Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,345 views ・ 2012-05-21

TED


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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: I-Hsiang Lin 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang
00:15
Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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最近我去了威斯康辛州的貝洛伊特市,
00:18
And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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目的是為了宣揚一位偉大的20世紀探險家
00:22
Roy Chapman Andrews.
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Roy Chapman Andrews。
00:24
During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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當他在美國自然歷史博物館工作時,
00:26
Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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Andrews率領一系列到地圖上未標明地區的探險活動,
00:31
like here in the Gobi Desert.
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像是這里的戈壁沙漠。
00:32
He was quite a figure.
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他是個不簡單的人物。
00:34
He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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據說他之後成為印第安那瓊斯這個角色的靈感來源。
00:37
And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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當我在威斯康辛州的貝洛伊特市時,
00:40
I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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我對一群中學學生發表公眾演說。
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
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我在這裡跟你說,
00:45
if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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如果有任何事比在TED這裡演講還要嚇人,
00:48
it'll be trying to hold the attention
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那就是試著要在45分鐘的演講內
00:50
of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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掌握1000個12歲孩童的注意力。
00:54
Don't try that one.
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別輕易嘗試。
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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在演講的最後,他們問了幾個問題,
00:59
but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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其中有一個自此之後深印我腦海中。
01:02
There was a young girl who stood up,
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有一個年輕女生站起來,
01:04
and she asked the question:
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她問了這個問題:
01:06
"Where should we explore?"
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「我們應該要去那裡探索?」
01:08
I think there's a sense that many of us have
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我想普遍很多人認為
01:10
that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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偉大的地球探索年代已經結束,
01:13
that for the next generation
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對下一代來說,
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they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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他們將必須去外太空還是深海處
01:18
in order to find something significant to explore.
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尋求重要的可探索事物。
01:20
But is that really the case?
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但這真的是事實嗎?
01:23
Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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地球上真的沒有剩下的重要地方
01:26
left here on Earth?
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可以讓我們探索嗎?
01:27
It sort of made me think back
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這有點讓我回想到
01:29
to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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生物學歷史中我最喜愛的探險家之一。
01:31
This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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這就是未知世界的探險家,Martinus Beijerinck。
01:35
So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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Beijerinck一開始要尋找
01:37
of tobacco mosaic disease.
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菸草鑲嵌病的起因。
01:40
What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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他做的事是取出菸草屬植物的受感染汁液,
01:43
and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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然後用愈來愈小的過濾器一再過濾。
01:46
And he reached the point
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到某個時候,
01:48
where he felt that there must be something out there
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他感覺一定有比當時認知的
01:51
that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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最微小型態的生命體-- 也就是細菌 --
01:54
bacteria, at the time.
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還要更小的東西存在。
01:56
He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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他為這神秘的媒介命了名。
01:59
He called it the virus --
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他稱之病毒(virus) --
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Latin for "poison."
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源自拉丁文中的「毒藥(poison)。」
02:04
And in uncovering viruses,
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在揭露病毒的過程中,
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Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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實際上Beijerinck為我們開啟了一個全新的世界。
02:10
We now know that viruses make up the majority
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現在我們知道病毒構成地球上
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of the genetic information on our planet,
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絕大部分的基因信息,
02:14
more than the genetic information
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比起所有其它形式的生命體的
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of all other forms of life combined.
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基因信息加總後都還要多。
02:18
And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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顯然地已經有大量的實務應用
02:21
associated with this world --
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和這個新世界有關係 --
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things like the eradication of smallpox,
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像是天花的滅絕,
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the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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預防子宮頸癌疫苗的出現,
02:28
which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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而我們現在知道大多數子宮頸癌都是由人類乳突病度所引起。
02:32
And Beijerinck's discovery,
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而Beijerinck的發現
02:34
this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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不是500年前發生的事情。
02:36
It was a little over 100 years ago
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Beijerinck在100多年前
02:39
that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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發現病毒。
02:41
So basically we had automobiles,
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基本上當時我們已經有了汽車,
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but we were unaware of the forms of life
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但是我們未查覺在我們的星球上
02:45
that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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構成大多數基因信息的生命體。
02:48
We now have these amazing tools
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現在我們有這些驚人的工具
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to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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允許我們探索未知的世界 --
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things like deep sequencing,
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像是深度定序,
02:55
which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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讓我們可以做得比只看到表面還要多,
02:59
and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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而且可以看某一特別物種的單獨基因組,
03:02
but to look at entire metagenomes,
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當我們看整個宏基因組,
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the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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我們身邊充滿了微生物的群體,
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and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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還有紀錄這些種類中所有的基因信息。
03:12
We can apply these techniques
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我們可以將這些技術應用在
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to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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從土壤到皮膚間的所有物體上。
03:18
In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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在我的組織裡,現在我們定期
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to identify the causes of outbreaks
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鑑定不清楚明確肇因
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that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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的爆發症的發生原因。
03:26
And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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讓我大概解釋一下這如何運作,
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imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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想像我們取了你們每個人的鼻腔標本。
03:32
And this is something we commonly do
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我們通常會找
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to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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呼吸系統的病毒,像是流行性感冒。
03:36
The first thing we would see
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首先我們會看
03:38
is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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非常大量的基因信息。
03:41
And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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當我們開始觀察基因信息時,
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we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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我們會看到一些普通的可疑物 --
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of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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當然,很多的人類基因信息,
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but also bacterial and viral information,
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還有細菌和病毒訊息,
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mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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大部分都來自你鼻子內完全無害的東西,
03:54
But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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但我們也發現了令人非常吃驚的事情。
03:57
As we started to look at this information,
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當我們開始觀察資訊時,
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we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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我們看到你鼻子內大約百分之20的基因信息
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doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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不符合任何我們以前曾經見過的東西 --
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no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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不是植物、動物、菌類、病毒或細菌。
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Basically we have no clue what this is.
