Rose George: Let's talk crap. Seriously.

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: xuan wang 校对人员: Claire Yeh

Let's talk dirty.

让我们聊聊脏东西。（talk dirty俚语是讲脏话，下流话）

A few years ago, oddly enough,

几年前，“奇怪”了，

I needed the bathroom,

我需要上卫生间，

and I found one, a public bathroom,

我找到了一个公共卫生间，

and I went into the stall,

我走了进去，

and I prepared to do what I'd done most of my life:

准备做这辈子都在做的事情：

use the toilet, flush the toilet, forget about the toilet.

上厕所，冲厕所，忘记厕所。

And for some reason that day, instead,

但是那天出于某种原因，

I asked myself a question,

我问了自己一个问题，

and it was, where does this stuff go?

就是，这些排泄物都去哪里了？

And with that question, I found myself plunged

因为这个问题，我发现自己一头扎入了

into the world of sanitation --

卫生世界 --

there's more coming -- (Laughter) —

好戏还在后头-- (笑声）--

sanitation, toilets and poop,

卫生，厕所和粪便排泄物，

and I have yet to emerge.

还有我。

And that's because it's such an enraging,

那是因为这是一个这么让人反感

yet engaging place to be.

但又迷人的地方。

To go back to that toilet,

回头看看刚才那间厕所，

it wasn't a particularly fancy toilet,

它并没有特别华丽，

it wasn't as nice as this one

也不像这间

from the World Toilet Organization.

来自世界厕所组织的这么美好。

That's the other WTO. (Laughter)

这是另外一个WTO（原指世界贸易组织）。（笑声）

But it had a lockable door, it had privacy, it had water,

但是它门上有锁、有隐私、可以厕后冲水，

it had soap so I could wash my hands,

有肥皂可以洗手，

and I did because I'm a woman, and we do that.

我洗了手因为我们女性都洗手。

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑声）（掌声）

But that day, when I asked that question,

但是那天，当我提出了那个问题，

I learned something, and that was that I'd grown up thinking

我明白了些事情，就是我活这么大一直都认为

that a toilet like that was my right,

使用那样的厕所是我的权利，

when in fact it's a privilege.

而实际上它是一种特权。

2.5 billion people worldwide have no adequate toilet.

全世界有25亿人没有设备齐全的厕所可用。

They don't have a bucket or a box.

他们基本什么都没有。

Forty percent of the world with no adequate toilet.

这是全世界百分之四十的人口啊！

And they have to do what this little boy is doing

他们得像这个小男孩儿一样，

by the side of the Mumbai Airport expressway,

在孟买的机场高速公路旁解决。

which is called open defecation,

这被叫做露天排便，

or poo-pooing in the open.

或者公开便便。

And he does that every day,

而且他每天都这样做，

and every day, probably, that guy in the picture

每天啊，大概，图片上的那个男人

walks on by,

都会熟视无睹的经过，

because he sees that little boy, but he doesn't see him.

因为他已经见怪不怪了。

But he should, because the problem

但是他其实应该看到这一切，因为

with all that poop lying around

随地大小便带来的问题是

is that poop carries passengers.

粪便携带着病菌。

Fifty communicable diseases like to travel in human shit.

50种传染病是通过人类粪便传播的。

All those things, the eggs, the cysts,

所有这些，卵，孢囊，

the bacteria, the viruses, all those can travel

细菌，病毒，都可以在

in one gram of human feces.

一克人类粪便中传播。

How? Well, that little boy will not have washed his hands.

怎么传播？那个小男孩儿解决完后不会洗手。

He's barefoot. He'll run back into his house,

他也没有穿鞋。他会跑回家，

and he will contaminate his drinking water and his food

然后开始污染他的饮用水和食物

and his environment

以及他生活的环境

with whatever diseases he may be carrying

污染源就在沾在他手上和脚上的

by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet.

粪便颗粒里。

In what I call the flushed-and-plumbed world

在我称之为“冲之即去”的世界里，

that most of us in this room are lucky to live in,

也就是在坐大多数人幸运的生活着的世界里，

the most common symptoms associated with those diseases,

大部分与这些疾病联系在一起的病症，

diarrhea, is now a bit of a joke.

腹泻，对我们来说更像是一个玩笑。

It's the runs, the Hershey squirts, the squits.

它就是一种持续的排泄喷射。

Where I come from, we call it Delhi belly,

我家乡那边管这个叫做“德里肚子”，

as a legacy of empire.

