Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,358 views ・ 2012-05-21

TED


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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Hom Liu 校对人员: Aili Huang
00:15
Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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最近我去了威斯康星州的伯洛伊特市。
00:18
And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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我去那里是为了纪念一名20世纪的探险家,
00:22
Roy Chapman Andrews.
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罗伊·查普曼·安德鲁斯。
00:24
During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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当他在美国自然历史博物馆的时候,
00:26
Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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安德鲁斯领导了一系列对未知领域的探险,
00:31
like here in the Gobi Desert.
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比如说在这里的戈壁滩。
00:32
He was quite a figure.
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他是个了不起的人物。
00:34
He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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他后来据说是印第安娜琼斯角色的原型。
00:37
And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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当我在威斯康星州的伯洛伊特市的时候,
00:40
I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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我给一群中学学生上了一堂公开课。
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
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我现在想告诉你们,
00:45
if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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如果真的有什么比在TED做演讲还难的话,
00:48
it'll be trying to hold the attention
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那就是尝试保持他们的注意力
00:50
of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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一群上千个12岁的孩子,并保持45分钟。
00:54
Don't try that one.
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别想了
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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在我讲完之后,他们问了很多问题,
00:59
but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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但有一个让我自始至终难以忘记。
01:02
There was a young girl who stood up,
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有个小女孩站起来,
01:04
and she asked the question:
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问了一个问题:
01:06
"Where should we explore?"
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“我们该去哪里探索呢?”
01:08
I think there's a sense that many of us have
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我想我们中的绝大多数有种观念,
01:10
that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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那就是,地球上的大探索时代已经结束,
01:13
that for the next generation
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我们的下一代人
01:14
they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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应该去外太空或者海洋最深处
01:18
in order to find something significant to explore.
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从而去寻找值得探索的东西。
01:20
But is that really the case?
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但真的是这样吗?
01:23
Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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真的没有重要的地方留给我们探索了吗?
01:26
left here on Earth?
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整个地球上都没有?
01:27
It sort of made me think back
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这让我回忆起
01:29
to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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我最喜欢的生物领域的探险家之一。
01:31
This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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他是位未知世界的探索家,马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克。
01:35
So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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拜叶林克当初想找出
01:37
of tobacco mosaic disease.
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引起烟草花叶病的原因。
01:40
What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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他提取了受过感染的烟草汁液,
01:43
and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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然后让这些汁液经过一层比一层更细的过滤。
01:46
And he reached the point
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他得出一个结论,
01:48
where he felt that there must be something out there
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剩下的(汁液)里面一定有什么东西
01:51
that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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它们比那时最小的已知的生命形态 --
01:54
bacteria, at the time.
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细菌,还要小。
01:56
He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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他给这个神秘的东西起了个名字
01:59
He called it the virus --
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叫它们,病毒
02:01
Latin for "poison."
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在拉丁文里是“毒药”的意思。
02:04
And in uncovering viruses,
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在发现病毒之后,
02:07
Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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拜耶林克为我们打开了一个全新的世界。
02:10
We now know that viruses make up the majority
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我们现在知道病毒构成我们
02:12
of the genetic information on our planet,
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星球上绝大部分的遗传信息
02:14
more than the genetic information
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超过所有
02:16
of all other forms of life combined.
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其他生命的遗传信息的总和。
02:18
And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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而且显然已经出现了无数有关病毒的
02:21
associated with this world --
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切实应用在这个世界上 --
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things like the eradication of smallpox,
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像天花的根除,
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the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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子宫癌的疫苗的降临--
02:28
which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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我们现在知道它大部分是由乳头瘤病毒引起的。
02:32
And Beijerinck's discovery,
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而且拜耶林克的发现
02:34
this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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可不是500年前的事情。
02:36
It was a little over 100 years ago
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拜耶林克发现病毒这件事
02:39
that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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也就发生于100多年前。
02:41
So basically we had automobiles,
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也就是说当汽车都已经出现在世的时候,
02:43
but we were unaware of the forms of life
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我们还不知道这种
02:45
that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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构成了我们星球上大部分的遗传信息的生物。
02:48
We now have these amazing tools
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我们现在有些很了不起的工具
02:51
to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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来帮助我们探索未知世界,
02:53
things like deep sequencing,
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像基因深度测序,
02:55
which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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可以让我们不只是停留在表面
02:59
and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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来看自某个特定物种的独立基因组,
03:02
but to look at entire metagenomes,
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而是研究整个基因组--
03:04
the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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我们身体里面和周边无处不在的微生物群落,
03:08
and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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并且记录下这些物种的遗传信息。
03:12
We can apply these techniques
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我们可以应用这些技术
03:13
to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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来研究从土壤到皮肤和它们中间的一切。
03:18
In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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在我所在的机构里面,我们现在经常这么做,
03:21
to identify the causes of outbreaks
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来寻找(疾病)暴发的原因,
03:23
that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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那些我们还不清楚的原因.
