The mind behind Linux | Linus Torvalds | TED

翻译人员: Hong Li 校对人员: Amy H. Fann

Chris Anderson: This is such a strange thing.

克里斯•安德森：有件事情很奇怪。

Your software, Linux, is in millions of computers,

你的软件，Linux， 运行于数百万计算机中，

it probably powers much of the Internet.

可以说是它驱动了网络。

And I think that there are, like,

我想，全世界正在使用

a billion and a half active Android devices out there.

将近15亿台的安卓设备。

Your software is in every single one of them.

每一台里都有你的软件。

It's kind of amazing.

这非常了不起。

You must have some amazing software headquarters driving all this.

你肯定有一个特别高大上的 总部来实现这一切。

That's what I thought -- and I was shocked when I saw a picture of it.

我以前真这么想—— 直到我看到这张照片，我被震惊了。

I mean, this is --

真的惊了——

this is the Linux world headquarters.

这就是Linux的总部。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Linus Torvalds: It really doesn't look like much.

林纳斯•托瓦兹：好吧，让大家失望了。

And I have to say,

我不得不说，

the most interesting part in this picture,

这张照片里最有意思的地方，

that people mostly react to,

被最多人问起的地方，

is the walking desk.

就是那张会动的办公桌。

It is the most interesting part in my office

这是我办公室最有趣的部分

and I'm not actually using it anymore.

虽然我现在不怎么用它了。

And I think the two things are related.

我觉得两者是有联系的。

The way I work is ...

我的工作方式……

I want to not have external stimulation.

我不想要有太多的外来刺激。

You can kind of see, on the walls are this light green.

大家能看到，我的墙是淡绿色的。

I'm told that at mental institutions they use that on the walls.

据说精神病医院的墙就是这种颜色。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's like a calming color,

这种颜色能让你平静，

it's not something that really stimulates you.

不会刺激到你。

What you can't see is the computer here, you only see the screen,

其实大家看不到我的电脑（主机）， 只能看到显示器，

but the main thing I worry about in my computer is --

我对电脑最主要的要求——

it doesn't have to be big and powerful, although I like that --

并不是性能强劲，尽管我也爱——

it really has to be completely silent.

就是它必须没有任何声音。

I know people who work for Google

我认识一些在谷歌工作的人，

and they have their own small data center at home,

他们在家里都有小型数据中心，

and I don't do that.

我可没这习惯。

My office is the most boring office you'll ever see.

我的办公室也许是你见过最无聊的一个。

And I sit there alone in the quiet.

我喜欢独自一人，享受安静。

If the cat comes up,

如果有猫进来，

it sits in my lap.

它会坐在我大腿上。

And I want to hear the cat purring,

我喜欢听猫打呼噜，

not the sound of the fans in the computer.

而不是听特烦的电脑风扇的声音。

CA: So this is astonishing,

CA：太了不起了，

because working this way,

你的这种工作方式，

you're able to run this vast technology empire --

才能让你运行如此庞大的一个技术帝国——

it is an empire --

确实是一个帝国——

so that's an amazing testament to the power of open source.

这是开源（软件）强大力量的一个最好例证。

Tell us how you got to understand open source

请告诉我们你是如何理解开源的，

and how it lead to the development of Linux.

和它又是如何一步一步发展成Linux的。

LT: I mean, I still work alone.

LT：我现在还是独自工作。

Really -- I work alone in my house,

真的，我独自一人在家工作，

often in my bathrobe.

经常穿着浴袍干活。

When a photographer shows up, I dress up,

当一个摄影师来的时候，我才会穿戴整齐，

so I have clothes on.

所以（这张照片里）我是穿着衣服的。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And that's how I've always worked.

我一直以来就是这样工作的。

I mean, this was how I started Linux, too.

Linux也是这样诞生的。

I did not start Linux as a collaborative project.

Linux并不是一个合作的产物。

I started it as one in a series of many projects

它是我一系列项目中的一个，

I had done at the time for myself,

纯粹出于自己当时的需要，

partly because I needed the end result,

部分原因是我需要得到结果，

but even more because I just enjoyed programming.

但更重要的原因是我享受编程。

So it was about the end of the journey,

这段旅程的终点，

which, 25 years later, we still have not reached.

在25年后的今天，我们仍未达到。

But it was really about the fact that I was looking for a project on my own

当年我只是想做一个 完全属于自己的项目，

and there was no open source, really, on my radar at all.

