Fiorenzo Omenetto: Silk, the ancient material of the future

Prevodilac: Sandra Gojic Lektor: Radica Stojanović

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

I'm thrilled to be here.

Oduševljen sam što sam ovde.

I'm going to talk about a new, old material

Govoriću o novom starom materijalu

that still continues to amaze us,

koji nas i dalje zadivljuje,

and that might impact the way we think

i koji će možda uticati na naš način razmišljanja

about material science, high technology --

o materijalnoj nauci, visokoj tehnologiji -

and maybe, along the way,

i možda, tokom tog puta,

also do some stuff for medicine and for global health and help reforestation.

takođe učini nešto za medicinu i globalno zdravlje i pomogne ošumljavanju.

So that's kind of a bold statement.

Pa to je neka vrsta hrabre tvrdnje.

I'll tell you a little bit more.

Reću ću vam još ponešto.

This material actually has some traits that make it seem almost too good to be true.

Ovaj materijal zapravo ima neke osobine koje ga čine skoro suviše dobrim da bi bio istinit.

It's sustainable; it's a sustainable material

Održiv je; održiv je materijal

that is processed all in water and at room temperature --

obrađen potpuno u vodi i na sobnoj temperaturi -

and is biodegradable with a clock,

i potpuno je biorazgradiv sa vremenom,

so you can watch it dissolve instantaneously in a glass of water

pa ga možete posmatrati kako se odmah rastvara u čaši vode

or have it stable for years.

ili ga čuvati u čvrstom stanju godinama.

It's edible; it's implantable in the human body

Jestiv je, može se umetnuti u ljudsko telo

without causing any immune response.

bez izazivanja bilo kakvog imunog odgovora.

It actually gets reintegrated in the body.

Zapravo se u telu reintegriše.

And it's technological,

I tehnološki je,

so it can do things like microelectronics,

pa može da se koristi u mikroelektronici,

and maybe photonics do.

ili kao fotoni.

And the material

A materijal izgleda

looks something like this.

nekako ovako.

In fact, this material you see is clear and transparent.

U stvari, ovaj materijal koji vidite je čist i providan.

The components of this material are just water and protein.

Komponente ovog materijala su samo voda i proteini.

So this material is silk.

Dakle, ovo je svila.

So it's kind of different

Dakle, malo je drugačije

from what we're used to thinking about silk.

od onoga što smo imali običaj da mislimo o svili.

So the question is, how do you reinvent something

I pitanje je, kako da smislimo novu upotrebu

that has been around for five millennia?

nečega što postoji već pet milenijuma?

The process of discovery, generally, is inspired by nature.

Proces otkrivanja, generalno, jeste inspirisan prirodom.

And so we marvel at silk worms --

Svi se divimo svilenim bubama -

the silk worm you see here spinning its fiber.

svilena buba koju ovde vidite vrti svoja vlakna.

The silk worm does a remarkable thing:

Ove bube rade neverovatnu stvar:

it uses these two ingredients, protein and water,

koriste dva sastojka, protein i vodu,

that are in its gland,

koji se nalaze u njihovim žlezdama,

to make a material that is exceptionally tough for protection --

da naprave materijal koji je izuzetno teško zaštititi -

so comparable to technical fibers

u poređenju sa tehničkim vlaknima

like Kevlar.

kao što je kevlar.

And so in the reverse engineering process

I u obrnutom inženjerskom procesu

that we know about,

şa kojim znamo

and that we're familiar with,

da rukujemo,

for the textile industry,

u tekstilnoj industriji,

the textile industry goes and unwinds the cocoon

tekstilna industrija sakuplja i odmotava čaure

and then weaves glamorous things.

i onda tka glamurozne stvari.

We want to know how you go from water and protein

Želimo da znamo kako od vode i proteina nastaje

to this liquid Kevlar, to this natural Kevlar.

tečni kevlar, pa onda prirodni kevlar.

So the insight

Dakle uvideti

is how do you actually reverse engineer this

kako zapravo obrnuti proces i

and go from cocoon to gland

od čaure stići do žlezde

and get water and protein that is your starting material.

i uzeti vodu i protein koji su vaši početni materijali.

And this is an insight

I to je zapažanje

that came, about two decades ago,

nastalo pre skoro dve decenije

from a person that I'm very fortunate to work with,

od strane osobe sa kojom imam vrlo mnogo sreće da radim,

David Kaplan.

Dejvid Kaplan.

And so we get this starting material.

I tako dobijamo ovaj početni materijal.

And so this starting material is back to the basic building block.

