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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: xuan wang
校对人员: Wei Wu
00:12
"Don't talk to strangers."
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"不要和陌生人说话。"
00:16
You have heard that phrase uttered
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这句话已经被你的
00:18
by your friends, family, schools and the media for decades.
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朋友、家人、学校和媒体重复了好多年了。
00:22
It's a norm. It's a social norm.
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这是一个准则,一个社会行为规范。
00:25
But it's a special kind of social norm,
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但这又是一个特殊的社会行为标准,
00:27
because it's a social norm that wants to tell us
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因为这个准则试图要告诉我们
00:30
who we can relate to and who we shouldn't relate to.
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我们应该或不应该接触什么样的人。
00:34
"Don't talk to strangers" says,
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“不要和陌生人说话”的意思是,
00:37
"Stay from anyone who's not familiar to you.
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“避开那些你不熟悉的人。
00:41
Stick with the people you know.
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只跟那些你认识的
00:43
Stick with people like you."
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和像你一样的人来往。“
00:46
How appealing is that?
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这听上去有趣吗?
00:49
It's not really what we do, is it, when we're at our best?
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这不是我们意气风发的时候做的事情,不是吗?
00:52
When we're at our best, we reach out to people
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当我们意气风发的时候,我们和那些
00:55
who are not like us,
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跟我们不同的人来往,
00:56
because when we do that, we learn from people
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因为这样我们可以向这些与我们不同的人
00:59
who are not like us.
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学习。
01:01
My phrase for this value of being with "not like us"
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我认为这种“和我们不同”
01:06
is "strangeness,"
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就是“陌生感”,
01:07
and my point is that in today's digitally intensive world,
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我的意思是在今天已经电子化、虚拟化的世界里,
01:11
strangers are quite frankly not the point.
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陌生人已经不是问题的重点。
01:15
The point that we should be worried about is,
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我们需要担心的重点是,
01:17
how much strangeness are we getting?
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这种陌生感有多少(两者之间有多陌生)?
01:20
Why strangeness? Because our social relations
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为什么是陌生感?因为我们的社会关系
01:23
are increasingly mediated by data,
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正在被数据量化,
01:26
and data turns our social relations into digital relations,
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这些数据又把我们的社会关系转化成虚拟数字关系,
01:30
and that means that our digital relations
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这意味着我们的数字生活
01:32
now depend extraordinarily on technology
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很大程度上依赖于科技
01:36
to bring to them a sense of robustness,
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带来的一种稳定感,
01:39
a sense of discovery,
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一种探索感,
01:41
a sense of surprise and unpredictability.
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一种惊喜和不可预测性。
01:44
Why not strangers?
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为什么不通过陌生人来获得这种需求?
01:46
Because strangers are part of a world
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因为陌生人是这个充满
01:48
of really rigid boundaries.
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条条框框的世界的一部分。
01:50
They belong to a world of people I know
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他们属于一个简单的把人分为我认识
01:53
versus people I don't know,
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和我不认识的世界,
01:56
and in the context of my digital relations,
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而在我的数字关系里,
01:58
I'm already doing things with people I don't know.
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我已经在和我不认识的人有了交流。
02:02
The question isn't whether or not I know you.
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问题已经不再是我到底认不认识你。
02:06
The question is, what can I do with you?
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问题是,我们可以在一起做什么?
02:08
What can I learn with you?
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我能从你那里学习什么?
02:11
What can we do together that benefits us both?
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我们能在一起做些有益双方的事情?
02:15
I spend a lot of time thinking about
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我花了很多时间思考
02:17
how the social landscape is changing,
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人们的社会生活在发生着怎样的变化,
02:20
how new technologies create new constraints
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新技术是如何为人类带来
02:23
and new opportunities for people.
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新的限制和机遇。
02:25
The most important changes facing us today
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今天我们面临的最重要的变化
02:28
have to do with data and what data is doing
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与这些数据和它们如何
02:31
to shape the kinds of digital relations
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塑造我们在未来拥有的
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that will be possible for us in the future.
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数字关系息息相关。
02:35
The economies of the future depend on that.
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未来的经济发展依赖于此。
02:38
Our social lives in the future depend on that.
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我们未来的社会生活依赖于此。
02:41
The threat to worry about isn't strangers.
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我们应该担心的不是遇到陌生人。
02:44
The threat to worry about is whether or not
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我们该担心的是我们会不会得到
02:46
we're getting our fair share of strangeness.