我压根就没想过开源这件事。

And what happened is ...

但在那之后，

the project grows and becomes something you want to show off to people.

随着项目越来越大， 你会开始想让别人知道。

Really, this is more of a, "Wow, look at what I did!"

感觉就像“哇，快来看看我的成果！”

And trust me -- it was not that great back then.

但说实话，最开始并没这么好。

I made it publicly available,

我把它放到网上供人下载，

and it wasn't even open source at that point.

当时甚至还不是开源的。

At that point it was source that was open, but there was no intention

当然，所有代码都是开放的， 但我并没有想过

behind using the kind of open-source methodology that we think of today

要用我们今天所熟知的开源方法

to improve it.

来改进它。

It was more like,

我当时想的是，

"Look, I've been working on this for half a year,

“看，这是我折腾了半年的成果，

I'd love to have comments."

我想听听大家的意见。”

And other people approached me.

有人来找过我。

At the University of Helsinki,

在赫尔辛基大学，

I had a friend who was one of the open source --

我有个朋友是做开源软件的——

it was called mainly "free software" back then --

当年还叫“免费软件”——

and he actually introduced me to the notion that, hey,

他让我了解到，“嘿，

you can use these open-source licenses that had been around.

你可以用那些已有的开源许可证。”

And I thought about it for a while.

我考虑了一段时间。

I was actually worried about the whole commercial interests coming in.

我其实有点担心商业利益牵涉其中。

I mean, that's one of the worries I think most people who start out have,

我想，很多人一开始会跟我一样，

is that they worry about somebody taking advantage of their work, right?

担心自己的工作成果会被人利用，不是吗？

And I decided, "What the hell?"

于是我决定，“不管了。”

And --

然后……

CA: And then at some point,

CA：然后某一天，

someone contributed some code that you thought,

一些人对你的代码提出了些建议，你觉得

"Wow, that really is interesting, I would not have thought of that.

“哇哦，真是不错， 我都没想到这一点。

This could actually improve this."

对改进软件很有帮助。”

LT: It didn't even start by people contributing code,

LT：其实最开始没有多少人直接改代码，

it was more that people started contributing ideas.

而是提出了很多想法。

And just the fact that somebody else takes a look at your project --

让别人看一下你所做的项目——

and I'm sure it's true of other things, too,

我想在其他行业也是这样——

but it's definitely true in code --

但在编程的时候就更是如此——

is that somebody else takes an interest in your code,

有人对你的代码感兴趣，

looks at it enough to actually give you feedback

仔细研究过，能给你反馈，

and give you ideas.

给你建议。

That was a huge thing for me.

对我而言是非常重要的一件事。

I was 21 at the time, so I was young,

当时我21岁，还很年轻，

but I had already programmed for half my life, basically.

但在那之前，我人生的一半时间都在敲代码。

And every project before that had been completely personal

之前的每一个项目， 我都是独自完成的，

and it was a revelation when people just started commenting,

有人开始评论我的代码，

started giving feedback on your code.

给予反馈，真是头一遭。

And even before they started giving code back,

他们甚至还没开始改代码，

that was, I think, one of the big moments where I said,

但对我来讲已经足以载入史册， 因为我觉得，

"I love other people!"

“我爱世人！”

Don't get me wrong --

别误会我，

I'm actually not a people person.

其实我并不合群。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I don't really love other people --

我并不爱世人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But I love computers,

我爱电脑，

I love interacting with other people on email,

我喜欢通过发邮件互动，

because it kind of gives you that buffer.

因为这样能给你缓冲。

But I do love other people who comment and get involved in my project.

但我真正喜欢的是 人们给出评论，参与我的项目。

And it made it so much more.

这样能让我的项目快速成长。

CA: So was there a moment when you saw what was being built

CA：有没有那样一个时间点， 你发现自己一直在做的项目

and it suddenly started taking off,

突然开始成型了，

and you thought, "Wait a sec, this actually could be something huge,

你对自己说， “等一下，这事儿也许能做成，

not just a personal project that I'm getting nice feedback on,

不单单是一个我能得到良好反馈的个人项目，

but a kind of explosive development in the whole technology world"?

而是能在整个科技界掀起轩然大波的大事”？

LT: Not really.

LT：还真没有。

I mean, the big point for me, really, was not when it was becoming huge,

对我而言，最重要的时刻 并不是它变大的那一天，

it was when it was becoming little.

