取代得多快, 取代到什么程度?
06:53
Or in other words,
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换句话讲,
06:55
will technology help us to solve this global workforce crisis?
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科技能否帮助我们解决全球性劳动力危机?
07:01
Yes and no.
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能,也不能。
07:03
This is a more sophisticated version of "it depends."
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这是“看情况”的升级版本。
07:06
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:07
Let's take the automotive industry as an example,
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以汽车业为例,
07:12
because there, more than 40 percent of industrial robots are already working
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因为在这个行业中, 超过40%的工业机器人已经在工作,
07:16
and automation has already taken place.
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自动化也已经实现。
07:21
In 1980, less than 10 percent of the production cost of a car
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1980年,只有不到10%的汽车生产成本
07:26
was caused by electronic parts.
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是由电子部件产生。
07:29
Today, this number is more than 30 percent
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今天,这个数字已经超过30%。
07:32
and it will grow to more than 50 percent by 2030.
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到2030年,这个数字将上涨到50%以上。
07:37
And these new electronic parts and applications
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这些新的电子部件和应用
07:41
require new skills and have created a lot of new jobs,
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需要新的劳动技能并创造了很多新的岗位,
07:45
like the cognitive systems engineer
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例如认知系统工程师,
07:48
who optimizes the interaction between driver and electronic system.
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其职责是优化驾驶员与电子系统之间的互动。
07:54
In 1980, no one had the slightest clue that such a job would ever exist.
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1980年,没人会想到将出现这种工作。
08:01
As a matter of fact,
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事实上,
08:03
the overall number of people involved in the production of a car
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参与汽车生产的总人数
08:07
has only changed slightly in the last decades,
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在过去几十年中只有微小的变化,
08:10
in spite of robots and automation.
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即便出现了机器人和自动化。
08:13
So what does this mean?
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那这意味着什么呢?
08:15
Yes, technology will replace a lot of jobs,
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的确,科技能取代很多岗位,
08:17
but we will also see a lot of new jobs and new skills on the horizon,
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但未来我们也能看到很多新的岗位和技能,
08:23
and that means technology will worsen our overall skill mismatch.
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这意味着科技会加剧劳动技能的不匹配。
08:29
And this kind of de-averaging
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这种反平均化
08:31
reveals the crucial challenge for governments and businesses.
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揭示了政府和商业机构面临的关键性挑战。
08:37
So people, high-skilled people,
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因此,人,高技能的人群,
08:41
talents, will be the big thing in the next decade.
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人才,将是未来十年的重中之重。
08:45
If they are the scarce resource, we have to understand them much better.
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如果他们是稀缺资源, 那我们就要更好的了解他们。
08:50
Are they actually willing to work abroad?
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他们真的愿意去海外工作么?
08:53
What are their job preferences?
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他们对工作有什么偏好?
08:56
To find out, this year we conducted a global survey
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为了找到答案,今年我们进行了一项全球调查,
09:01
among more than 200,000 job seekers from 189 countries.
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对象是来自189个国家的超过20万名求职者。
09:08
Migration is certainly one key measure to close a gap,
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迁移当然是缩小缺口的一个关键性措施,
09:13
at least in the short term,
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起码短期而言是这样,
09:15
so we asked about mobility.
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所以我们问到了流动性。
09:17
More than 60 percent of these 200,000 job seekers
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在这20万求职者中,超过60%的人
09:22
are willing to work abroad.
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愿意去国外工作。
09:24
For me, a surprisingly high number.
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对我而言,这个数字出奇的高。
09:26
If you look at the employees aged 21 to 30,
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如果只关注21到30岁之间的求职者,
09:30
this number is even higher.
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那这个数字还要更高。
09:32
If you split this number up by country,
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如果按国家来看,
09:36
yes, the world is mobile, but only partly.
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的确,世界范围的流动性很强, 但仅限于部分地区。
09:41
The least mobile countries are Russia, Germany and the U.S.
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流动性最低的国家是俄罗斯,德国和美国。
09:46
Now where would these people like to move?
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那么,这些人想搬去哪儿工作?