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本应属于我们的那份“陌生感”(意为与他人产生有效联系的机会)。
02:49
Now, 20th-century psychologists and sociologists
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20世纪的心理学家和社会学家
02:51
were thinking about strangers,
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专注于陌生人,
02:53
but they weren't thinking so dynamically about human relations,
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但是他们当年并没有料到人类关系的这种多样性,
02:56
and they were thinking about strangers
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而且他们是在实践影响的范畴内
02:58
in the context of influencing practices.
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讨论研究陌生人的。
03:00
Stanley Milgram from the '60s and '70s,
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上世纪60到70年代的斯坦利·米尔格兰姆(美国著名社会心理学家)
03:03
the creator of the small-world experiments,
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“小世界现象”实验的创造者,
03:05
which became later popularized as six degrees of separation,
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这个实验就是以后著名的“六度分离”理论,
03:08
made the point that any two arbitrarily selected people
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意思就是任何两个人
03:12
were likely connected from between five to seven intermediary steps.
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都会在5到7人之间建立起联系。
03:15
His point was that strangers are out there.
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他认为陌生人随处可见。
03:18
We can reach them. There are paths
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我们可以与他们发生联系。
03:20
that enable us to reach them.
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各种途径可以帮助我们建立这些联系。
03:23
Mark Granovetter, Stanford sociologist, in 1973
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马克·格兰诺维特,斯坦福社会学家,1973年
03:26
in his seminal essay "The Strength of Weak Ties,"
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在他的著名论文“弱连接的威力”中指出
03:29
made the point that these weak ties
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这些“弱连接”(指与我们不熟的人)
03:32
that are a part of our networks, these strangers,
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是我们社会关系网络的一部分,
03:35
are actually more effective at diffusing information to us
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这些陌生人会有效的带给我们不同的信息,
03:38
than are our strong ties, the people closest to us.
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这点要优于我们的“强连接”,那些我们非常亲近的人。
03:42
He makes an additional indictment of our strong ties
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他同时指出了我们的“强连接”的另一个问题就是
03:46
when he says that these people who are so close to us,
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这些在生活中和我们走的很近的人,
03:48
these strong ties in our lives,
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这些“强连接”们,
03:50
actually have a homogenizing effect on us.
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会不断的同化我们。
03:54
They produce sameness.
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他们让我们变得越来越一致。
03:56
My colleagues and I at Intel have spent the last few years
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我和我在因特尔的同事在过去的几年里
03:59
looking at the ways in which digital platforms
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都在观察数字平台是如何
04:02
are reshaping our everyday lives,
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重塑我们的日常生活的,
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what kinds of new routines are possible.
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哪些新的惯例正在产生。
04:06
We've been looking specifically at the kinds
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我们主要特别观察了
04:08
of digital platforms that have enabled us
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某些电子平台,它们让我们
04:10
to take our possessions, those things that used to be
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把我们自己的东西,那些曾经只限于我们自己
04:14
very restricted to us and to our friends in our houses,
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和来家里的朋友,
04:17
and to make them available to people we don't know.
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分享给那些我们并不认识的人。
04:20
Whether it's our clothes, whether it's our cars,
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不管是我们衣服,汽车,
04:23
whether it's our bikes, whether it's our books or music,
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自行车,书籍还是音乐,
04:26
we are able to take our possessions now
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我们现在都可以把我们自己的东西
04:29
and make them available to people we've never met.
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让那些我们从未谋面的人接触到。
04:32
And we concluded a very important insight,
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而且我们总结出了一条非常重要的结论,
04:35
which was that as people's relationships
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就是当人与生活中的事物的关系
04:37
to the things in their lives change,
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发生改变的同时,
04:39
so do their relations with other people.
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他们与他人的关系也在改变。
04:43
And yet recommendation system
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尽管这样,一代代的(智能)推荐系统
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after recommendation system continues to miss the boat.
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都还没有意识到这一点。
04:49
It continues to try to predict what I need
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这些系统还在根据我过去的一些特征
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based on some past characterization of who I am,
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和我已经做了什么
04:54
of what I've already done.
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来猜我需要什么。
04:57
Security technology after security technology
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一代代的安全技术
04:59
continues to design data protection
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还在设计抵御威胁和袭击的
05:01
in terms of threats and attacks,
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数据保护方案,
05:04
keeping me locked into really rigid kinds of relations.