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基本上我們不知道這是什麼。
04:13
And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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對我們這些實際在研究這種資料的小團體,
04:17
a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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其實我們當中有些人開始稱這個資訊為
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biological dark matter.
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生物暗物質。
04:23
We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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我們知道它不是任何以前我們見過的東西。
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it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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它有點像是我們基因信息中
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right within our own genetic information.
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未知的大陸。
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And there's a lot of it.
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而且為數眾多。
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If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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如果你認為你鼻腔中百分之20的基因信息已經是很多的
04:36
of biological dark matter,
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生物暗物質,
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if we looked at your gut,
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再來看看你的腸子,
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up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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高達百分之40或50的信息是生物暗物質。
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And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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即使是在相對比較下無菌的血液中,
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around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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大約百分之一到二的信息是暗物質 --
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can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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無法跟我們見過的任何東西歸類或配對在一起。
04:53
At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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一開始我們想或許這是人工製品。
04:56
These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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深度定序的技術還相當新。
04:59
But as they become more and more accurate,
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但當它們變得愈來愈準確,
05:01
we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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我們已經確定這信息是一種生命型態,
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or at least some of it is a form of life.
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或者至少當中有部分是有生命的。
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And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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當解釋生物暗物質存在的假設
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are really only in their infancy,
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都還在初步階段,
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there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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代表有個非常令人興奮的可能性存在:
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that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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那就是埋藏在生命的基因信息裡
05:21
are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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是截至目前為止尚未被辨識出的生命的特徵。
05:26
That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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當我們探索一連串的A、T、C和G堿基時,
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we may uncover a completely new class of life
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我們可能會像Beijerinck一樣
05:33
that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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發現一個全新的生命種類,而從根本改變了
05:35
the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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我們對生物學本質的認知。
05:37
That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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或許這可容許我們找出折磨人類的癌症病源,
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or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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或者辨別我們不熟悉的爆發病症原因,
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or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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或者創造出分子生物學的新工具。
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I'm pleased to announce that,
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我很高興地宣布,
05:50
along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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在斯坦福大學、加州理工學院和加州大學舊金山分校的同仁合作下,
05:55
we're currently starting an initiative
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我們正開始要
05:57
to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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探索生物暗物質,以尋求新種類生命的存在。
06:01
A little over a hundred years ago,
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大約一百多年前,
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
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人們不知道病毒,
06:05
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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一種組成我們地球上大多數基因信息的生物型態。
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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一百年後,人們可能驚訝於
06:12
that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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現在的我們完全沒有察覺到
06:16
that literally was right under our noses.
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眼前就有一種新的生物種類。
06:19
It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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這是真的,我們可能記錄了地球上所有的大陸,
06:22
and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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我們也可能發現了所有的哺乳類動物,
06:25
but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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但這不表示地球上沒有其它可探索的事物。
06:29
Beijerinck and his kind
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Beijerinck和他的同伴
06:31
provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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提供了重要的啟示給下個世代的探險家 --
06:35
people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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像來自威斯康辛州的貝洛伊特市的小女孩。
06:38
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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如果我們要說出這個啟示,應該是:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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不要假設我們現在認為存在的就是全部。
06:46
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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追求任何一個你選擇要探索的領域中的暗物質。
06:51
There are unknowns all around us
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未知存在於我們周遭,
06:53
and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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且等待被發現。
06:56
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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