Your smartphone is a civil rights issue | Christopher Soghoian

譯者: Helen Chang 審譯者: Harry Chen

In the spring of 2016,

2016 年春天

a legal battle between Apple and the Federal Bureau of Investigation

蘋果和聯邦調查局間的法規戰，

captured the world's attention.

獲得了全世界的注意。

Apple has built security features into its mobile products

蘋果在自家的行動通信產品上 建置了安全特性，

which protect data on its devices from everyone but the owner.

保護其裝置上的數據 自外於非物主的其他人。

That means that criminals, hackers and yes, even governments

這意味著壞蛋、駭客──

甚至連政府都不得其門而入；

are all locked out.

For Apple's customers, this is a great thing.

對蘋果的客戶而言這是美事，

But governments are not so happy.

但是政府就沒那麼開心了。

You see, Apple has made a conscious decision

蘋果早已刻意決定不涉入監控業務，

to get out of the surveillance business.

Apple has tried to make surveillance as difficult as possible

蘋果想方設法使得監控對政府 和任何角色來說極盡困難。

for governments and any other actors.

There are really two smartphone operating systems

全球智慧手機市場有兩大作業系統：

in the global smartphone market:

iOS and Android.

iOS 以及「安卓」；

iOS is made by Apple. Android is made by Google.

iOS 出自蘋果、安卓來自谷歌。

Apple has spent a lot of time and money

蘋果花費很多時間和金錢

to make sure that its products are as secure as possible.

確保其產品極盡安全，

Apple encrypts all data stored on iPhones by default,

蘋果把儲存在 iPhone 上的 所有數據預設加密，

and text messages sent from one Apple customer to another Apple customer

蘋果用戶間寄送的簡訊也預設加密，

are encrypted by default

without the user having to take any actions.

毋需用戶去動根手指。

What this means is that,

這意味著

if the police seize an iPhone and it has a password,

如果警察查扣一支 設有密碼的 iPhone，

they'll have a difficult time getting any data off of it,

他們就得吃些苦頭 來取得裡頭的數據──

if they can do it at all.

要是他們做得到的話。

In contrast, the security of Android just really isn't as good.

相較之下安卓的安全性沒那麼好，

Android phones, or at least most of the Android phones

安卓手機──

至少大多數已賣出的安卓手機，

that have been sold to consumers,

do not encrypt data stored on the device by default,

沒有預設加密儲存於該裝置的數據，

and the built-in text messaging app in Android does not use encryption.

而且內建的簡訊 app 沒有採用加密。

So if the police seize an Android phone,

所以如果警察查扣安卓手機，

chances are, they'll be able to get all the data they want

他們到時候得以從裡面取得 他們想要的所有數據資料。

off of that device.

Two smartphones

兩款智慧型手機，

from two of the biggest companies in the world;

來自世界上兩家最大的公司；

one that protects data by default,

一家預設保護數據，

and one that doesn't.

另一家則否。

Apple is a seller of luxury goods.

蘋果販售高檔貨，

它稱霸高階市場，

It dominates the high end of the market.

And we would expect a manufacturer of luxury goods to have products

而我們預期高檔貨的製造商 有著包含更多特性的產品。

that include more features.

But not everyone can afford an iPhone.

但不是人人都買得起 iPhone，

That's where Android really, really dominates:

那裡就是安卓稱霸之處： 中、低階市場，

at the middle and low end of the market,

smartphones for the billion and a half people

給十五億人用的智慧手機，

who cannot or will not spend

這些人無力或不願

600 dollars on a phone.

在一支手機上花個六百美元。

但是安卓的一把抓

But the dominance of Android has led to what I call

導致我所說的

「數位安全落差」，

the "digital security divide."

That is, there is now increasingly a gap

個資與安全性差隔如今日益擴大──

between the privacy and security of the rich,

介於付得起用預設 保障其裝置的有錢人，

who can afford devices that secure their data by default,

and of the poor,

和其裝置用預設 沒做多少防護的窮人之間。

whose devices do very little to protect them by default.

So, think of the average Apple customer:

試想一般的蘋果用戶：

a banker, a lawyer, a doctor, a politician.

銀行家、律師、醫生、政治人物，

These individuals now increasingly have smartphones in their pockets

愈來愈多這種人 在口袋裡有著智慧手機，

that encrypt their calls, their text messages,

加密他們的通話、簡訊，

all the data on the device,

以及其裝置裡所有的資料，

without them doing really anything to secure their information.

毋需用戶著手守護其資料。

In contrast, the poor and the most vulnerable in our societies

相較之下社會上的窮人 和最弱勢的人，

are using devices that leave them completely vulnerable to surveillance.

正用著對上監控必然遭殃的裝置。

In the United States, where I live,

在我住的美國，

African-Americans are more likely to be seen as suspicious

非裔美國人更可能被當嫌犯看，

or more likely to be profiled,

或是被建檔列案，

and are more likely to be targeted by the state with surveillance.

更可能被國家用監控來鎖定。

But African-Americans are also disproportionately likely

但是非裔美國人也太過於 可能使用安卓手機，

to use Android devices that do nothing at all

那玩意兒根本沒下工夫 保護他們不受監控。

to protect them from that surveillance.

This is a problem.