I tako se ovaj početni materijal vraća u osnovni kockasti oblik.

And then we use this to do a variety of things --

I onda to koristimo za različite stvari -

like, for example, this film.

kao na primer, za film.

And we take advantage of something that is very simple.

I koristimo prednosti nečega što je vrlo jednostavno.

The recipe to make those films

Recept za pravljenje tih filmova

is to take advantage of the fact

jeste korišćenje činjenice

that proteins are extremely smart at what they do.

da su proteini neverovatno pametni u onome što čine.

They find their way to self-assemble.

Oni sami nađu put ka zajedičkom okupljanju.

So the recipe is simple: you take the silk solution, you pour it,

Dakle, recept je jednostavan: uzmete rastvor svile, izlijete ga

and you wait for the protein to self-assemble.

i sačekate da se proteini sami grupišu.

And then you detach the protein and you get this film,

I onda izdvojite ovaj protein i dobijete ovaj film,

as the proteins find each other as the water evaporates.

kada proteini pronađu jedni druge (voda isparava).

But I mentioned that the film is also technological.

Ali pomenuo sam da je film takođe i tehnološki.

And so what does that mean?

Šta to znači?

It means that you can interface it

To znači da možete da ga spojite

with some of the things that are typical of technology,

sa nekim stvarima tipičnim za tehnologiju,

like microelectronics and nanoscale technology.

poput mikroelektronike ili nano tehnologije.

And the image of the DVD here

A ova slika DVDa

is just to illustrate a point

je tu samo radi ilustracije

that silk follows very subtle topographies of the surface,

da svila prati vrlo suptilno topografiju površine,

which means that it can replicate features on the nanoscale.

što znači da mogu da ponove funkciju nano tehnologije.

So it would be able to replicate the information

I tako bi bila u stanju da ponovi informaciju

that is on the DVD.

koja je na DVDu.

And we can store information that's film with water and protein.

I možemo da skladištimo informacije snimljene vodom i proteinom.

So we tried something out, and we wrote a message in a piece of silk,

Tako smo probali nešto, i napisali poruku na parčetu svile,

which is right here, and the message is over there.

upravo ovde, a poruka je tamo.

And much like in the DVD, you can read it out optically.

I slično DVDu, može optički da se očita.

And this requires a stable hand,

Ovo zahteva mirnu ruku,

so this is why I decided to do it onstage in front of a thousand people.

pa sam zato rešio da to uradim na bini pred hiljadu ljudi.

So let me see.

Da probamo.

So as you see the film go in transparently through there,

Kao što vidite, film prolazi bez problema,

and then ...

i onda...

(Applause)

(aplauz)

And the most remarkable feat

A najznačajnije je to

is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that.

što je moja ruka stajala mirno dovoljno dugo da se ovo uradi.

So once you have these attributes

I jednom kada imate atribute

of this material,

ovog materijala,

then you can do a lot of things.

možete da radite mnoge stvari.

It's actually not limited to films.

Nije ograničeno na filmove.

And so the material can assume a lot of formats.

Materijal može poprimiti mnogo oblika.

And then you go a little crazy, and so you do various optical components

I onda malo poludite i uradite čitav niz različitih optičkih komponenti

or you do microprism arrays,

ili uradite male prizmatične nizove,

like the reflective tape that you have on your running shoes.

poput reflektujućih traka koje imate na patikama za trčanje-

Or you can do beautiful things

Ili možete napraviti prelepe stvari

that, if the camera can capture, you can make.

koje kamera može uhvatiti.

You can add a third dimensionality to the film.

Možete dodati treću dimenziju filmu.

And if the angle is right,

I ako je ugao dobar,

you can actually see a hologram appear in this film of silk.

možete čak i videti hologram na filmu ili svili.

But you can do other things.

Ali možete praviti i druge stvari.

You can imagine that then maybe you can use a pure protein to guide light,

U tom slučaju možete zamisliti da koristite čist protein za pravljenje svetlosti,

and so we've made optical fibers.

i tako smo napravili optička vlakna.

But silk is versatile and it goes beyond optics.

Ali svila je svestrana i ide dalje od optike.

And you can think of different formats.

I možete razmišljati o različitm formatima.

So for instance, if you're afraid of going to the doctor and getting stuck with a needle,

Na primer, ako se bojite odlaska kod doktora jer ćete zaglaviti sa iglom,

we do microneedle arrays.

pravimo nizove mikroigala.

What you see there on the screen is a human hair

Ovo što vidite na ekranu je ljudska dlaka

superimposed on the needle that's made of silk --

postavljena pored igle napravljene od svile -

just to give you a sense of size.

samo da steknete osećaj veličine.

