Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,345 views ・ 2012-05-21

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:15
Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
1
15427
3014
Nedavno sam posjetio Beloit, u Wisconsinu.
00:18
And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
2
18441
3648
Bio sam ondje kako bih odao čast jednom velikom istraživaču 20. stoljeća,
00:22
Roy Chapman Andrews.
3
22089
2042
Royu Chapmanu Andrewsu.
00:24
During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
4
24131
2844
Kada je radio za Američki prirodoslovni muzej,
00:26
Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
5
26975
4100
Andrews je vodio niz ekspedicija u regije koje još nisu bile ucrtane u karte,
00:31
like here in the Gobi Desert.
6
31075
1735
poput pustinje Gobi.
00:32
He was quite a figure.
7
32810
1408
Bio je dosta važna ličnost.
00:34
He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
8
34218
3674
Kasnije je, navodno, bio nadahnuće za lik Indiane Jonesa.
00:37
And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
9
37892
2197
Kada sam bio u Beloitu, u Wisconsinu,
00:40
I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
10
40089
4133
održao sam javno predavanje grupi srednjoškolaca.
00:44
And I'm here to tell you,
11
44222
1569
A ovdje sam da bih vam rekao,
00:45
if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
12
45791
2704
ako postoji išta što je više zastrašujuće od držanja govora na TED-u,
00:48
it'll be trying to hold the attention
13
48495
1832
to je pokušavanje zadržavanja pažnje
00:50
of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
14
50327
3893
grupe od tisuću 12-ogodišnjaka na predavanju od 45 minuta.
00:54
Don't try that one.
15
54220
1879
Nemojte to pokušavati.
00:56
At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
16
56099
3542
Na kraju predavanja pitali su brojna pitanja,
00:59
but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
17
59641
3302
ali jedno od njih mi se zbilja urezalo u pamćenje.
01:02
There was a young girl who stood up,
18
62943
1917
Jedna mlada djevojka je ustala,
01:04
and she asked the question:
19
64860
1331
i postavila je pitanje:
01:06
"Where should we explore?"
20
66191
2048
"Što bismo trebali istraživati?"
01:08
I think there's a sense that many of us have
21
68239
2131
Mislim da mnogi od nas misle
01:10
that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
22
70370
2819
da je veliko doba istraživanja Zemlje gotovo,
01:13
that for the next generation
23
73189
1532
da će sljedeće generacije
01:14
they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
24
74721
3418
morati otići u svemir ili najdublje oceane
01:18
in order to find something significant to explore.
25
78139
2550
kako bi pronašli nešto značajno za istraživanje.
01:20
But is that really the case?
26
80689
2500
Ali je li to uistinu tako?
01:23
Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
27
83189
2996
Nije li zbilja ništa značajno što bismo mi istražili
01:26
left here on Earth?
28
86185
1725
preostalo ovdje na Zemlji?
01:27
It sort of made me think back
29
87910
1183
To me natjeralo da se prisjetim
01:29
to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
30
89093
2750
jednog od mojih omiljenih istraživača povijesti biologije.
01:31
This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
31
91843
3334
To je istraživač nevidljivog svijeta, Martinus Beijerinck.
01:35
So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
32
95177
2458
Dakle, Beijerinck je krenuo otkriti uzrok
01:37
of tobacco mosaic disease.
33
97635
2365
bolesti mozaika duhana.
01:40
What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
34
100000
3552
Uzeo je zaraženi sok iz biljaka duhana
01:43
and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
35
103552
2937
i filtrirao ga kroz sve manje i manje filtere.
01:46
And he reached the point
36
106489
1566
I došao je do točke
01:48
where he felt that there must be something out there
37
108055
3011
gdje je pomislio da mora postojati nešto
01:51
that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
38
111066
3444
što je manje od najmanjih oblika života za koje se ikad znalo --
01:54
bacteria, at the time.
39
114510
2044
bakterija, u to vrijeme.
01:56
He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
40
116554
3388
Izmislio je ime za tog tajnovitog uzročnika.
01:59
He called it the virus --
41
119942
2026
Nazvao ga je virusom --
02:01
Latin for "poison."
42
121968
2275
latinski za "otrov".
02:04
And in uncovering viruses,
43
124243
2777
I otkrivanjem virusa,
02:07
Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
44
127020
3621
Beijerinck je otvorio vrata ovog nama potpuno novog svijeta.
02:10
We now know that viruses make up the majority
45
130641
1994
Sada znamo da virusi sačinjavaju većinu
02:12
of the genetic information on our planet,
46
132635
2292
genetskih informacija na našem planetu,
02:14
more than the genetic information
47
134927
1666
više od genetskih informacija
02:16
of all other forms of life combined.
48
136593
1750
svih drugih oblika života ukupno.
