David Puttnam: What happens when the media's priority is profit?

97,885 views ・ 2014-02-10

TED


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翻译人员: Justine Bai 校对人员: Yuanqing Edberg
00:12
I'd like to start, if I may,
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我想先从
00:14
with the story of the Paisley snail.
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佩斯利蜗牛案说起
00:17
On the evening of the 26th of August, 1928,
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1928年8月26日晚上
00:20
May Donoghue took a train from Glasgow
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梅·多诺霍乘火车从格拉斯哥
00:22
to the town of Paisley, seven miles east of the city,
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前往向东七英里外的小镇佩斯利
00:25
and there at the Wellmeadow Café,
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在镇上的一家叫Wellmeadow 的咖啡馆里
00:27
she had a Scots ice cream float,
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她喝了一杯雪顶苏格兰
00:30
a mix of ice cream and ginger beer
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这是一种混合了冰淇淋和姜汁啤酒的饮料
00:32
bought for her by a friend.
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是她朋友给她点的
00:34
The ginger beer came in a brown, opaque bottle
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姜汁啤酒的酒瓶是棕色的 ,且不透明
00:36
labeled "D. Stevenson, Glen Lane, Paisley."
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上面有“D. 斯蒂文森, 格林巷,佩斯利"的标签
00:40
She drank some of the ice cream float,
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她喝了一些混合冰激凌饮,
00:42
but as the remaining ginger beer was poured
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但当她把剩下的姜汁酒倒到
00:44
into her tumbler,
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玻璃杯里时
00:46
a decomposed snail
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一只腐烂了的蜗牛
00:48
floated to the surface of her glass.
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从杯子里浮了上来
00:51
Three days later, she was admitted
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三天之后 她住进了
00:52
to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary
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格拉斯哥皇家医院
00:54
and diagnosed with severe gastroenteritis
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被确诊为严重肠胃炎
00:56
and shock.
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并伴有休克
00:58
The case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson that followed
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之后发生在 多诺霍和斯蒂文森公司之间的官司
01:01
set a very important legal precedent:
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开创了一个重要的法律先例:
01:04
Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer,
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姜汁啤酒的生产商斯蒂文森
01:05
was held to have a clear duty of care
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对梅·多诺霍女士负有
01:08
towards May Donoghue,
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明确的责任
01:10
even though there was no contract between them,
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即便他们之间没有签订合约
01:12
and, indeed, she hadn't even bought the drink.
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甚至连这杯饮料都不是她自己买的
01:14
One of the judges, Lord Atkin, described it like this:
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一位法官 阿特金爵士解释道:
01:17
You must take care to avoid acts or omissions
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人们应该尽力避免
01:20
which you can reasonably foresee
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那些可以合理地预知
01:22
would be likely to injure your neighbor.
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会伤害到邻居的行为或疏忽
01:26
Indeed, one wonders that without a duty of care,
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的确, 我们无法想象, 如果没有慎独义务
01:28
how many people would have had to suffer
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在斯蒂文森公司倒闭之前
01:30
from gastroenteritis before Stevenson eventually went out of business.
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还会有多少人得忍受肠胃炎的侵扰
01:33
Now please hang on to that Paisley snail story,
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请记住佩斯利蜗牛案
01:36
because it's an important principle.
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因为此案包含了一条重要的原则
去年 一个无党派的慈善组织 伦敦汉萨德学会(Hansard Society)
01:39
Last year, the Hansard Society, a nonpartisan charity
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为了加强议会民主
01:42
which seeks to strengthen parliamentary democracy
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01:44
and encourage greater public involvement in politics
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鼓励公众更广泛的参与政治
01:47
published, alongside their annual audit
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他们在出版年度政治参与度审计年报时
01:49
of political engagement, an additional section
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增加了一个专门讨论
01:52
devoted entirely to politics and the media.
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政治和媒体的章节
01:55
Here are a couple of rather depressing observations
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以下是这次调查中
01:58
from that survey.