恰恰是在它还不够大的时候。

The big point for me was not being alone

对我而言，当我不再独自工作，

and having 10, maybe 100 people being involved --

有10个人，或者100个人加入进来——

that was a big point.

这才是一种突破。

Then everything else was very gradual.

之后事情就顺其自然了。

Going from 100 people to a million people is not a big deal -- to me.

对我来说，从100人到100万人， 并不是那么重要。

Well, I mean, maybe it is if you're --

其实我的意思是，如果你……

(Laughter)

（笑声）

If you want to sell your result then it's a huge deal --

如果你是想把自己的成果卖掉， 那确实就很重要——

don't get me wrong.

别误解我的意思。

But if you're interested in the technology

如果你感兴趣的是科技本身，

and you're interested in the project,

是这个项目本身，

the big part was getting the community.

那么最重要的就是找到志趣相投的人。

Then the community grew gradually.

之后这个群体会自发壮大。

And there's actually not a single point where I went like,

并没有一个特别明显的时间点，我会觉得

"Wow, that just took off!" because it --

“哇哦，这事儿快成了！”因为——

I mean -- it took a long time, relatively.

这个时间非常漫长。

CA: So all the technologists that I talk to really credit you

CA：所有我采访的技术专家们 都对你赞不绝口，

with massively changing their work.

说你极大改进了他们的工作。

And it's not just Linux,

不光是Linux，

it's this thing called Git,

还有Git，

which is this management system for software development.

是一种软件开发管理系统。

Tell us briefly about that and your role in that.

简单介绍一下它以及你在其中扮演的角色。

LT: So one of the issues we had,

LT：我们遇到的问题之一，

and this took a while to start to appear,

（在项目开始后）一段时间后才开始显现，

is when you ...

就是当你……

When you grow from having 10 people or 100 people working on a project

从10个或者100个人参与一个项目，

to having 10,000 people, which --

增长到1万人的时候，而这——

I mean, right now we're in the situation where just on the kernel,

关于（Linux）内核，我们碰到的问题是，

we have 1,000 people involved in every single release

每次更新都有1000人参与，

and that's every two months, roughly two or three months.

而更新频率是每两、三个月一次。

Some of those people don't do a lot.

这其中有些人作用不大。

There's a lot of people who make small, small changes.

有很多人能做出小小的改进。

But to maintain this,

但要进行维护，

the scale changes how you have to maintain it.

所需要的工作量就会大大增加。

And we went through a lot of pain.

我们吃尽了苦头。

And there are whole projects that do only source-code maintenance.

有时候甚至整个程序 都仅仅是为了对源代码进行维护。

CVS is the one that used to be the most commonly used,

CVS曾经是最流行的，

and I hated CVS with a passion and refused to touch it

我恨透了它，连碰都不想碰，

and tried something else that was radical and interesting

我喜欢更基础、更有趣的方法，

and everybody else hated.

但其他人又不喜欢。

CA: (Laughs)

CA：（笑声）

LT: And we were in this bad spot,

LT：我们陷入了僵局，

where we had thousands of people who wanted to participate,

成千上万的人想参与进来，

but in many ways, I was the kind of break point,

但很多时候，我成为了那个断点，

where I could not scale to the point

我无法让自己跨出那一步，

where I could work with thousands of people.

同上千人合作。

So Git is my second big project,

因此Git是我的第二个大项目，

which was only created for me to maintain my first big project.

它存在的意义就是维护我的第一个大项目。

And this is literally how I work.

事实上这就是我的工作方式。

I don't code for --

我编程并不是为了……

well, I do code for fun --

我编程是因为好玩，

but I want to code for something meaningful

但我也想做一些有意义的事情，

so every single project I've ever done has been something I needed

因此我设计每一个程序 仅仅是因为我自己需要

and --

而且……

CA: So really, both Linux and Git kind of arose

CA：因此，实际上，Linux和Git的出现，

almost as an unintended consequence

都是意外的收获，

of your desire not to have to work with too many people.

仅仅因为你不想跟太多人一起工作。

LT：千真万确。没错。

LT: Absolutely. Yes.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

CA: That's amazing. LT: Yeah.

CA：太牛了。 LT：可不是吗。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And yet, you're the man who's transformed technology

你带来了技术革新，

not just once but twice,

不是一次，而是两次，

and we have to try and understand why it is.