03:26
And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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稍微给你们讲下这是怎么做的,
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imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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想象下从你们每个人那里取一个鼻腔分泌物标本
03:32
And this is something we commonly do
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像这种事是我们经常做的,
03:33
to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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为了寻找呼吸道病毒,像流行性感冒病毒。
03:36
The first thing we would see
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我们首先看到的是
03:38
is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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海量的遗传信息。
03:41
And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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如果我们开始仔细看看这些遗传信息,
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we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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我们会看到一些常见的信息
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of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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当然了,有很多人类的遗传信息,
03:48
but also bacterial and viral information,
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但也有很多细菌和病毒的信息,
03:50
mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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大部分是你鼻子里面完全无害的东西。
03:54
But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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但我们也会看到一些非常非常让人吃惊的东西。
03:57
As we started to look at this information,
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当我们开始研究这些信息,
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we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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我们会发现你鼻子里面20%的遗传信息
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doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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跟我们所见过的东西--
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no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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任何植物,动物,真菌或者细菌,都对不上号。
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Basically we have no clue what this is.
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我们基本上对这些一无所知。
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And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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我们这里的一小部分研究这些数据的人们,
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a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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称呼这些信息为
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biological dark matter.
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生物暗物质。
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We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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我们知道以前从未见过这些生物暗物质;
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it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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这似乎可以被称之为
04:29
right within our own genetic information.
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我们自己遗传信息里的未知大陆。
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And there's a lot of it.
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而且数量非常之多。
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If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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如果你认为你鼻子里面20%的遗传信息
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of biological dark matter,
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有很多生物暗物质,
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if we looked at your gut,
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那当我们看你内脏的时候,
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up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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那有将近40%到50%的生物暗物质。
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And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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即使在相对无菌的血液里,
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around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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也有1%到2%的信息是暗物质--
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can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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无法被归类,无法被判别类别,跟我们所见过的东西都不同。
04:53
At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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开始我们以为这是人为的东西。
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These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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这些基因深度测序工具相当比较新。
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But as they become more and more accurate,
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但当它们变得越来越来精确,
05:01
we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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我们认为这些信息是一种新的生命,
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or at least some of it is a form of life.
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或者至少某一部分是种生命。
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And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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即使这些关于解释生物暗物质的存在的假设
05:12
are really only in their infancy,
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还处于婴儿期,
05:14
there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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一个让人非常非常激动的可能性存在着:
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that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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那就是藏在这个生命里面,在这些遗传信息里,
05:21
are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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有一种没有被识别的生命的标识。
05:26
That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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当我们探索这些一串串A/T/C/G嘌呤的时候,
05:29
we may uncover a completely new class of life
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我们也许会发现全新的生命,
05:33
that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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就像拜耶林克,从根本上改变
05:35
the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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我们对生物学特性的理解。
05:37
That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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这也许会让我识别出困扰我们的某种癌症的原因,
05:42
or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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或者识别出我们不熟悉的疾病暴发的根源,
05:45
or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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或者创造出一种分子生物学的新工具。
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I'm pleased to announce that,
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我很高兴的宣布,
05:50
along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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和我的斯坦福、加州理工和旧金山加利福尼亚大学的同事们一起,
05:55
we're currently starting an initiative
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我们正在开始开始一个新的行动
05:57
to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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去探索生物暗物质来寻找新生命的存在。
06:01
A little over a hundred years ago,
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100多年前,
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
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人们还不知道病毒的存在,
06:05
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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这些包含我们星球上大部分遗传信息的生命形态。
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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一百年以后,人类可能为
06:12
that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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我们以前完全不了解的新的生命形态而感到惊讶
06:16
that literally was right under our noses.
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而它们就在我们眼皮底下。
06:19
It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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没错,我们或许已经绘制这个星球上所有大陆板块的地图,
06:22
and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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我们或许已经发现了当前所有的哺乳动物,
06:25
but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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但这并不代表地球上没什么好探索的了。
06:29
Beijerinck and his kind
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拜耶林克和像他一样的人们
06:31
provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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给下一代探索者上了重要的一课----
06:35
people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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给那些像那个在伯洛伊特市的女孩一样的人们。
06:38
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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我想如果总结一下他给我们上的这一课,大概是:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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不要假设我们现在想到的东西是一个完整的故事。
06:46
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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在不管你选择的任何领域里去探索那些暗物质吧。
06:51
There are unknowns all around us
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未知的事物在我们身边无处不在
06:53
and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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它们只是在等待人类的探索。
06:56
Thank you.
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谢谢
06:57
(Applause)
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(鼓掌声)
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