Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,358 views ・ 2012-05-21

TED


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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
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Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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Nedavno sam posjetio Beloit, u Wisconsinu.
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And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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Bio sam ondje kako bih odao čast jednom velikom istraživaču 20. stoljeća,
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Roy Chapman Andrews.
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Royu Chapmanu Andrewsu.
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During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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Kada je radio za Američki prirodoslovni muzej,
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Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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Andrews je vodio niz ekspedicija u regije koje još nisu bile ucrtane u karte,
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like here in the Gobi Desert.
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poput pustinje Gobi.
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He was quite a figure.
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Bio je dosta važna ličnost.
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He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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Kasnije je, navodno, bio nadahnuće za lik Indiane Jonesa.
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And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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Kada sam bio u Beloitu, u Wisconsinu,
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I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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održao sam javno predavanje grupi srednjoškolaca.
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
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A ovdje sam da bih vam rekao,
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if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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ako postoji išta što je više zastrašujuće od držanja govora na TED-u,
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it'll be trying to hold the attention
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to je pokušavanje zadržavanja pažnje
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of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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grupe od tisuću 12-ogodišnjaka na predavanju od 45 minuta.
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Don't try that one.
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Nemojte to pokušavati.
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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Na kraju predavanja pitali su brojna pitanja,
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but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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ali jedno od njih mi se zbilja urezalo u pamćenje.
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There was a young girl who stood up,
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Jedna mlada djevojka je ustala,
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and she asked the question:
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i postavila je pitanje:
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"Where should we explore?"
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"Što bismo trebali istraživati?"
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I think there's a sense that many of us have
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Mislim da mnogi od nas misle
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that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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da je veliko doba istraživanja Zemlje gotovo,
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that for the next generation
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da će sljedeće generacije
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they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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morati otići u svemir ili najdublje oceane
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in order to find something significant to explore.
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kako bi pronašli nešto značajno za istraživanje.
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But is that really the case?
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Ali je li to uistinu tako?
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Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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Nije li zbilja ništa značajno što bismo mi istražili
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left here on Earth?
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preostalo ovdje na Zemlji?
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It sort of made me think back
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To me natjeralo da se prisjetim
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to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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jednog od mojih omiljenih istraživača povijesti biologije.
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This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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To je istraživač nevidljivog svijeta, Martinus Beijerinck.
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So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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Dakle, Beijerinck je krenuo otkriti uzrok
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of tobacco mosaic disease.
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bolesti mozaika duhana.
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What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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Uzeo je zaraženi sok iz biljaka duhana
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and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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i filtrirao ga kroz sve manje i manje filtere.
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And he reached the point
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I došao je do točke
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where he felt that there must be something out there
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gdje je pomislio da mora postojati nešto
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that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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što je manje od najmanjih oblika života za koje se ikad znalo --
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bacteria, at the time.
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bakterija, u to vrijeme.
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He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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Izmislio je ime za tog tajnovitog uzročnika.
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He called it the virus --
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Nazvao ga je virusom --
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Latin for "poison."
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latinski za "otrov".
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And in uncovering viruses,
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I otkrivanjem virusa,
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Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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Beijerinck je otvorio vrata ovog nama potpuno novog svijeta.
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We now know that viruses make up the majority
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Sada znamo da virusi sačinjavaju većinu
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of the genetic information on our planet,
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genetskih informacija na našem planetu,
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more than the genetic information
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više od genetskih informacija
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of all other forms of life combined.
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svih drugih oblika života ukupno.
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And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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I očito postoje važne praktične primjene
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associated with this world --
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povezane s ovim svijetom --
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things like the eradication of smallpox,
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stvari poput istrebljenja malih boginja,
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the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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pojava cjepiva protiv raka grlića maternice,
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which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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za koji znamo da ga najčešće prouzročuje humani papiloma virus.
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And Beijerinck's discovery,
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A Beijerinckovo otkriće,
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this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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to nije nešto što se dogodilo prije 500 godina.
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It was a little over 100 years ago
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Tek prije nešto više od stotinu godinu
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that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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Beijerinck je otkrio viruse.
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So basically we had automobiles,
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Dakle, u osnovi smo imali automobile,
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but we were unaware of the forms of life
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ali nismo bili svjesni oblika života
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that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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koji čine većinu genetskih informacija na našem planetu.
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We now have these amazing tools
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Sada imamo te čudesne alate
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to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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koji nam dopuštaju da istražimo taj nevidljivi svijet --
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things like deep sequencing,
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stvari poput dubokog sekvenciranja
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which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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koje nam dopušta da učinimo mnogo više od pregledavanja površine
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and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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i gledanja pojedinačnih genoma određenih vrsta,
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but to look at entire metagenomes,
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već da gledamo cijele metagenome,
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the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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zajednice mnogobrojnih mikroorganizama u nama, na nama i oko nas
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and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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i da dokumentiramo sve genetske informacije u tim vrstama.
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We can apply these techniques
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Možemo primijeniti te tehnike
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to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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na sve od zemlje do kože i sve između toga.
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In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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U mojoj organizaciji redovito
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to identify the causes of outbreaks
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identificiramo uzroke izbijanja bolesti
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that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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za koje je nejasno što ih točno uzrokuje.
