Nathan Wolfe: What's left to explore?

45,345 views ・ 2012-05-21

TED


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Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
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And I was there to honor a great 20th century explorer,
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Roy Chapman Andrews.
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During his time at the American Museum of Natural History,
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Andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions,
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like here in the Gobi Desert.
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He was quite a figure.
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He was later, it's said, the basis of the Indiana Jones character.
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And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin,
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I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
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And I'm here to tell you,
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if there's anything more intimidating than talking here at TED,
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it'll be trying to hold the attention
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of a group of a thousand 12-year-olds for a 45-minute lecture.
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Don't try that one.
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At the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions,
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but there was one that's really stuck with me since then.
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There was a young girl who stood up,
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and she asked the question:
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"Where should we explore?"
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I think there's a sense that many of us have
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that the great age of exploration on Earth is over,
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that for the next generation
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they're going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans
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in order to find something significant to explore.
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But is that really the case?
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Is there really nowhere significant for us to explore
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left here on Earth?
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It sort of made me think back
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to one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
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This is an explorer of the unseen world, Martinus Beijerinck.
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So Beijerinck set out to discover the cause
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of tobacco mosaic disease.
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What he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants
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and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
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And he reached the point
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where he felt that there must be something out there
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that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known --
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bacteria, at the time.
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He came up with a name for his mystery agent.
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He called it the virus --
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Latin for "poison."
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And in uncovering viruses,
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Beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us.
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We now know that viruses make up the majority
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of the genetic information on our planet,
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more than the genetic information
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of all other forms of life combined.
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And obviously there's been tremendous practical applications
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associated with this world --
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things like the eradication of smallpox,
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the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer,
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which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus.
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And Beijerinck's discovery,
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this was not something that occurred 500 years ago.
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It was a little over 100 years ago
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that Beijerinck discovered viruses.
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So basically we had automobiles,
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but we were unaware of the forms of life
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that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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We now have these amazing tools
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to allow us to explore the unseen world --
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things like deep sequencing,
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which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface
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and look at individual genomes from a particular species,
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but to look at entire metagenomes,
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the communities of teeming microorganisms in, on and around us
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and to document all of the genetic information in these species.
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We can apply these techniques
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to things from soil to skin and everything in between.
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In my organization we now do this on a regular basis
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to identify the causes of outbreaks
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that are unclear exactly what causes them.
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And just to give you a sense of how this works,
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imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you.
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And this is something we commonly do
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to look for respiratory viruses like influenza.
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The first thing we would see
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is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
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And if we started looking into that genetic information,
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we'd see a number of usual suspects out there --
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of course, a lot of human genetic information,
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but also bacterial and viral information,
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mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose.
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But we'd also see something very, very surprising.
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As we started to look at this information,
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we would see that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose
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doesn't match anything that we've ever seen before --
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no plant, animal, fungus, virus or bacteria.
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Basically we have no clue what this is.
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And for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data,
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a few of us have actually begun to call this information
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biological dark matter.
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We know it's not anything that we've seen before;
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it's sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent
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right within our own genetic information.
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And there's a lot of it.
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If you think 20 percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot
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of biological dark matter,
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if we looked at your gut,
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up to 40 or 50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
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And even in the relatively sterile blood,
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around one to two percent of this information is dark matter --
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can't be classified, can't be typed or matched with anything we've seen before.
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At first we thought that perhaps this was artifact.
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These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
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But as they become more and more accurate,
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we've determined that this information is a form of life,
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or at least some of it is a form of life.
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And while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter
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are really only in their infancy,
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there's a very, very exciting possibility that exists:
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that buried in this life, in this genetic information,
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are signatures of as of yet unidentified life.
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That as we explore these strings of A's, T's, C's and G's,
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we may uncover a completely new class of life
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that, like Beijerinck, will fundamentally change
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the way that we think about the nature of biology.
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That perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us
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or identify the source of an outbreak that we aren't familiar with
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or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology.
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I'm pleased to announce that,
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along with colleagues at Stanford and Caltech and UCSF,
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we're currently starting an initiative
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to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
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A little over a hundred years ago,
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people were unaware of viruses,
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the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet.
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A hundred years from now, people may marvel
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that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life
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that literally was right under our noses.
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It's true, we may have charted all the continents on the planet
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and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there,
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but that doesn't mean that there's nothing left to explore on Earth.
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Beijerinck and his kind
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provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers --
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people like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin.
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And I think if we phrase that lesson, it's something like this:
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Don't assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story.
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Go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore.
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There are unknowns all around us
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and they're just waiting to be discovered.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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