我们试图去探寻背后的原因。

You've given us some clues, but ...

你给了我们一些线索，但是……

Here's a picture of you as a kid, with a Rubik's Cube.

这是一张你小时候的照片， 你手里拿着魔方。

You mentioned that you've been programming since you were like 10 or 11,

你刚才提到，你从10岁、 11岁就开始编程了，

half your life.

人生的一半，

Were you this sort of computer genius, you know, übernerd,

你是那种电脑天才，技术宅吗？

were you the star at school who could do everything?

你在学校里是无所不能的明星吗？

What were you like as a kid?

你是个什么样的孩子？

LT: Yeah, I think I was the prototypical nerd.

LT：没错，我觉得自己就是宅男的原型。

I mean, I was ...

我是说，当年……

I was not a people person back then.

我并不喜欢跟人打交道。

That's my younger brother.

那是我弟弟。

I was clearly more interested in the Rubik's Cube

显然我对魔方更有兴趣，

than my younger brother.

完全无视我弟弟。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

My younger sister, who's not in the picture,

我还有个妹妹，她不在照片里，

when we had family meetings --

当我们全家聚在一起的时候——

and it's not a huge family, but I have, like, a couple of cousins --

我家人不算多，但我有好几个侄子侄女——

she would prep me beforehand.

她会事先给我打预防针。

Like, before I stepped into the room she would say,

在我进屋之前，她会说，

"OK. That's so-and-so ..."

“好的，你要注意什么什么……”

Because I was not --

因为我其实……

I was a geek.

我是个技术宅。

I was into computers,

我喜欢电脑，

I was into math,

喜欢数学，

I was into physics.

喜欢物理。

I was good at that.

我擅长这些。

I don't think I was particularly exceptional.

但也没到出类拔萃的地步。

Apparently, my sister said

就像我妹妹说的，

that my biggest exceptional quality was that I would not let go.

我最突出的品质就是不放弃。

CA: OK, so let's go there, because that's interesting.

CA：好的，那我们就来聊聊这个， 这很有意思。

You would not let go.

你不轻言放弃。

So that's not about being a geek and being smart,

也就是说，不是因为技术宅或者聪明，

that's about being ... stubborn?

而是因为……固执？

LT: That's about being stubborn.

LT：没错，就是固执。

That's about, like,

就像，

just starting something

我开始做一件事情，

and not saying, "OK, I'm done, let's do something else --

我不会说，“好的，我不干了， 我要去干点别的……

Look: shiny!"

看，比如那个！”

And I notice that in many other parts in my life, too.

我发现我在做其他事情的时候也会这样。

I lived in Silicon Valley for seven years.

我在硅谷生活了7年。

And I worked for the same company, in Silicon Valley,

一直在同一家公司上班， 那可是在硅谷哦，

for the whole time.

从未换过。

That is unheard of.

这简直闻所未闻。

That's not how Silicon Valley works.

尤其在硅谷这个地方。

The whole point of Silicon Valley is that people jump between jobs

硅谷最大的特点就是，人们总在跳槽，

to kind of mix up the pot.

一会这一会那。

And that's not the kind of person I am.

而我不是这样。

CA: But during the actual development of Linux itself,

CA：但在Linux系统发展的过程中，

that stubbornness sometimes brought you in conflict with other people.

这种固执有时会让你和别人产生冲突。

Talk about that a bit.

给我们讲讲这个。

Was that essential to sort of maintain the quality of what was being built?

维持已有成果的质量是不是非常必要？

How would you describe what happened?

你会如何来形容之后发生的事情？

LT: I don't know if it's essential.

LT：我不确定这是不是非常必要。

Going back to the "I'm not a people person," --

还是说回到“我并不合群”这一点，

sometimes I'm also ...

有的时候我还……

shall we say,

可以说，

"myopic" when it comes to other people's feelings,

不太理解他人的感受，

and that sometimes makes you say things that hurt other people.

经常会说话伤到别人。

And I'm not proud of that.

对此我感到很抱歉。

(Applause)

（掌声）

But, at the same time, it's --

但与此同时，

I get people who tell me that I should be nice.

有人告诉我，我应该友善一些。

And then when I try to explain to them that maybe you're nice,

然后我会跟他们说，可能你是友善，

maybe you should be more aggressive,

但你应该更加富有侵略性一些，

they see that as me being not nice.

