Your smartphone is a civil rights issue | Christopher Soghoian

翻译人员: Zhiting Chen 校对人员: Yangyang Liu

In the spring of 2016,

在2016年的春季，

一场在苹果公司和美国联邦调查局 之间的战争

a legal battle between Apple and the Federal Bureau of Investigation

captured the world's attention.

吸引了全世界的注意。

Apple has built security features into its mobile products

苹果在其出产的手机产品里 设置了安全系统，

which protect data on its devices from everyone but the owner.

能够保护使用者的数据不被泄露。

That means that criminals, hackers and yes, even governments

这意味着，犯罪分子、黑客， 是的，甚至是政府

are all locked out.

都被拒之门外。

For Apple's customers, this is a great thing.

对于苹果的客户而言， 这太棒了。

But governments are not so happy.

但政府就不那么高兴了。

You see, Apple has made a conscious decision

苹果公司做了一个清醒的决定，

to get out of the surveillance business.

让自己远离监视活动。

Apple has tried to make surveillance as difficult as possible

苹果让监视变得极其困难，

for governments and any other actors.

不论是政府还是其他任何他人。

There are really two smartphone operating systems

在全球智能手机市场上

只有两个（主流）操作系统：

in the global smartphone market:

iOS and Android.

iOS和安卓。

iOS is made by Apple. Android is made by Google.

iOS是苹果公司的， 安卓系统是Google开发的。

Apple has spent a lot of time and money

苹果花了很长时间和金钱

to make sure that its products are as secure as possible.

来确保其产品具备极佳的安全性。

Apple encrypts all data stored on iPhones by default,

苹果为储存在iPhone里的 数据默认加密，

and text messages sent from one Apple customer to another Apple customer

苹果手机间传送的短信

are encrypted by default

也被默认加密，

without the user having to take any actions.

无需用户进行任何设置。

What this means is that,

这就意味着，

if the police seize an iPhone and it has a password,

如果警察拿到一部 带有密码的苹果手机，

they'll have a difficult time getting any data off of it,

他们将很难从手机中拿到任何数据，

if they can do it at all.

几乎不可能。

In contrast, the security of Android just really isn't as good.

相反的，安卓系统的安全性 就没有那么好了。

Android phones, or at least most of the Android phones

安卓手机，或者至少是 大部分售卖给顾客的

that have been sold to consumers,

安卓手机，

do not encrypt data stored on the device by default,

没有默认加密手机中储存的数据，

and the built-in text messaging app in Android does not use encryption.

安卓中内置的短信应用 也没有使用加密。

So if the police seize an Android phone,

如果警察拿到了一部安卓手机，

chances are, they'll be able to get all the data they want

他们很有可能从那部手机中拿到想要

off of that device.

获得的全部数据。

Two smartphones

两种智能手机，

from two of the biggest companies in the world;

由世界上最大的两个公司出产，

one that protects data by default,

一个默认保护用户数据，

and one that doesn't.

一个不是。

Apple is a seller of luxury goods.

苹果售卖的是昂贵的产品，

占据高端市场。

It dominates the high end of the market.

And we would expect a manufacturer of luxury goods to have products

我们自然会期待奢侈品制造商的产品

that include more features.

有更多功能。

But not everyone can afford an iPhone.

但并不是每个人 都能买得起一部iPhone。

That's where Android really, really dominates:

这就是安卓系统真正占领的市场：

at the middle and low end of the market,

中低端市场，

smartphones for the billion and a half people

十五亿无法负担，

who cannot or will not spend

或是不愿意花600美元

600 dollars on a phone.

购买手机的用户。

但安卓系统手机的市场优势 导致了我所说的

But the dominance of Android has led to what I call

the "digital security divide."

“数字安全分化”。

That is, there is now increasingly a gap

也就是，穷人和富人的隐私安全状况

between the privacy and security of the rich,

出现了越来越大的差异。

那些买得起默认保护数据的 电子产品的富人，

who can afford devices that secure their data by default,

and of the poor,

以及那些使用

whose devices do very little to protect them by default.

无法保证安全的电子产品的穷人。

So, think of the average Apple customer:

想想看，苹果的用户一般来说是：

a banker, a lawyer, a doctor, a politician.

银行家，律师，医生，政客。

These individuals now increasingly have smartphones in their pockets

这些人越来越倾向于使用这些手机，

that encrypt their calls, their text messages,

能够默认保护他们的通话， 他们的短信息，

all the data on the device,

以及手机上的所有数据，

without them doing really anything to secure their information.

而不需要做任何额外设置。

In contrast, the poor and the most vulnerable in our societies

相对的，那些穷人， 和那些社会里最不受保护的人，

are using devices that leave them completely vulnerable to surveillance.

使用的电子设备却将他们轻易地 暴露于被监控的危险。

In the United States, where I live,

在美国，我居住的地方，

African-Americans are more likely to be seen as suspicious

非洲裔美国人更容易被怀疑，

or more likely to be profiled,

或是更容易被记录在案，

and are more likely to be targeted by the state with surveillance.

更容易被国家列为监视目标。

But African-Americans are also disproportionately likely

但是，非洲裔美国人大多使用

to use Android devices that do nothing at all

那些无法保护他们隐私的

to protect them from that surveillance.

安卓系统手机。

This is a problem.

这是个问题。

We must remember that surveillance is a tool.

我们必须记住，监视是一个工具。

It's a tool used by those in power

一个被有权力的人掌控，

against those who have no power.