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And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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I samo da biste shvatili kako to funkcionira,
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imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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zamislite da smo uzeli nazalni bris svakome od vas.
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And this is something we commonly do
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A to je nešto što obično radimo
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to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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da bismo našli viruse dišnog sustava kao što je gripa.
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The first thing we would see
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Prva stvar koju bismo vidjeli
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is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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je ogromna količina genetskih informacija.
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And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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A kada bismo počeli pregledavati te genetske informacije,
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we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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vidjeli bismo niz uobičajenih osumnjičenika ondje --
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of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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naravno, mnogo ljudskih genetskih informacija,
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but also bacterial and viral information,
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ali i bakterijske i virusne informacije,
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mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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uglavnom iz potpuno bezopasnih stvari koje su unutar vašeg nosa.
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But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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Ali vidjeli bismo i nešto jako, jako iznenađujuće.
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As we started to look at this information,
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Kada bismo počeli proučavati te informacije,
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we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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vidjeli bismo da oko 20% genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
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doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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ne odgovara ničemu što smo ikad prije vidjeli --
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no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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nijednoj biljci, gljivi, virusu ili bakteriji.
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Basically we have no clue what this is.
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U biti nemamo pojma što je to.
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And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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A mala grupa nas koji zapravo proučavamo te vrste podataka,
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a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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neki od nas su zapravo počeli zvati te informacije
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biological dark matter.
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biološkom tamnom tvari.
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We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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Znamo da ništa takvo nismo prije vidjeli;
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it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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to je u neku ruku ekvivalent kontinentu koji nije ucrtan u kartu,
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right within our own genetic information.
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koji se nalazi upravo među našim genetskim informacijama.
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And there's a lot of it.
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A ima ih mnogo.
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If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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Ako mislite da je 20% genetskog materijala u vašem nosu mnogo
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of biological dark matter,
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biološke tamne tvari,
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if we looked at your gut,
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kada bismo pogledali u vaša crijeva,
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up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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do 40 ili 50% tih informacija je biološka tamna tvar.
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And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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Čak i u relativno sterilnoj krvi,
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around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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oko 1 do 2% informacija je tamna tvar --
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can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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ne može je se klasificirati, odrediti vrsta ili povezati s bilo čim što smo ikada vidjeli.
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At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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Najprije smo mislili da je to možda artefakt.
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These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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Ti alati dubokog sekvenciranja su relativno novi.
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But as they become more and more accurate,
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Ali kako postaju sve točniji,
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we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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utvrdili smo da su te informacije oblik života,
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or at least some of it is a form of life.
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ili je barem dio njih oblik života.
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And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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I dok su hipoteze za objašnjenje postojanja biološke tamne tvari
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are really only in their infancy,
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zapravo tek u povojima,
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there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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postoji jedna vrlo, vrlo zanimljiva mogućnost:
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that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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zakopani u ovom životu, u tim genetskim informacijama,
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are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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su znakovi još neidentificiranog života.
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That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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Ako istražimo ove lance A, T, C i G aminokiselina,
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we may uncover a completely new class of life
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mogli bismo otkriti potpuno novu vrstu života
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that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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koja će, poput Beijerincka, iz temelja promijeniti
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the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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način na koji razmišljamo o prirodi biologije.
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That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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Koja će nam možda omogućiti prepoznavanje uzroka raka koji nas pogađa
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or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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ili prepoznavanje izvora izbijanja neke bolesti koja nam je nepoznata
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or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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ili možda stvaranje novog alata u molekularnoj biologiji.
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I'm pleased to announce that,
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Drago mi je da vam mogu objaviti kako,
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along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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zajedno s kolegama sa Stanforda i Caltecha i UCSF-a,
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we're currently starting an initiative
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trenutno započinjemo inicijativu
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to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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za istraživanje biološke tamne tvari za postojanjem novih oblika života.
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A little over a hundred years ago,
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Prije nešto više od sto godina,
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
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ljudi nisu bili svjesni virusa,
06:05
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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oblika života koji sačinjavaju većinu genetskih informacija na našem planetu.
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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Za sto godina, ljudi bi se mogli čuditi
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that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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tome što možda u potpunosti nismo bili svjesni nove vrste života
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that literally was right under our noses.
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koja nam je doslovno bila pod nosom.
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It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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Istina je, možda smo ucrtali u karte sve kontinente na planetu
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and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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i možda smo otkrili sve sisavce koji postoje,
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but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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no to ne znači da nije preostalo ništa za istraživanje na Zemlji.
06:29
Beijerinck and his kind
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Beijerinck i njemu slični
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provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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daju važnu lekciju za sljedeću generaciju istraživača --
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people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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ljudi poput mlade djevojke iz Beloita u Wisconsinu.
06:38
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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Kada bismo htjeli prenijeti tu lekciju u rečenicu, zvučala bi ovako nekako:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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Nemojte pretpostavljati da je ono što mislimo da postoji cijela priča.
06:46
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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Idite za tamnom tvari u bilo kojem polju koje odlučite istraživati.
06:51
There are unknowns all around us
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Nepoznanice su svuda oko nas
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and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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i samo čekaju da ih se otkrije.
06:56
Thank you.
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Hvala.
06:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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