Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,411 views ใƒป 2012-05-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ.
00:18
And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20,
00:22
Roy Chapman Andrews.
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ืจื•ื™ ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ื–.
00:24
During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:26
Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•,
00:31
like here in the Gobi Desert.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื™.
00:32
He was quite a figure.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
00:34
He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ, ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกืคืจื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก.
00:37
And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ,
00:40
I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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ื ืฉืืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
00:45
if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ TED,
00:48
it'll be trying to hold the attention
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
00:50
of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ 12 ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ 45 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:54
Don't try that one.
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ืืœ ืชื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื”.
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
00:59
but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืืจื” ืื™ืชื™ ืžืื–.
01:02
There was a young girl who stood up,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืžื“ื”,
01:04
and she asked the question:
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืœื”:
01:06
"Where should we explore?"
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"ืื™ืคื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ?"
01:08
I think there's a sense that many of us have
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
01:10
that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื‘ืจ,
01:13
that for the next generation
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ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
01:14
they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืœืœ ืื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื
01:18
in order to find something significant to explore.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
01:20
But is that really the case?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:23
Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
01:26
left here on Earth?
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:27
It sort of made me think back
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื—ื–ืจื”
01:29
to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:31
This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”, ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง.
01:35
So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง ื™ืฆื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
01:37
of tobacco mosaic disease.
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ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืง.
01:40
What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื™ืฅ ื ื’ื•ืข ืžืฆืžื—ื™ ื˜ื‘ืง
01:43
and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:46
And he reached the point
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
01:48
where he felt that there must be something out there
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื•
01:51
that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” --
01:54
bacteria, at the time.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:56
He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฉื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:59
He called it the virus --
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก --
02:01
Latin for "poison."
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"ืจืขืœ" ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
02:04
And in uncovering viruses,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
02:07
Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง ืคืชื— ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
02:10
We now know that viruses make up the majority
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช
02:12
of the genetic information on our planet,
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
02:14
more than the genetic information
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™
02:16
of all other forms of life combined.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
02:18
And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
02:21
associated with this world --
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” --
02:22
things like the eradication of smallpox,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:25
the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื,
02:28
which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคืคื™ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:32
And Beijerinck's discovery,
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ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง,
02:34
this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงืจืชื” ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืฉื ื”.
02:36
It was a little over 100 years ago
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืฉื ื”
02:39
that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
02:41
So basically we had automobiles,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:43
but we were unaware of the forms of life
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื•
02:45
that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:48
We now have these amazing tools
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
02:51
to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” --
02:53
things like deep sequencing,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง,
02:55
which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื’ืจื•ื“ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
02:59
and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
03:02
but to look at entire metagenomes,
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ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื˜ื ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:04
the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
03:08
and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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ื•ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:12
We can apply these techniques
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:13
to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื“ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
03:18
In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข
03:21
to identify the causes of outbreaks
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช
03:23
that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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ืฉืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื’ืจื ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:26
And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
03:29
imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืงื— ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืืฃ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
03:32
And this is something we commonly do
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ
03:33
to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช.
03:36
The first thing we would see
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
03:38
is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:41
And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื --
03:46
of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:48
but also bacterial and viral information,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™,
03:50
mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคื›ื.
03:54
But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
03:57
As we started to look at this information,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
03:59
we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืคื›ื
04:03
doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ...
04:06
no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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ืœื ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:09
Basically we have no clue what this is.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ื•ื.
04:13
And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
04:17
a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
04:20
biological dark matter.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:23
We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ;
04:26
it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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ื–ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจื”
04:29
right within our own genetic information.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:32
And there's a lot of it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•.
04:33
If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”
04:36
of biological dark matter,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
04:38
if we looked at your gut,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
04:40
up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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ืขื“ ืœ 40 ืื• 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:43
And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ ืœืžื“ื™,
04:46
around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื•ื– ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ --
04:49
can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:53
At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”.
04:56
These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:59
But as they become more and more accurate,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื,
05:01
we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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ืงื‘ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:05
or at least some of it is a form of life.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:08
And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืคืœ
05:12
are really only in their infancy,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:14
there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช:
05:18
that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:21
are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:26
That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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ืฉื›ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ A, T, C ื• G,
05:29
we may uncover a completely new class of life
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืœื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
05:33
that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง, ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
05:35
the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:37
That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•
05:42
or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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ืื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื•
05:45
or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
05:48
I'm pleased to announce that,
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื–,
05:50
along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืงืืœื˜ืง ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
05:55
we're currently starting an initiative
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื™ื–ื
05:57
to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืคืœ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:01
A little over a hundred years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
06:05
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืคืœืื•
06:12
that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
06:16
that literally was right under our noses.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื ื•.
06:19
It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
06:22
and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
06:25
but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:29
Beijerinck and his kind
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ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืง ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื•
06:31
provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื --
06:35
people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ.
06:38
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื ื ืกื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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ืืœ ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:46
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
06:51
There are unknowns all around us
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
06:53
and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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ื•ื”ื ืจืง ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
06:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
06:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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