作为大英帝国的一个遗产。

But if you search for a stock photo of diarrhea

但是如果你在一家主流图片库代理商处

in a leading photo image agency,

寻找一张关于腹泻的图片，

this is the picture that you come up with.

这就是你可能会找出来的一张。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Still not sure about the bikini.

还是不大确定该不该穿比基尼。

And here's another image of diarrhea.

而这是另一张关于腹泻的图片。

This is Marie Saylee, nine months old.

这是Marie Saylee, 9个月大。

You can't see her, because she's buried

大家看不到她，因为她已经

under that green grass in a little village in Liberia,

被安葬在利比里亚一个小村庄的那片绿草地下，

because she died in three days from diarrhea --

因为她已死于连续三天的腹泻 --

the Hershey squirts, the runs, a joke.

持续不断的排泄，一个“玩笑”。

And that's her dad.

而这是她的父亲。

But she wasn't alone that day,

但是她并不是那天唯一的一个，

because 4,000 other children died of diarrhea,

因为当天还有4千个其他的儿童死于腹泻，

and they do every day.

就这样日复一日。

Diarrhea is the second biggest killer of children worldwide,

腹泻是世界上第二大儿童杀手，

and you've probably been asked to care about things

大家大概被呼吁关心像

like HIV/AIDS or T.B. or measles,

艾滋病，结核或者麻疹等疾病，

but diarrhea kills more children

但其实腹泻杀死的儿童

than all those three things put together.

比以上三者加起来的都多。

It's a very potent weapon of mass destruction.

它是一个非常有力的大规模杀伤性武器。

And the cost to the world is immense:

它造成的损失也是十分惨重的：

260 billion dollars lost every year

每年全世界因恶劣的卫生条件

on the losses to poor sanitation.

而损失2600亿美元。

These are cholera beds in Haiti.

这些是在海地的霍乱床。

You'll have heard of cholera, but we don't hear about diarrhea.

大家都听说过霍乱，但是我们没有听说过腹泻。

It gets a fraction of the attention and funding

它得到的关注和赞助只相当于

given to any of those other diseases.

这些疾病中任意一个得到的一小部分。

But we know how to fix this.

但是我们知道怎么解决这个问题。

We know, because in the mid-19th century,

我们知道，因为在19世纪中叶，

wonderful Victorian engineers

伟大的维多利亚时代的工程师们

installed systems of sewers and wastewater treatment

安装了下水道和废水处理系统

and the flush toilet, and disease dropped dramatically.

以及抽水马桶，因此得病率大幅降低。

Child mortality dropped by the most

儿童死亡率是历史上下降

it had ever dropped in history.

最厉害的。

The flush toilet was voted the best medical advance

抽水马桶被英国医学杂志的读者

of the last 200 years by the readers of the British Medical Journal,

评选为过去200年最好的医学进步，

and they were choosing over the Pill, anesthesia,

它打败了药片，麻醉，

and surgery.

和手术。

It's a wonderful waste disposal device.

它真是一个非常好的废物处理装置。

But I think that it's so good — it doesn't smell,

但我认为它的好处还在于－它没有臭味，

we can put it in our house, we can lock it behind a door —

我们可以把它安在家里，给它装上门 －

and I think we've locked it out of conversation too.

而且我认为我们同时也对它避而不谈了。

We don't have a neutral word for it.

我们没有一个中性词来形容它，

Poop's not particularly adequate.

“大便”并不特别合适。

Shit offends people. Feces is too medical.

“屎”又冒犯他人。“粪便”又太医学了。

Because I can't explain otherwise,

因为我没法解释，

when I look at the figures, what's going on.

尤其是在看到数据后，到底是怎么回事。

We know how to solve diarrhea and sanitation,

我们知道怎样预防和治愈腹泻以及改善卫生条件，

but if you look at the budgets of countries,

但是如果大家看看各国的预算，

developing and developed,

发展中和发达国家，

you'll think there's something wrong with the math,

你就会想是不是哪里算错了，

because you'll expect absurdities like

因为你会发现荒谬的事情如

Pakistan spending 47 times more on its military

巴基斯坦花在军队建设上的投入是

than it does on water and sanitation,

花在水和卫生设施上的47倍，

even though 150,000 children die of diarrhea

尽管每年有15万巴基斯坦儿童

in Pakistan every year.

死于腹泻。

But then you look at that already minuscule

但是如果再看看那已经微不足道的

water and sanitation budget,

在水和卫生设施上的预算，

and 75 to 90 percent of it will go on clean water supply,

75％到90％的预算会用来安装净水设施，

which is great; we all need water.