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来让我困在一些非常教条的关系中。
05:07
Categories like "friends" and "family"
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类似于“朋友”、“家人”、
05:10
and "contacts" and "colleagues"
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“联系人”和“同事”的分类
05:12
don't tell me anything about my actual relations.
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没有办法展现我实际的关系状态。
05:16
A more effective way to think about my relations
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一个更有效的看待关系的方法
05:18
might be in terms of closeness and distance,
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可能是根据亲疏关系和距离,
05:21
where at any given point in time, with any single person,
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也就是说,在任意时刻,和任何人,
05:25
I am both close and distant from that individual,
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我都和那个人既亲近又保持一定距离,
05:28
all as a function of what I need to do right now.
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这都要看我现在需要做些什么。
05:33
People aren't close or distant.
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人和人的关系不会只是亲近或者疏远。
05:35
People are always a combination of the two,
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这种关系是两者的结合,
05:38
and that combination is constantly changing.
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而且这种结合总是在变化。
05:42
What if technologies could intervene
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如果科技可以打破
05:45
to disrupt the balance of certain kinds of relationships?
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某些关系的平衡,结果会怎样呢?
05:49
What if technologies could intervene
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如果科技可以帮助我
05:51
to help me find the person that I need right now?
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找到我现在需要的那个人?
05:55
Strangeness is that calibration
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"陌生感"就是评估亲疏关系
05:57
of closeness and distance
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的一个标准,
06:00
that enables me to find the people that I need right now,
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它帮助我找到那些我现在就需要的人,
06:04
that enables me to find the sources of intimacy,
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帮助我找到那些我现在需要的亲密感、
06:07
of discovery, and of inspiration that I need right now.
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探索感和灵感的源泉。
06:11
Strangeness is not about meeting strangers.
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“陌生感”不是说我们要见陌生人。
06:13
It simply makes the point that we need
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它其实就是告诉我们
06:16
to disrupt our zones of familiarity.
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要突破我们那些熟悉的区域。
06:19
So jogging those zones of familiarity is one way to think about strangeness,
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突破这些熟悉的区域是一种认识陌生感的方式,
06:23
and it's a problem faced not just by individuals today,
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而且这不仅仅是个人问题,
06:25
but also by organizations,
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也是那些想要抓住
06:28
organizations that are trying to embrace massively new opportunities.
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更多新机遇的组织团体遇到的问题。
06:32
Whether you're a political party
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或者你是一个政党
06:34
insisting to your detriment on a very rigid notion
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教条得用谁是同盟和谁不是同盟的简单判断
06:37
of who belongs and who does not,
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而让整个政党遭受不必要的损失,
06:39
whether you're the government
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或者你是政府部门
06:41
protecting social institutions like marriage
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试图保护那些社会机构如婚姻
06:44
and restricting access of those institutions to the few,
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并只让很少的人可以接触到这些机构,
06:48
whether you're a teenager in her bedroom
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或者你是一个在自己房间里
06:50
who's trying to jostle her relations with her parents,
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和父母闹不和的青少年,
06:53
strangeness is a way to think about how we pave the way
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“陌生感”为我们需要新的关系
06:56
to new kinds of relations.
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铺平了道路。
06:59
We have to change the norms.
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我们需要打破过去的陈规。
07:02
We have to change the norms in order to enable
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我们需要打破这些规距才能带来
07:05
new kinds of technologies
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新技术
07:07
as a basis for new kinds of businesses.
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并在此之上创造新的商机。
07:10
What interesting questions lie ahead for us
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在这个没有陌生人的世界里会出现
07:14
in this world of no strangers?
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哪些有趣的问题呢?
07:16
How might we think differently about our relations with people?
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我们对我们与他人的关系又会有怎样不同的思考?
07:20
How might we think differently about our relations
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我们对我们与那些分散的人群的关系
07:23
with distributed groups of people?
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又会有怎样不同的看法?
07:25
How might we think differently about our relations with technologies,
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我们又对我们与那些
07:30
things that effectively become social participants
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已经深入到我们生活中各个角落的科技之间的关系
07:33
in their own right?
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有什么不同的看法呢?
07:35
The range of digital relations is extraordinary.
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数字关系的范围是十分宽广的。
07:39
In the context of this broad range of digital relations,
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在这个前提下,
07:43
safely seeking strangeness might very well be
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安全的寻找“陌生感”很有可能是
07:46
a new basis for that innovation.
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创新的新基础。
07:48
Thank you.
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谢谢。
07:50
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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