他们会把这个当成我的不友善。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

What I'm trying to say is we are different.

我想说的是我们是不同的。

I'm not a people person;

我不是个合群的人，

it's not something I'm particularly proud of,

对此我并不感到骄傲，

but it's part of me.

但这就是我。

And one of the things I really like about open source

而我喜欢开源软件的一点就是，

is it really allows different people to work together.

它能让形形色色的人在一起合作。

We don't have to like each other --

我们不必相互喜欢——

and sometimes we really don't like each other.

有时候我们甚至互相讨厌。

Really -- I mean, there are very, very heated arguments.

是真的，我们经常吵得不可开交。

But you can, actually, you can find things that --

但是你会，你会发现许多事情——

you don't even agree to disagree,

甚至都没法同意保留不同意见，

it's just that you're interested in really different things.

因为大家的兴趣点真的不一样。

And coming back to the point where I said earlier

回到我刚才说过的，

that I was afraid of commercial people taking advantage of your work,

我担心商人们利用我们的劳动成果，

it turned out, and very quickly turned out,

但没过多久，我发现，

that those commercial people were lovely, lovely people.

这些商人都是非常非常好的人。

And they did all the things that I was not at all interested in doing,

他们做那些我不感兴趣的事，

and they had completely different goals.

关注点与我完全不同。

And they used open source in ways that I just did not want to go.

他们使用开源软件的方法跟我不一样的。

But because it was open source they could do it,

但正因为是开源的，他们可以这么干，

and it actually works really beautifully together.

而且实际上效果很好。

And I actually think it works the same way.

我甚至认为跟我使用的效果一样好。

You need to have the people-people, the communicators,

我们需要合群的人，需要能与人交流的人，

the warm and friendly people

需要温暖友好的人

who like --

就像……

(Laughter)

（笑声）

really want to hug you and get you into the community.

喜欢拥抱你，带你走进这个圈子。

But that's not everybody.

但不是每个人都能做到。

And that's not me.

比如我就做不到。

I care about the technology.

我关注的是技术。

There are people who care about the UI.

有的人关注用户界面。

I can't do UI to save my life.

我死也做不来用户界面。

I mean, if I was stranded on an island

举个例子，如果我被困在一个孤岛上，

and the only way to get off that island was the make a pretty UI,

逃出生天的唯一办法 是设计一个漂亮的用户界面，

I'd die there.

我宁愿死在岛上。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So there's different kinds of people,

人跟人是不一样的，

and I'm not making excuses, I'm trying to explain.

我并不是在找借口， 只是想解释给大家听。

CA: Now, when we talked last week,

CA：我们上周见面的时候，

you talked about some other trait that you have,

你聊到自己的一些其他特点，

which I found really interesting.

我觉得很有意思。

It's this idea called taste.

是关于品味的。

And I've just got a couple of images here.

我这里有一些图片。

I think this is an example of not particularly good taste in code,

我觉得这一段代码就没什么品位，

and this one is better taste,

而这一段要好一些，

which one can immediately see.

相信大家一看便知。

What is the difference between these two?

这两段代码有什么不一样？

LT: So this is --

LT：这是……

How many people here actually have coded?

在座的有哪些人编过程？

CA: Oh my goodness.

CA：我的天啊。

LT: So I guarantee you,

LT：我敢保证，

everybody who raised their hand,

刚刚举手的每一位，

they have done what's called a singly-linked list.

肯定做过单向链表。

And it's taught --

它是在……

This, the first not very good taste approach,

这个，第一段不怎么漂亮的代码，

is basically how it's taught to be done when you start out coding.

基本上是在你刚开始学编程的时候学到的。

And you don't have to understand the code.

你不需要真的理解这段代码。

The most interesting part to me

我觉得最有意思的

is the last if statement.

是最后一个“if”语句。

Because what happens in a singly-linked list --

因为在单向链表中——

this is trying to remove an existing entry from a list --

这里是试图将一个已存在的入口移出链表——

and there's a difference between if it's the first entry

不同之处在于这是第一个入口

or whether it's an entry in the middle.

还是一个位于中间的入口。

Because if it's the first entry,

如果是第一个入口，

you have to change the pointer to the first entry.

你需要将指针改向第一个入口。

If it's in the middle,

而如果位于中间，

you have to change the pointer of a previous entry.