这当然是极好的；我们都需要水。

No one's going to refuse clean water.

没有人会拒绝喝干净的水，

But the humble latrine, or flush toilet,

但简易厕所，或者抽水马桶，

reduces disease by twice as much

可以比只使用干净水

as just putting in clean water.

减少两倍的得病率。

Think about it. That little boy

想想看吧。那个小男孩儿，

who's running back into his house,

他跑着回到家里，

he may have a nice, clean fresh water supply,

他可能有很好，很干净的给水设备，

but he's got dirty hands that he's going to contaminate his water supply with.

但是他的赃手会污染给水设备。

And I think that the real waste of human waste

而且我认为对于人类废物的真正浪费

is that we are wasting it as a resource

是我们没有把它作为一种资源

and as an incredible trigger for development,

和一种强大的发展动力来看待，

because these are a few things that toilets

因为这些是厕所和

and poop itself can do for us.

粪便能为我们做的一些事情。

So a toilet can put a girl back in school.

一个厕所可以让一个女孩儿重回学校。

Twenty-five percent of girls in India drop out of school

25％的印度女孩失学

because they have no adequate sanitation.

因为她们没有合适的卫生设备。

They've been used to sitting through lessons

她们已经习惯了年复一年的

for years and years holding it in.

憋着上完课。

We've all done that, but they do it every day,

我们都这么干过，但是她们每天都这样，

and when they hit puberty and they start menstruating,

然后当她们到青春期开始来月经的时候，

it just gets too much.

问题变得没法解决了。

And I understand that. Who can blame them?

我可以理解这点。谁又会怪她们呢？

So if you met an educationalist and said,

如果你跟一个教育学家说，

"I can improve education attendance rates by 25 percent

“我可以通过一个简单的事情

with just one simple thing,"

让入学率上升25％，“

you'd make a lot of friends in education.

你在教育界的人缘儿会很好。

That's not the only thing it can do for you.

这并不是厕所能为我们做的唯一一件事。

Poop can cook your dinner.

粪便还能为你做饭。

It's got nutrients in it.

它里面有营养素。

We ingest nutrients. We excrete nutrients as well.

我们摄取营养素同时也排泄营养素。

We don't keep them all.

我们并不全部把它们储存起来。

In Rwanda, they are now getting

在卢旺达，如今

75 percent of their cooking fuel in their prison system

75％的监狱炊事燃料

from the contents of prisoners' bowels.

来自犯人们的排泄物。

So these are a bunch of inmates in a prison in Butare.

这些是布塔雷监狱里的一些犯人，

They're genocidal inmates, most of them,

他们是种族主义囚犯，大部分都是，

and they're stirring the contents of their own latrines,

他们正在搅拌他们自己厕所里的粪便，

because if you put poop in a sealed environment, in a tank,

因为如果你把粪便放在一个密封的环境下，在一个罐子里，

pretty much like a stomach,

大体跟胃一样，

then, pretty much like a stomach, it gives off gas,

它会产生瓦斯气体，

and you can cook with it.

这些气体可以用来做饭。

And you might think it's just good karma

可能你会想他们活该

to see these guys stirring shit,

被叫去搅粪，

but it's also good economic sense,

但是这也同时非常经济，

because they're saving a million dollars a year.

因为他们每年都能节约一百万美元。

They're cutting down on deforestation,

他们在减少森林的砍伐，

and they've found a fuel supply that is inexhaustible,

同时他们找到了一种可再生的，

infinite and free at the point of production.

无限的和生产起来完全免费的燃料供应链。

It's not just in the poor world that poop can save lives.

并不是说只有在贫穷地区粪便才能救人命。

Here's a woman who's about to get a dose

这边的这个妇女正要接受

of the brown stuff in those syringes,

这些注射器里的黄褐色的东西，

which is what you think it is,

就像大家想的一样，

except not quite, because it's actually donated.

除了一点，它其实是捐献的。

There is now a new career path called stool donor.

现在有一个新的职业称为大便捐助者.

It's like the new sperm donor.

就像是新的精子捐献者。

Because she has been suffering from a superbug called C. diff,

因为她长期被一种叫C.diff的超级病菌折磨，

and it's resistant to antibiotics in many cases.

而且这种病菌大多数情况下都是耐抗生素的。

She's been suffering for years.

她已经患病好多年了。

She gets a dose of healthy human feces,

她得到了一些健康人类的粪便，

and the cure rate for this procedure is 94 percent.