02:18
And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
49
138343
3094
I očito postoje važne praktične primjene
02:21
associated with this world --
50
141437
1254
povezane s ovim svijetom --
02:22
things like the eradication of smallpox,
51
142691
2402
stvari poput istrebljenja malih boginja,
02:25
the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
52
145093
3655
pojava cjepiva protiv raka grlića maternice,
02:28
which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
53
148748
3599
za koji znamo da ga najčešće prouzročuje humani papiloma virus.
02:32
And Beijerinck's discovery,
54
152347
1673
A Beijerinckovo otkriće,
02:34
this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
55
154020
2721
to nije nešto što se dogodilo prije 500 godina.
02:36
It was a little over 100 years ago
56
156741
2679
Tek prije nešto više od stotinu godinu
02:39
that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
57
159420
2420
Beijerinck je otkrio viruse.
02:41
So basically we had automobiles,
58
161840
1887
Dakle, u osnovi smo imali automobile,
02:43
but we were unaware of the forms of life
59
163727
2243
ali nismo bili svjesni oblika života
02:45
that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
60
165970
3006
koji čine većinu genetskih informacija na našem planetu.
02:48
We now have these amazing tools
61
168976
2182
Sada imamo te čudesne alate
02:51
to allow us to explore the unseen world --
62
171158
2310
koji nam dopuštaju da istražimo taj nevidljivi svijet --
02:53
things like deep sequencing,
63
173468
2013
stvari poput dubokog sekvenciranja
02:55
which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
64
175481
3564
koje nam dopušta da učinimo mnogo više od pregledavanja površine
02:59
and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
65
179045
3090
i gledanja pojedinačnih genoma određenih vrsta,
03:02
but to look at entire metagenomes,
66
182135
2495
već da gledamo cijele metagenome,
03:04
the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
67
184630
4180
zajednice mnogobrojnih mikroorganizama u nama, na nama i oko nas
03:08
and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
68
188810
3521
i da dokumentiramo sve genetske informacije u tim vrstama.
03:12
We can apply these techniques
69
192331
1471
Možemo primijeniti te tehnike
03:13
to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
70
193802
4510
na sve od zemlje do kože i sve između toga.
03:18
In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
71
198312
2990
U mojoj organizaciji redovito
03:21
to identify the causes of outbreaks
72
201302
2379
identificiramo uzroke izbijanja bolesti
03:23
that are unclear exactly what causes them.
73
203681
3289
za koje je nejasno što ih točno uzrokuje.
03:26
And just to give you a sense of how this works,
74
206970
2332
I samo da biste shvatili kako to funkcionira,
03:29
imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
75
209302
3000
zamislite da smo uzeli nazalni bris svakome od vas.
03:32
And this is something we commonly do
76
212302
1362
A to je nešto što obično radimo
03:33
to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
77
213664
2994
da bismo našli viruse dišnog sustava kao što je gripa.
03:36
The first thing we would see
78
216658
1852
Prva stvar koju bismo vidjeli
03:38
is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
79
218510
3050
je ogromna količina genetskih informacija.
03:41
And if we started looking into that genetic information,
80
221560
2408
A kada bismo počeli pregledavati te genetske informacije,
03:43
we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
81
223968
2335
vidjeli bismo niz uobičajenih osumnjičenika ondje --
03:46
of course, a lot of human genetic information,
82
226303
1793
naravno, mnogo ljudskih genetskih informacija,
03:48
but also bacterial and viral information,
83
228096
2872
ali i bakterijske i virusne informacije,
03:50
mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
84
230968
3167
uglavnom iz potpuno bezopasnih stvari koje su unutar vašeg nosa.
03:54
But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
85
234135
2912
Ali vidjeli bismo i nešto jako, jako iznenađujuće.
03:57
As we started to look at this information,
86
237047
2075
Kada bismo počeli proučavati te informacije,
03:59
we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
87
239122
4346
vidjeli bismo da oko 20% genetskih informacija u vašem nosu
04:03
doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
88
243468
2917
ne odgovara ničemu što smo ikad prije vidjeli --
04:06
no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
89
246385
3171
nijednoj biljci, gljivi, virusu ili bakteriji.
04:09
Basically we have no clue what this is.
90
249556
3504
U biti nemamo pojma što je to.
04:13
And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
91
253060
4120
A mala grupa nas koji zapravo proučavamo te vrste podataka,
04:17
a few of us have actually begun to call this information
92
257180
3715
neki od nas su zapravo počeli zvati te informacije
04:20
biological dark matter.
93
260895
2402
biološkom tamnom tvari.
04:23
We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
94
263297
2948
Znamo da ništa takvo nismo prije vidjeli;
04:26
it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
95
266245
3107
to je u neku ruku ekvivalent kontinentu koji nije ucrtan u kartu,
04:29
right within our own genetic information.
96
269352
2718
koji se nalazi upravo među našim genetskim informacijama.
04:32
And there's a lot of it.
97
272070
1377
A ima ih mnogo.