用来对付没有权力的人的工具。

And while I think it's absolutely great

我认为苹果这样的公司自动加密

that companies like Apple are making it easy for people to encrypt,

保护用户的隐私，真的值得称赞，

if the only people who can protect themselves

但如果那些能够保护自己

from the gaze of the government

不被政府轻易监视的人

are the rich and powerful,

是有钱且有权的，

that's a problem.

这就是个问题。

And it's not just a privacy or a cybersecurity problem.

这不仅仅是一个关于隐私 或是网络安全的问题。

It's a civil rights problem.

这是关于公民权利的问题。

So the lack of default security in Android

因此，安卓系统 没有默认安全设置的问题，

is not just a problem for the poor and vulnerable users

不仅仅是关乎 那些使用这部电子产品的

贫穷且容易受伤害的用户。

who are depending on these devices.

This is actually a problem for our democracy.

这其实是个事关我们民主的问题。

I'll explain what I mean.

我解释下这是什么意思。

Modern social movements rely on technology --

当代的社会运动依赖科技——

from Black Lives Matter to the Arab Spring to Occupy Wall Street.

从“珍视黑人生命”到“阿拉伯之春”， 再到“占领华尔街”。

The organizers of these movements and the members of these movements

这些运动的组织者 和参与这些运动的人们

increasingly communicate and coordinate with smartphones.

越来越多地使用智能手机 来联络和组织活动。

And so, naturally governments that feel threatened by these movements

于是，那些感到自身政权 被这些运动所威胁的政府，

will also target the organizers and their smartphones.

会盯上组织者和他们的智能手机。

Now, it's quite possible

很有可能，

that a future Martin Luther King or a Mandela or a Gandhi

未来的马丁路德金，或是曼德拉， 又或者是甘地，

will have an iPhone and be protected from government surveillance.

会用iPhone来保护自己 不受政府监视。

But chances are,

但也有可能，

they'll probably have a cheap, $20 Android phone in their pocket.

他们的口袋里只有一个便宜的 20美元的安卓手机。

And so if we do nothing to address the digital security divide,

如果我们对电子设备安全问题 置之不理，

if we do nothing to ensure that everyone in our society

如果我们不确保社会里的每个人

gets the same benefits of encryption

都能得到电子产品安全加密的保护，

and is equally able to protect themselves from surveillance by the state,

能够平等地保护自身不被国家监视，

not only will the poor and vulnerable be exposed to surveillance,

不仅仅是那些贫穷和易受伤害的人 会暴露在监视下，

but future civil rights movements may be crushed

未来的公民权利运动也有可能

before they ever reach their full potential.

在它们真正兴起之前被扼杀。

Thank you.

谢谢。

（鼓掌）

(Applause)

Helen Walters: Chris, thank you so much.

海伦·沃特(HW)： 克里斯，非常感谢你。

I have a question for you.

我有一个问题想要问你。

We saw recently in the press

我们近期从媒体获知，

that Mark Zuckerberg from Facebook covers over his camera

脸书的马克·扎克伯格 把（电脑）摄像头遮盖起来了，

and does something with his headphone mic jack.

并且也对自己的耳机麦克风 做了些保护。

So I wanted to ask you a personal question, which is:

我想问你一个比较私人的问题：

Do you do that?

你也这样做吗？

And, on behalf of everyone here, particularly myself,

另外，我们在座的各位，包括我自己，

Should we be doing that?

需要这样做吗？

Should we be covering these things?

我们也需要把这些都遮盖起来吗？

Christopher Soghoian: Putting a sticker -- actually, I like Band-Aids,

克里斯托弗·索戈扬（CS）： 我喜欢用创可贴来贴住他们，

because you can remove them and put them back on

因为你可以反复把它们撕掉再贴上，

当你需要打电话， 或是用skype视频通话的时候。

whenever you want to make a call or a Skype call.

Putting a sticker over your web cam

把摄像头贴起来可能是

保护自己的隐私最好的方式，

is probably the best thing you can do for your privacy

in terms of bang for buck.

这是最简单易行的。

There really is malware, malicious software out there

真的有很多恶意程序，病毒软件

that can take over your web cam,

能够侵入你的摄像头，

even without the light turning on.

甚至都不会有 （摄像头开启指示）灯亮起来。

This is used by criminals. This is used by stalkers.

犯罪分子、跟踪狂 可能会使用这样的软件。

You can buy $19.99 "spy on your ex-girlfriend" software online.

你可以在网上用19.99美元买到 “窥视你的前女友”软件。

It's really terrifying.

这真的很可怕。

And then, of course, it's used by governments.

当然，政府也会使用这些。

这同样也会导致性侵害案件，

And there's obviously a sexual violence component to this,

which is that this kind of surveillance can be used most effectively

这样的偷窥监视活动很可能被用来

against women and other people who can be shamed in our society.

侵害妇女或是任何人， 让他们在社会上抬不起头。

Even if you think you have nothing to hide,

即使你认为自己没什么要隐藏的，

at the very least, if you have children, teenagers in your lives,

但是，如果你和孩子， 或是青少年一起生活，

make sure you put a sticker on their camera and protect them.

请确保贴住他们的摄像头， 来保护他们。

HW: Wow. Thank you so much. CS: Thank you.

HW: 太棒了，谢谢你。 CS: 谢谢。

HW: 谢谢，克里斯。

HW: Thanks, Chris.

（鼓掌）

(Applause)