而且这一方法的治愈率已经达到了94％。

It's astonishing, but hardly anyone is still doing it.

这真是太奇妙了，但是几乎没有人这么做了，

Maybe it's the ick factor.

也许是因为它倒人胃口的一面。

That's okay, because there's a team of research scientists

没关系，因为加拿大的一些科学研究者们

in Canada who have now created a stool sample,

已经研制出了一种粪便样品，

a fake stool sample which is called RePOOPulate.

一个叫做REPOOPulate的假粪便样品。

So you'd be thinking by now, okay, the solution's simple,

到此大家可能会想，那好，解决方案就简单了，

we give everyone a toilet.

我们给每个人一个厕所就是了。

And this is where it gets really interesting,

这时候事情就变得非常有趣了，

because it's not that simple, because we are not simple.

没有那么简单，因为人类是复杂的。

So the really interesting, exciting work --

所以真正有趣和让人激动的工作 －

this is the engaging bit -- in sanitation is that

在卫生领域－

we need to understand human psychology.

就是我们需要了解人类心理学。

We need to understand software

我们在给一个人硬件设备的同时

as well as just giving someone hardware.

也要明白软件的使用。

They've found in many developing countries that

我们在很多发展中国家发现

governments have gone in and given out free latrines

政府已经提供了免费厕所

and gone back a few years later and found that they've

然后几年后大家发现那里的人们

got lots of new goat sheds or temples or spare rooms

建了新的羊圈或者寺庙或者备用的客房

with their owners happily walking past them

而他们的主人却高兴的经过他们

and going over to the open defecating ground.

到对面的露天排便区去了。

So the idea is to manipulate human emotion.

所以我们的想法就是影响人类的情感。

It's been done for decades. The soap companies did it

这个方法已经被使用了几十年。肥皂公司们在20世纪早期

in the early 20th century.

就这么做了。

They tried selling soap as healthy. No one bought it.

他们试图把卖点定义为健康。没有人要。

They tried selling it as sexy. Everyone bought it.

他们把肥皂说成是性感的。所有人都买了。

In India now there's a campaign

在印度现在有一个宣传活动

which persuades young brides

它是劝说年轻的新娘们

not to marry into families that don't have a toilet.

不要嫁到没有厕所的婆家去。

It's called "No Loo, No I Do."

它的口号就是“没有厕所，就没有‘我愿意’”。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And in case you think that poster's just propaganda,

如果你认为这张海报只是一个宣传的话，

here's Priyanka, 23 years old.

这是Priyanka，23岁，

I met her last October in India,

我去年10月在印度认识的她，

and she grew up in a conservative environment.

她在一个保守的环境下长大。

She grew up in a rural village in a poor area of India,

她在一个印度贫困地区的乡村长大，

and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so,

她在14岁订婚，然后21岁左右，

she moved into her in-law's house.

她搬到了婆家去住。

And she was horrified to get there and find

然后她非常恐惧的发现

that they didn't have a toilet.

婆家竟然没有厕所。

She'd grown up with a latrine.

她娘家是有厕所的。

It was no big deal, but it was a latrine.

没什么大不了的，但它确实是一个厕所。

And the first night she was there, she was told

她在婆家过的第一夜，

that at 4 o'clock in the morning --

凌晨4点－

her mother-in-law got her up, told her to go outside

她的婆婆把她叫醒并让她

and go and do it in the dark in the open.

去外面露天空地上趁天黑解决。

And she was scared. She was scared of drunks hanging around.

她吓坏了。她害怕附近的醉鬼。

She was scared of snakes. She was scared of rape.

她怕蛇。她怕被强暴。

After three days, she did an unthinkable thing.

三天后，她做了一件让人难以置信的事。

She left.

她离开了婆家。

And if you know anything about rural India,

如果你对印度的偏远乡村有些了解的话，

you'll know that's an unspeakably courageous thing to do.

你就会知道这需要多么大的勇气。

But not just that.

但是不止如此。

She got her toilet, and now she goes around

她得到了她的厕所，而且现在她到

all the other villages in India

印度其他的村庄去

persuading other women to do the same thing.

劝说其他的妇女做同样的事情。

It's what I call social contagion, and it's really powerful

我把它叫做社会蔓延效应，它真的非常给力

and really exciting.

而且让人激动不已。

Another version of this, another village in India

另一个故事发生

near where Priyanka lives

在离Priyanka的村子不远的村庄

is this village, called Lakara, and about a year ago,

这个村子，叫Lakara, 大概一年前，

it had no toilets whatsoever.