這就是個問題！

We must remember that surveillance is a tool.

我們必須記住：監控是工具，

It's a tool used by those in power

大鯨魚用來對付小蝦米的工具。

against those who have no power.

And while I think it's absolutely great

雖然我認為這絕對太棒了，

that companies like Apple are making it easy for people to encrypt,

像蘋果這樣的公司使常人容易做加密；

if the only people who can protect themselves

若單單富人或強者能保護自己 免於政府的目光灼灼，

from the gaze of the government

are the rich and powerful,

that's a problem.

那就是個問題。

And it's not just a privacy or a cybersecurity problem.

它不只是個資或網路安全問題，

It's a civil rights problem.

這是個人權的問題。

So the lack of default security in Android

安卓缺乏預設安全機制，

is not just a problem for the poor and vulnerable users

不只是窮人和弱勢用戶的問題──

who are depending on these devices.

他們依賴於這些裝置；

This is actually a problem for our democracy.

實際上這是個民主的問題，

I'll explain what I mean.

我會解釋這是什麼意思。

Modern social movements rely on technology --

現代社會運動仰仗於科技，

from Black Lives Matter to the Arab Spring to Occupy Wall Street.

從「黑人的生命重要」，

到「阿拉伯之春」、 「佔領華爾街」。

The organizers of these movements and the members of these movements

這些運動的發起人和成員

increasingly communicate and coordinate with smartphones.

日益多見地用智慧型手機溝通和協調。

And so, naturally governments that feel threatened by these movements

政府自然感受到被這些運動所威脅，

will also target the organizers and their smartphones.

也將把苗頭指向發起人 及其智慧型手機。

Now, it's quite possible

相當有可能──

that a future Martin Luther King or a Mandela or a Gandhi

未來的馬丁 · 路德 · 金恩、 曼德拉或甘地，

will have an iPhone and be protected from government surveillance.

會有支 iPhone 以及 受其所保護不被政府的監控；

But chances are,

但是說不準

they'll probably have a cheap, $20 Android phone in their pocket.

在他們口袋裡的可能是支便宜、 二十美元的安卓手機。

And so if we do nothing to address the digital security divide,

若是我們不著手處理數位安全落差、

if we do nothing to ensure that everyone in our society

不去確保社會中的每個人

gets the same benefits of encryption

都獲得加密的相同好處，

and is equally able to protect themselves from surveillance by the state,

而且平等地能保護自己 免於國家的監控；

not only will the poor and vulnerable be exposed to surveillance,

不只是窮人和弱勢者 將會暴露於監控之下，

but future civil rights movements may be crushed

未來的人權運動

可能早在充分發威前即已破局。

before they ever reach their full potential.

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Helen Walters: Chris, thank you so much.

海倫 · 華特斯： 非常感謝你克里斯！

I have a question for you.

有個問題請教：

We saw recently in the press

最近在新聞中看到

that Mark Zuckerberg from Facebook covers over his camera

臉書的馬克 · 祖克柏

遮蓋了他的筆電鏡頭， 並在耳麥插槽上動手腳。

and does something with his headphone mic jack.

So I wanted to ask you a personal question, which is:

所以我想問你一個私人的問題：

Do you do that?

你有這樣做嗎？

And, on behalf of everyone here, particularly myself,

為了大家好──尤其是我──

Should we be doing that?

我們應該這樣做嗎？

Should we be covering these things?

應該遮蓋這些東西嗎？

Christopher Soghoian: Putting a sticker -- actually, I like Band-Aids,

克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎：擺上貼紙吧！

事實上我喜歡 ok 繃，

because you can remove them and put them back on

因為可以撕下、又貼回去──

whenever you want to make a call or a Skype call.

在任何時候想用 Skype 打電話時。

Putting a sticker over your web cam

將貼紙黏在網路的攝影鏡頭上，

is probably the best thing you can do for your privacy

大概是為了你的個資 所能做最省錢的事。

in terms of bang for buck.

There really is malware, malicious software out there

外頭真有惡意軟體，

that can take over your web cam,

能掌控你的網路鏡頭，

even without the light turning on.

即便鏡頭的電源燈沒亮。

This is used by criminals. This is used by stalkers.

該程式被壞蛋、偷窺狂使用，

You can buy $19.99 "spy on your ex-girlfriend" software online.

花 19.99 美元就能在線上 買到「監視前女友」軟體，

It's really terrifying.

真的很可怕！

And then, of course, it's used by governments.

當然也為政府所用，

And there's obviously a sexual violence component to this,

其中明顯有性暴力的成分；

which is that this kind of surveillance can be used most effectively

就是這樣的監控 最能有效地對付婦女、

against women and other people who can be shamed in our society.

以及其他足以在社會上顏面掃地者。

Even if you think you have nothing to hide,

即使你自認為坦蕩，

at the very least, if you have children, teenagers in your lives,

倘若你身邊有兒童、青少年，

make sure you put a sticker on their camera and protect them.

至少確定在他們的網路鏡頭上 貼上貼紙保護他們！

HW: Wow. Thank you so much. CS: Thank you.

海倫 · 華特斯：非常感謝！

克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎：謝謝！

HW: Thanks, Chris.

海倫 · 華特斯：謝謝克里斯！

(Applause)

（掌聲）