你需要将指针改向上一个入口。

So they're two completely different cases.

这是两种完全不同的情况。

CA: And that's better.

CA：这一个比较好。

LT: And this is better.

LT：这一个比较好。

It does not have the if statement.

它没有if语句。

And it doesn't really matter --

这完全不影响——

I don't want you understand why it doesn't have the if statement,

你不必了解这里为什么没有“if”语句，

but I want you to understand

你需要了解的是

that sometimes you can see a problem in a different way

有时候你可以换个角度看问题，

and rewrite it so that a special case goes away

重写代码，排除特例，

and becomes the normal case.

完美覆盖所有情况。

And that's good code.

这就是好的代码。

But this is simple code.

同时也很简单。

This is CS 101.

这是最基本的原则。

This is not important -- although, details are important.

其实这都不重要—— 当然，细节非常重要。

To me, the sign of people I really want to work with

对我来说，我愿意与之共事的人，

is that they have good taste, which is how ...

必须有好的品位，这就是如何……

I sent you this stupid example

我举的这个例子很傻，

that is not relevant because it's too small.

没什么意义，因为实在太短。

Good taste is much bigger than this.

好的品位体现在更长的代码里。

Good taste is about really seeing the big patterns

好的品位体现在能看清全局

and kind of instinctively knowing what's the right way to do things.

甚至有一种直觉， 知道怎么把事情做漂亮。

CA: OK, so we're putting the pieces together here now.

CA：好的，让我们来总结一下。

You have taste,

你有品位，

in a way that's meaningful to software people.

当然是对于程序员们而言，

You're --

你很有品位——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

LT: I think it was meaningful to some people here.

LT：对在座有些人而言，是这样。

CA: You're a very smart computer coder,

CA：你是个非常有才华的电脑程序员，

and you're hellish stubborn.

你异常固执。

But there must be something else.

但肯定不止这些。

因为你是改变了未来的人。

I mean, you've changed the future.

You must have the ability of these grand visions of the future.

你一定有实现未来宏伟愿景的能力。

You're a visionary, right?

你是个有远见的人，是吗？

LT: I've actually felt slightly uncomfortable at TED

LT：其实在过去两天里，我在TED大会

for the last two days,

觉得不太自在 ，

because there's a lot of vision going on, right?

因为有很多关于未来的想象，对吧？

And I am not a visionary.

我并不是一个有远见的人。

I do not have a five-year plan.

我没有制定未来五年的计划。

I'm an engineer.

我是一名工程师。

And I think it's really --

而且我觉得，真是——

I mean -- I'm perfectly happy with all the people

我是说——我非常乐意跟梦想家在一起

who are walking around and just staring at the clouds

他们行走四方，仰望苍穹，

and looking at the stars and saying, "I want to go there."

看着满天星辰说，“我想到那儿去。”

But I'm looking at the ground,

但我是低头看路的那种人，

and I want to fix the pothole that's right in front of me

我只想填好眼前这个坑，

before I fall in.

不让自己掉进去。

This is the kind of person I am.

我是这样的人。

(Cheers)

（欢呼）

(Applause)

（掌声）

CA: So you spoke to me last week about these two guys.

CA：上周你跟我聊过他们俩。

Who are they and how do you relate to them?

他们是谁？你跟他们有什么关系？

LT: Well, so this is kind of cliché in technology,

LT：这其实是技术界的一个老故事了，

the whole Tesla versus Edison,

特斯拉和爱迪生之争，

where Tesla is seen as the visionary scientist and crazy idea man.

特斯拉被认为是一名有远见的科学家， 总是有疯狂的想法。

And people love Tesla.

大家都爱特斯拉。

I mean, there are people who name their companies after him.

你看，还有人把自己公司也叫这个名字。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The other person there is Edison,

另一个人是爱迪生，

who is actually often vilified for being kind of pedestrian

经常被嘲讽说他是一个单调乏味的人，

and is --

而且——

I mean, his most famous quote is,

他最有名的一句话就是，

"Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration."

“天才是1%的灵感加上99%的汗水。”

And I'm in the Edison camp,

而我是爱迪生一派的，

even if people don't always like him.

尽管人们经常讨厌他。

Because if you actually compare the two,

如果你比较一下这两位，

Tesla has kind of this mind grab these days,

特斯拉很能抓眼球，

but who actually changed the world?