09:49
Number seven is Australia, where 28 percent could imagine moving.
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排在第七位的是澳大利亚, 有28%的人打算去那里工作。
09:54
Then France, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, U.K.,
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然后是法国,瑞士,德国,加拿大,英国,
09:58
and the top choice worldwide is the U.S.
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世界范围内的首选是美国。
10:02
Now, what are the job preferences of these 200,000 people?
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那么,这20万人的工作偏好有哪些?
10:06
So, what are they looking for?
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他们看重什么?
10:09
Out of a list of 26 topics, salary is only number eight.
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在26项条目中,薪水只排在第八位。
10:15
The top four topics are all around culture.
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前四项都跟文化有关。
10:20
Number four,
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第四位,
10:21
having a great relationship with the boss;
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与上司保持良好关系;
10:24
three, enjoying a great work-life balance;
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第三位,能够很好的平衡工作和生活;
10:28
two, having a great relationship with colleagues;
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第二位,与同事保持良好关系;
10:32
and the top priority worldwide
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而全世界的人最看重的都是,
10:35
is being appreciated for your work.
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能够做一份体面的工作。
10:40
So, do I get a thank you?
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也就是说,我是否会得到他人的尊重和感激?
10:43
Not only once a year with the annual bonus payment,
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不是一年一次拿年终奖,
10:46
but every day.
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而是每一天都如此。
10:48
And now, our global workforce crisis becomes very personal.
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如今,我们的全球性劳动力危机 已经非常私人化。
10:53
People are looking for recognition.
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人们需要获得认可。
10:56
Aren't we all looking for recognition in our jobs?
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难道我们在工作中没有寻求认可吗?
11:03
Now, let me connect the dots.
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让我把关键点梳理一下。
11:06
We will face a global workforce crisis
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我们将面临全球性劳动力危机,
11:09
which consists of an overall labor shortage
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包括总体性劳动力缺乏,
11:12
plus a huge skill mismatch,
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外加严重的劳动技能不匹配,
11:14
plus a big cultural challenge.
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还有巨大的文化挑战。
11:17
And this global workforce crisis is approaching very fast.
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这个全球性劳动力危机已经迫在眉睫。
11:21
Right now, we are just at the turning point.
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现在,我们正处在一个转折点。
11:23
So what can we, what can governments, what can companies do?
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那么我们,政府和企业能够做些什么呢?
11:28
Every company,
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每一个企业,
11:29
but also every country,
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以及每一个国家,
11:31
needs a people strategy,
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都需要有人才战略,
11:33
and to act on it immediately,
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并立即付诸实施。
11:36
and such a people strategy consists of four parts.
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这样的人才战略分四部分。
11:40
Number one, a plan
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一,计划
11:42
for how to forecast supply and demand for different jobs and different skills.
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如何预测不同岗位和技能的供给和需求。
11:48
Workforce planning will become more important than financial planning.
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劳动力计划将比财务计划更加重要。
11:54
Two, a plan for how to attract great people:
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二,计划如何吸引高水平人才:
11:57
generation Y, women, but also retirees.
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Y世代(译注:专指出生于1981-2000年的人), 女性,以及退休人士。
12:01
Three, a plan for how to educate and upskill them.
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三,计划如何对他们进行教育和培训。
12:05
There's a huge upskilling challenge ahead of us.
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我们面临着巨大的培训挑战。
12:09
And four,
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四,
12:11
for how to retain the best people,
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如何留住最好的人才,
12:14
or in other words,
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换句话讲,
12:15
how to realize an appreciation and relationship culture.
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如何创建一种能够让人获得赏识并 建立良好人际关系的文化氛围。
12:23
However, one crucial underlying factor is to change our attitudes.
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但是,一个关键的潜在因素是 要改变我们的态度。
12:30
Employees are resources, are assets,
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员工是资源,是资产,
12:34
not costs, not head counts,
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不是费用,不是人头,
12:37
not machines,
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不是机器,
12:38
not even the Germans.
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甚至不是德国人。
12:40
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
12:41
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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