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一些令人沮丧的观察结果
02:00
Tabloid newspapers do not appear
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小报并没有的提高
02:02
to advance the political citizenship of their readers,
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读者们的政治公民权的迹象
02:05
relative even to those
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他们甚至和那些
02:06
who read no newspapers whatsoever.
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从不看报的人没什么两样
02:10
Tabloid-only readers are twice as likely to agree
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只读小报的人
02:12
with a negative view of politics
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持有负面政治观点的可能性
02:14
than readers of no newspapers.
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是不读报纸的人的两倍
02:17
They're not just less politically engaged.
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他们不仅仅在政治生活中不作为
02:19
They are consuming media that reinforces
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还通过媒体的报道来
02:21
their negative evaluation of politics,
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强化他们负面的政治观点
02:23
thereby contributing to a fatalistic and cynical
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从而对民主和 他们自身在民主中所扮演的角色
02:26
attitude to democracy and their own role within it.
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产生一种宿命论和愤世嫉俗的态度
02:30
Little wonder that the report concluded that
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很少有人会怀疑 这些报道得出这样的结论:
02:32
in this respect, the press, particularly the tabloids,
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在这个方面,出版方 ,尤其是这些小报
02:35
appear not to be living up to the importance
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明显地没有起到它们
02:37
of their role in our democracy.
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在民主中所扮演角色的重要性
02:40
Now I doubt if anyone in this room would seriously
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我想这个房间里应该没有人会严肃地
02:42
challenge that view.
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质疑这个观点
02:44
But if Hansard are right, and they usually are,
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但如果汉萨德学会没有错, 通常如此
02:46
then we've got a very serious problem on our hands,
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那我们就遇到一个非常棘手的问题
02:48
and it's one that I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes
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一个我在接下来的十分钟想要
02:51
focusing upon.
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探讨的问题
02:53
Since the Paisley snail,
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自从佩里斯蜗牛事件以来
02:55
and especially over the past decade or so,
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尤其是在过去十年间
02:57
a great deal of thinking has been developed
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关于慎独义务的概念
02:59
around the notion of a duty of care
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产生了非常多的观点
03:01
as it relates to a number of aspects of civil society.
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它和公民社会中的很多方面息息相关。
03:03
Generally a duty of care arises when one individual
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通常,当一个个体
03:06
or a group of individuals undertakes an activity
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或一群个体从事一项
03:09
which has the potential to cause harm to another,
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对他人可能造成伤害的活动
03:11
either physically, mentally or economically.
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无论是身体、精神还是经济上 这就牵涉到慎独义务
03:14
This is principally focused on obvious areas,
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这主要体现在比较明显的方面
03:17
such as our empathetic response to children and young people,
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如我们对儿童和青少年
03:20
to our service personnel, and to the elderly and infirm.
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对服务行业员以及老人和弱者的同情和理解
03:22
It is seldom, if ever, extended to equally important arguments
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它很少会企及
03:26
around the fragility of our present system of government,
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关于政府现有体系的脆弱性 这一命题的重要性,
03:31
to the notion that honesty, accuracy and impartiality
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而诚实、准确和公平的概念
03:34
are fundamental to the process of building
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是建立和植入
03:36
and embedding an informed,
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一种(公众)知情并
03:38
participatory democracy.
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积极参预民主的基础。
03:41
And the more you think about it,
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你越仔细思考
03:42
the stranger that is.
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就会越觉得奇怪
03:44
A couple of years ago, I had the pleasure
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几年以前 我很荣幸
03:46
of opening a brand new school
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在英格兰的东北部开了
03:47
in the northeast of England.
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一所新学校
03:49
It had been renamed by its pupils as Academy 360.
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学校学生们把它重新命名为360学院
03:52
As I walked through their impressive,
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在我穿过让人印象深刻
03:54
glass-covered atrium,
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有着玻璃外观的门廊
03:56
in front of me, emblazoned on the wall
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在我的前方的墙上
03:57
in letters of fire
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以金色字体装饰着
03:59
was Marcus Aurelius's famous injunction:
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马可奥利斯伍斯(Marcus Aurelius)的名言:
04:02
If it's not true, don't say it;
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不对的,就不要说出来
04:05
if it's not right, don't do it.