但真正改变世界的是谁？

Edison may not have been a nice person,

爱迪生也许不是个讨喜的人，

he did a lot of things --

但他做了很多事——

he was maybe not so intellectual,

他也许没那么天才，

not so visionary.

不是那么有远见。

But I think I'm more of an Edison than a Tesla.

我觉得自己更像爱迪生而不是特斯拉。

CA: So our theme at TED this week is dreams --

CA：TED大会这一周的主题是梦想——

big, bold, audacious dreams.

宏伟、大胆的梦想。

You're really the antidote to that.

而你却像碎梦人。

LT: I'm trying to dial it down a bit, yes.

LT：我会试着收敛一些。

CA: That's good.

CA：太好了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We embrace you, we embrace you.

我们接受你，我们爱你。

Companies like Google and many others have made, arguably,

谷歌和其他许多公司 使用你的软件，

like, billions of dollars out of your software.

挣了非常多的钱。

Does that piss you off?

你会觉得不爽吗？

LT: No.

LT：不会。

No, it doesn't piss me off for several reasons.

原因有很多，

And one of them is, I'm doing fine.

其中一个原因是，我过得不错。

I'm really doing fine.

真心不错。

But the other reason is --

另一个原因就是——

I mean, without doing the whole open source and really letting go thing,

如果我不将它开源，而过于纠结的话，

Linux would never have been what it is.

Linux就不会发展成今天这样。

And it's brought experiences I don't really enjoy, public talking,

而且Linux让我有了许多经历， 尽管我不喜欢，比如在公开场合讲话，

but at the same time, this is an experience.

但同时，这也是一种历练。

Trust me.

相信我。

So there's a lot of things going on that make me a very happy man

很多事情让我成为了一个快乐的人，

and thinking I did the right choices.

我觉得当初的选择没有错。

CA: Is the open source idea --

CA：开源软件这个想法——

this is, I think we'll end here --

我想这是最后一个话题——

is the open source idea fully realized now in the world,

开源软件这个想法已经在全世界实现了吗？

or is there more that it could go,

还是说还有潜力可挖，

are there more things that it could do?

还有很多可以做的？

LT: So, I'm of two minds there.

LT：我有两个想法。

I think one reason open source works so well in code

我认为开源软件如此成功的原因之一

is that at the end of the day,

在于归根结底，

code tends to be somewhat black and white.

代码是一个非黑即白的事情。

There's often a fairly good way to decide,

我们有非常明确的方法来分辨，

this is done correctly and this is not done well.

一段代码是行还是不行。

Code either works or it doesn't,

代码要么运行成功，要么失败，

which means that there's less room for arguments.

这就意味着没什么可争议的。

And we have arguments despite this, right?

我们有很多争议，不是吗？

In many other areas --

在其他许多领域——

I mean, people have talked about open politics and things like that --

人们探讨过公开政治和其他类似的事情——

and it's really hard sometimes to say

有时候真的很难去说，

that, yes, you can apply the same principles in some other areas

没错，你可以在其他领域也采取同样的原则，

just because the black and white turns into not just gray,

因为在那些地方不是非黑即白的，有灰色，

but different colors.

也有其他颜色。

So, obviously open source in science is making a comeback.

因此，科学界的开源显然是一种回归。

Science was there first.

科学最初是开源的。

But then science ended up being pretty closed,

但之后变得越来越封闭，

with very expensive journals and some of that going on.

只存在那些昂贵的科学期刊上。

And open source is making a comeback in science,

开源让科学回归了，

with things like arXiv and open journals.

我们有了arXiv和开放期刊。

Wikipedia changed the world, too.

维基百科也改变了世界。

So there are other examples,

还有其他许多例子，

I'm sure there are more to come.

我觉得未来还会有更多。

CA: But you're not a visionary,

CA：但你不是个有远见的人，

and so it's not up to you to name them.

这些事跟你没啥关系。

LT: No.

LT：当然。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's up to you guys to make them, right?

得靠你们去实现了，对吗？

CA: Exactly.

CA：没错。

Linus Torvalds,

林纳斯·托瓦兹，

thank you for Linux, thank you for the Internet,

谢谢你的Linux，谢谢你为互联网做的一切，

thank you for all those Android phones.

谢谢你为安卓手机做的一切。

Thank you for coming here to TED and revealing so much of yourself.

谢谢你来参加TED大会， 让我们更加了解你。

LT: Thank you.

LT：谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）