04:33
If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
98
273447
3486
Ako mislite da je 20% genetskog materijala u vašem nosu mnogo
04:36
of biological dark matter,
99
276933
1619
biološke tamne tvari,
04:38
if we looked at your gut,
100
278552
1750
kada bismo pogledali u vaša crijeva,
04:40
up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
101
280302
3696
do 40 ili 50% tih informacija je biološka tamna tvar.
04:43
And even in the relatively sterile blood,
102
283998
2239
Čak i u relativno sterilnoj krvi,
04:46
around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
103
286237
2981
oko 1 do 2% informacija je tamna tvar --
04:49
can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
104
289218
4748
ne može je se klasificirati, odrediti vrsta ili povezati s bilo čim što smo ikada vidjeli.
04:53
At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
105
293966
2627
Najprije smo mislili da je to možda artefakt.
04:56
These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
106
296593
3252
Ti alati dubokog sekvenciranja su relativno novi.
04:59
But as they become more and more accurate,
107
299845
2073
Ali kako postaju sve točniji,
05:01
we've determined that this information is a form of life,
108
301918
3588
utvrdili smo da su te informacije oblik života,
05:05
or at least some of it is a form of life.
109
305506
2587
ili je barem dio njih oblik života.
05:08
And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
110
308093
4365
I dok su hipoteze za objašnjenje postojanja biološke tamne tvari
05:12
are really only in their infancy,
111
312458
1938
zapravo tek u povojima,
05:14
there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
112
314396
3677
postoji jedna vrlo, vrlo zanimljiva mogućnost:
05:18
that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
113
318073
3479
zakopani u ovom životu, u tim genetskim informacijama,
05:21
are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
114
321552
4488
su znakovi još neidentificiranog života.
05:26
That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
115
326040
3935
Ako istražimo ove lance A, T, C i G aminokiselina,
05:29
we may uncover a completely new class of life
116
329975
3335
mogli bismo otkriti potpuno novu vrstu života
05:33
that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
117
333310
2412
koja će, poput Beijerincka, iz temelja promijeniti
05:35
the way that we think about the nature of biology.
118
335722
2196
način na koji razmišljamo o prirodi biologije.
05:37
That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
119
337918
4429
Koja će nam možda omogućiti prepoznavanje uzroka raka koji nas pogađa
05:42
or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
120
342347
3532
ili prepoznavanje izvora izbijanja neke bolesti koja nam je nepoznata
05:45
or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
121
345879
2894
ili možda stvaranje novog alata u molekularnoj biologiji.
05:48
I'm pleased to announce that,
122
348773
1685
Drago mi je da vam mogu objaviti kako,
05:50
along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
123
350458
4942
zajedno s kolegama sa Stanforda i Caltecha i UCSF-a,
05:55
we're currently starting an initiative
124
355400
1639
trenutno započinjemo inicijativu
05:57
to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
125
357039
3973
za istraživanje biološke tamne tvari za postojanjem novih oblika života.
06:01
A little over a hundred years ago,
126
361012
2144
Prije nešto više od sto godina,
06:03
people were unaware of viruses,
127
363156
2704
ljudi nisu bili svjesni virusa,
06:05
the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
128
365860
4239
oblika života koji sačinjavaju većinu genetskih informacija na našem planetu.
06:10
A hundred years from now, people may marvel
129
370099
2582
Za sto godina, ljudi bi se mogli čuditi
06:12
that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
130
372681
3454
tome što možda u potpunosti nismo bili svjesni nove vrste života
06:16
that literally was right under our noses.
131
376135
3304
koja nam je doslovno bila pod nosom.
06:19
It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
132
379439
3323
Istina je, možda smo ucrtali u karte sve kontinente na planetu
06:22
and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
133
382762
3081
i možda smo otkrili sve sisavce koji postoje,
06:25
but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
134
385843
3556
no to ne znači da nije preostalo ništa za istraživanje na Zemlji.
06:29
Beijerinck and his kind
135
389399
2005
Beijerinck i njemu slični
06:31
provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
136
391404
3687
daju važnu lekciju za sljedeću generaciju istraživača --
06:35
people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
137
395091
3332
ljudi poput mlade djevojke iz Beloita u Wisconsinu.
06:38
And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
138
398423
3795
Kada bismo htjeli prenijeti tu lekciju u rečenicu, zvučala bi ovako nekako:
06:42
Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
139
402218
4229
Nemojte pretpostavljati da je ono što mislimo da postoji cijela priča.
06:46
Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
140
406447
5063
Idite za tamnom tvari u bilo kojem polju koje odlučite istraživati.
06:51
There are unknowns all around us
141
411510
2119
Nepoznanice su svuda oko nas
06:53
and they're just waiting to be discovered.
142
413629
2381
i samo čekaju da ih se otkrije.
06:56
Thank you.
143
416010
1669
Hvala.
06:57
(Applause)
144
417679
4948
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7