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不正确的 ,就不要去做
04:08
The head teacher saw me staring at it,
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校长注意到我在盯着这行字看
04:10
and he said, "Oh, that's our school motto."
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告诉我说 这是我们的校训
04:13
On the train back to London,
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回伦敦的火车上
04:15
I couldn't get it out of my mind.
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这句话在我脑海里一直挥之不去
04:16
I kept thinking, can it really have taken us
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我一直想 ,难道我们真的需要
04:19
over 2,000 years to come to terms
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2000多年才能总结出
04:21
with that simple notion
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这一简单的主张
04:23
as being our minimum expectation of each other?
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作为我们对彼此的最低期望?
04:26
Isn't it time that we develop this concept
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难道现在不是我们该发展
04:29
of a duty of care
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慎独义务这种观念
04:30
and extended it to include a care
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并把它延伸成一种我们曾拥有
04:33
for our shared but increasingly endangered democratic values?
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但日渐消亡的民主价值?
04:36
After all, the absence of a duty of care
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毕竟,在
04:38
within many professions
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很多行业都缺失的慎独义务
04:39
can all too easily amount to accusations of negligence,
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可以全部归咎于失职
04:42
and that being the case, can we be really comfortable with the thought
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那就是上面的案例。 我们是否能够真的认同
04:45
that we're in effect being negligent
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我们实际上忽视了
04:47
in respect of the health of our own societies
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尊重我们自身社会的健康
04:50
and the values that necessarily underpin them?
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以及所有支撑它们的价值?
04:53
Could anyone honestly suggest, on the evidence,
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谁能实事求是,有凭有据地指出,
04:56
that the same media which Hansard so roundly condemned
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汉萨德学会极力谴责的媒体
04:59
have taken sufficient care to avoid behaving
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已经采取了足够的小心来避免
05:02
in ways which they could reasonably have foreseen
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那些可以显而易见地
05:06
would be likely to undermine or even damage
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可能逐渐蚕食或侵害
05:08
our inherently fragile democratic settlement.
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我们与生俱来的脆弱民主的建立
05:11
Now there will be those who will argue
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现在可能有些人会反驳
05:13
that this could all too easily drift into a form
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这很容易变成
05:15
of censorship, albeit self-censorship,
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检查制度或自我检查,
05:17
but I don't buy that argument.
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但是我不同意。
05:19
It has to be possible
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通过普世道德和社会责任
05:21
to balance freedom of expression
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来平衡言论自由
05:23
with wider moral and social responsibilities.
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是可能的
05:26
Let me explain why by taking the example
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我来解释一下为什么
05:28
from my own career as a filmmaker.
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举自己作为电影导演的例子
05:31
Throughout that career, I never accepted
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在职业生涯中 我从未认同
05:32
that a filmmaker should set about putting
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导演应该把工作
05:34
their own work outside or above what he or she
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置于一种高尚价值观
05:37
believed to be a decent set of values
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之外或之上
05:39
for their own life, their own family,
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无论是对自己的还是家庭
05:42
and the future of the society in which we all live.
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以及我们所处在的未来社会
05:46
I'd go further.
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我想延伸一下
05:47
A responsible filmmaker should never devalue their work
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一个负责的导演不应贬低自己的工作
05:51
to a point at which it becomes less than true
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使其比他们自己期望栖居的世界
05:53
to the world they themselves wish to inhabit.
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要低的地步
05:56
As I see it, filmmakers, journalists, even bloggers
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我认为电影工作者 记者 甚至博客作者
06:00
are all required to face up to the social expectations
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都应该直面社会期待
06:02
that come with combining the intrinsic power of their medium
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这种期待同媒体固有的力量相连
06:06
with their well-honed professional skills.