它没有一个厕所。

Kids were dying of diarrhea and cholera.

儿童们死于腹泻和霍乱。

Some visitors came, using various behavioral change tricks

一些人过来，用了各种行为改变技巧

like putting out a plate of food and a plate of shit

比如拿出一盘食物和一盘粪便

and watching the flies go one to the other.

让当地人观察苍蝇们从一盘飞向另一盘。

Somehow, people who'd been thinking

那些认为他们的所作所为

that what they were doing was not disgusting at all

并不恶心的人们

suddenly thought, "Oops."

突然想到， “天啊，糟糕。”

Not only that, but they were ingesting their neighbors' shit.

不仅如此，他们原来都在吃邻居们的粪便。

That's what really made them change their behavior.

这个真的改变了他们的行为。

So this woman, this boy's mother

所以，这个妇女，这个男孩儿的母亲，

installed this latrine in a few hours.

几个小时之内就安装了这个厕所。

Her entire life, she'd been using the banana field behind,

她的整个人生，都是在后面的香蕉地里解决的内急，

but she installed the latrine in a few hours.

但是她却在几小时之内就安装了厕所。

It cost nothing. It's going to save that boy's life.

它完全免费。同时也会拯救那个男孩儿的生命。

So when I get despondent about the state of sanitation,

所以当我对卫生状况感觉沮丧的时候，

even though these are pretty exciting times

尽管这些都是非常让人振奋的, 比如

because we've got the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

我们有了比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会

reinventing the toilet, which is great,

重新发明厕所，非常伟大，

we've got Matt Damon going on bathroom strike,

我们有了马特·达蒙 （好莱坞明星）为卫生间罢工，

which is great for humanity, very bad for his colon.

这对人类进步来说非常好，但对他的结肠来说却很糟糕。

But there are things to worry about.

但是还是有事情需要我们担心。

It's the most off-track Millennium Development Goal.

这是最偏离轨道的千年发展目标。

It's about 50 or so years off track.

它已经偏离轨道有50年了。

We're not going to meet targets,

我们不会完成目标的，

providing people with sanitation at this rate.

如果我们仍以这样的速度提升人类的卫生条件的话。

So when I get sad about sanitation,

所以当我对卫生状况伤心的时候，

I think of Japan, because Japan 70 years ago

我想到了日本，因为日本70年前

was a nation of people who used pit latrines

还是一个人人用坑式厕所

and wiped with sticks,

完事后用棍子擦拭的民族，

and now it's a nation of what are called Woshurettos,

而现在这是一个被称作“Woshurettos”的民族，

washlet toilets.

免治马桶。

They have in-built bidet nozzles for a lovely,

他们有内置浴盆喷嘴来营造一个美好的，

hands-free cleaning experience,

无须用手清理的体验，

and they have various other features

而且他们还有其他的不同功能,

like a heated seat and an automatic lid-raising device

比如一个加热坐垫和一个自动打开马桶盖的装置

which is known as the "marriage-saver."

人们都叫它“婚姻保卫者”。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But most importantly, what they have done in Japan,

但是最重要的，他们在日本的成就，

which I find so inspirational,

让我受益匪浅的是，

is they've brought the toilet out from behind the locked door.

他们把厕所从锁着的门后面解救了出来。

They've made it conversational.

他们让人们可以谈论它。

People go out and upgrade their toilet.

人们开始升级他们的厕所。

They talk about it. They've sanitized it.

他们谈论它。他们已经打破了禁忌。

I hope that we can do that. It's not a difficult thing to do.

我希望我们也可以这么做。其实并不难。

All we really need to do

我们需要的就是

is look at this issue

把这个问题

as the urgent, shameful issue that it is.

看成是非常紧急和可耻的问题。

And don't think that it's just in the poor world that things are wrong.

而且不要认为只有在贫穷国家才有这个问题。

Our sewers are crumbling.

我们的下水道也在摇摇欲坠。

Things are going wrong here too.

这里也同样有问题。

The solution to all of this is pretty easy.

解决这所有问题也非常简单。

I'm going to make your lives easy this afternoon

我会让大家这个下午的日子好过些

and just ask you to do one thing,

我只让大家做一件事情，

and that's to go out, protest,

就是走出去，呼吁，

speak about the unspeakable,

宣讲这些难以启齿的问题，

and talk shit.

以及聊聊内急这件事。（talk shit俚语是讲废话的意思）

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）