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同他们的职业技能相连
06:09
Obviously this is not a mandated duty,
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很明显 这并不是规定的义务
06:12
but for the gifted filmmaker and the responsible journalist
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但对于有才华的导演和负责的记者
06:15
or even blogger, it strikes me as being utterly inescapable.
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或博客作家,能打动我的是他们的非常自觉。
06:18
We should always remember that our notion
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我们应时刻谨记自己对
06:21
of individual freedom and its partner, creative freedom,
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个人自由以及它的朋友——创作自由的见解
06:24
is comparatively new
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在西方思想史中
06:26
in the history of Western ideas,
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不是久已有之的价值
06:28
and for that reason, it's often undervalued
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正因如此 它才会被贬低
06:30
and can be very quickly undermined.
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会被逐渐蚕食
06:32
It's a prize easily lost,
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这种价值很容易被遗忘
06:34
and once lost, once surrendered,
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一旦遗忘, 一旦妥协
06:36
it can prove very, very hard to reclaim.
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就很难再追回。
06:40
And its first line of defense
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而它的第一道防线
06:41
has to be our own standards,
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是我们自己的标准
06:43
not those enforced on us by a censor or legislation,
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不是强加于我们的审查或立法,
06:47
our own standards and our own integrity.
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是我们自己的标准和正直。
06:49
Our integrity as we deal with those
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当我们同他人工作时
06:51
with whom we work
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的正直
06:52
and our own standards as we operate within society.
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以及在参与社会活动时的标准
06:56
And these standards of ours
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我们的这些标准
06:58
need to be all of a piece with a sustainable social agenda.
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需要成为可持续发展的社会议程
07:01
They're part of a collective responsibility,
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他们是集体责任的一部分
07:03
the responsibility of the artist or the journalist
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艺术家和记者的责任
07:05
to deal with the world as it really is,
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按照世界的真实情况来处事
07:07
and this, in turn, must go hand in hand
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并且反过来,必须同治理社会的原则
07:10
with the responsibility of those governing society
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相联系
07:12
to also face up to that world,
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共同面对世界
07:14
and not to be tempted to misappropriate
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而且不会被
07:17
the causes of its ills.
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不正当的理由所引诱。
07:19
Yet, as has become strikingly clear
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然而,这在过去的几年中
07:22
over the last couple of years,
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这种责任在很大程度上
07:24
such responsibility has to a very great extent
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越发明显地
07:26
been abrogated by large sections of the media.
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被媒体削弱。
07:29
And as a consequence, across the Western world,
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由此导致
07:31
the over-simplistic policies of the parties of protest
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拮抗各方的过于简单化的政策
07:34
and their appeal to a largely disillusioned,
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和他们的请愿的巨大幻灭,这在西方世界尤为普遍
07:37
older demographic,
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老龄人群
07:38
along with the apathy and obsession with the trivial
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还有冷漠的
07:40
that typifies at least some of the young,
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被琐碎之事困扰的年轻人
07:42
taken together, these and other similarly
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全都混杂在一起 ,还有其他
07:44
contemporary aberrations
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类似的当代问题正在
步步逼紧,让生活中不再
07:46
are threatening to squeeze the life
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07:48
out of active, informed debate and engagement,
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拥有积极的讨论和政治参与。
07:52
and I stress active.
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在此我强调积极。
07:55
The most ardent of libertarians might argue
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最热忱的自由主义者也许会认为
07:57
that Donoghue v. Stevenson should have been thrown out of court
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多诺霍和斯蒂文森公司应该被抛出法庭
08:00
and that Stevenson would eventually have gone out of business
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并且如果他继续卖有蜗牛的姜汁啤酒
08:02
if he'd continued to sell ginger beer with snails in it.
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公司会最终停业
08:05
But most of us, I think, accept some small role
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但是 ,我们中的大多数都认同
08:09
for the state to enforce a duty of care,
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州立法在加强慎独义务上应有的小角色。
08:12
and the key word here is reasonable.
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这里的关键词就是合理
08:15
Judges must ask, did they take reasonable care
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法官们需要自问, 他们是否采取合理的谨慎
08:18
and could they have reasonably foreseen
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他们是否能合理预见
08:20
the consequences of their actions?
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自己决策带来的影响?
08:22
Far from signifying overbearing state power,
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那远非放大了州立法的权力
08:25
it's that small common sense test of reasonableness
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而是小小的合理的常识性的试验
08:28
that I'd like us to apply to those in the media
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我希望我们对媒体也一样。
08:31
who, after all, set the tone and the content
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媒体毕竟为我们现在的民主话语
08:33
for much of our democratic discourse.
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设置了导向和内容
08:36
Democracy, in order to work, requires that
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为了发扬民主
08:39
reasonable men and women take the time to understand and debate
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理性的人们需要花时间理解并讨论
08:42
difficult, sometimes complex issues,
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一些困难复杂的问题
08:44
and they do so in an atmosphere which strives
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他们会在一种能够激发
08:47
for the type of understanding that leads to,
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某种理解的氛围下讨论
08:49
if not agreement, then at least a productive
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这种理解即便不能使他们达成一致
08:51
and workable compromise.
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也会有所进展 ,并有可行的折中办法
08:54
Politics is about choices,
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政治关乎选择
08:56
and within those choices, politics is about priorities.
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在选择之后 ,政治关乎优先
09:00
It's about reconciling conflicting preferences
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是随时随地基于事实调节
09:02
wherever and whenever possibly based on fact.
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对优先偏好的冲突
09:08
But if the facts themselves are distorted,
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但如果事实已被扭曲,
09:10
the resolutions are likely only to create further conflict,
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结果只能会给今后制造更多的冲突
09:14
with all the stresses and strains on society
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整个社会都会不可避免的
09:16
that inevitably follow.
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疲惫不堪
09:18
The media have to decide:
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媒体需要做出决定
09:20
Do they see their role as being to inflame
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他们的角色是加剧愤怒
09:23
or to inform?
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还是传播信息
09:25
Because in the end, it comes down to a combination
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因为最终都归结于
09:28
of trust and leadership.
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信任和领导力的结合
09:31
Fifty years ago this week, President John F. Kennedy
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50年前的这周 肯尼迪总统
09:33
made two epoch-making speeches,
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发表了两个划时代的演讲
09:35
the first on disarmament and the second on civil rights.
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一个是关于裁军 另一个是关于公民权
09:38
The first led almost immediately
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第一个演讲马上引出了
09:41
to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,
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禁止核试验条约
09:42
and the second led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act,
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第二引出了1964年民权法案
09:45
both of which represented giant leaps forward.
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二者都是巨大的飞跃
09:49
Democracy, well-led and well-informed,
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完善健全的民主
09:51
can achieve very great things,
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可以带来伟大的成就
09:54
but there's a precondition.
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但得有一个前提
09:55
We have to trust that those making those decisions
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我们需要相信那些做决策的人
09:59
are acting in the best interest not of themselves
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不是在为他们自己谋福利
10:01
but of the whole of the people.
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而是在为人民
10:03
We need factually-based options,
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我们需要以事实为基础的选项
10:06
clearly laid out,
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明确的布局
10:07
not those of a few powerful
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而不是几个
10:09
and potentially manipulative corporations
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潜在的操控的大公司
10:11
pursuing their own frequently narrow agendas,
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各自追逐他们自己的小利益
10:13
but accurate, unprejudiced information
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我们应该追逐准确没有偏见的信息
10:16
with which to make our own judgments.
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来做出自己的判断
10:18
If we want to provide decent, fulfilling lives
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如果我们想为自己的子孙后代
10:20
for our children and our children's children,
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提供一种合适的充实的生活
10:22
we need to exercise to the very greatest degree possible
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我们需要尽最大可能
10:25
that duty of care for a vibrant,
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履行慎独义务,为了充满活力的
10:27
and hopefully a lasting, democracy.
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而且希望是一个持久的民主
10:30
Thank you very much for listening to me.
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感谢聆听
10:32
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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