You can do bigger things.

Možete raditi veće stvari.

You can do gears and nuts and bolts --

Možete praviti zupčanike, zavrtnje i klinove -

that you can buy at Whole Foods.

koje možete kupiti u Whole Foods.

And the gears work in water as well.

A zupčanici rade i pod vodom.

So you think of alternative mechanical parts.

I tako razmišljate o alternativnim mehaničkim delovima.

And maybe you can use that liquid Kevlar if you need something strong

A možda možete uzeti i tečni kevlar ako morate da napravite nešto jako

to replace peripheral veins, for example,

da zamenite periferne vene, na primer,

or maybe an entire bone.

ili čak i čitavu kost.

And so you have here a little example

I ovde imate jedan primer

of a small skull --

male lobanje -

what we call mini Yorick.

zovemo je mini Jorik.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

But you can do things like cups, for example,

Ali možete praviti stvari poput šolja, na primer,

and so, if you add a little bit of gold, if you add a little bit of semiconductors

i ako dodate malo zlata, ako dodate malo poluprovodnika

you could do sensors that stick on the surfaces of foods.

možete napraviti senzore koji stoje na površini hrane.

You can do electronic pieces

Možete praviti elektronske delove

that fold and wrap.

koji se savijaju i obmotavaju.

Or if you're fashion forward, some silk LED tattoos.

Ili ako volite modu, LED tetovaže.

So there's versatility, as you see,

Postoji različitost, kao što vidite,

in the material formats,

u materijalnim oblicima

that you can do with silk.

koje možete raditi sa svilom.

But there are still some unique traits.

Ali postoje i jedinstveni oblici.

I mean, why would you want to do all these things for real?

Mislim, zašto biste stvarno hteli da pravite ove stvari?

I mentioned it briefly at the beginning;

Pomenuo sam to kratko na početku;

the protein is biodegradable and biocompatible.

protein je biorazgradiv i kompatibilan sa prirodom.

And you see here a picture of a tissue section.

Ovde vidite delić tkiva.

And so what does that mean, that it's biodegradable and biocompatible?

I šta to znači, da je biorazgradiv i u skladu sa prirodom?

You can implant it in the body without needing to retrieve what is implanted.

Možete ga ugraditi u telo bez potrebe da ugrađeno izvadite.

Which means that all the devices that you've seen before and all the formats,

To znači da svi uređaji koje ste videli ranije i svi oblici,

in principle, can be implanted and disappear.

u principu mogu se ugraditi i nestati.

And what you see there in that tissue section,

I ono što vidite na ovom isečku tkiva,

in fact, is you see that reflector tape.

zapravo je reflektujuća traka.

So, much like you're seen at night by a car,

Dakle, slično onom što vidite noću u kolima,

then the idea is that you can see, if you illuminate tissue,

ideja je da onda možete videti, ako stavite svetlost u tkivo,

you can see deeper parts of tissue

možete videti dublje delove tkiva

because there is that reflective tape there that is made out of silk.

jer postoji ta reflektujuća traka napravljena od svile.

And you see there, it gets reintegrated in tissue.

I kako vidite, reintegriše se u tkivu.

And reintegration in the human body

A reintegracija u ljudskom telu

is not the only thing,

nije jedina stvar.

but reintegration in the environment is important.

Ali važna je reintegracija u prirodi.

So you have a clock, you have protein,

Imate vreme, protein,

and now a silk cup like this

i sada svilena šolja poput ove

can be thrown away without guilt --

može biti bačena bez osećaja krivice.

(Applause)

(aplauz)

unlike the polystyrene cups

Za razliku od polistirenih čaša

that unfortunately fill our landfills everyday.

koje nažalost ispunjavaju naša polja svaki dan.

It's edible,

Jestivo je,

so you can do smart packaging around food

možete pakovati hranu u to, tako da se

that you can cook with the food.

ona može kuvati sa hranom.

It doesn't taste good,

Nije ukusno,

so I'm going to need some help with that.

pa će mi biti potrebna pomoć oko toga.

But probably the most remarkable thing is that it comes full circle.

Ali verovatno najznačajnija stvar jeste što se pravi pun krug.

Silk, during its self-assembly process,

Svila se, tokom samo-okupljajućeg procesa,

acts like a cocoon for biological matter.

ponaša kao čaura iz bioloških razloga.

And so if you change the recipe,

I ako promenite recept,

and you add things when you pour --

i dodate stvari prilikom izlivanja -

so you add things to your liquid silk solution --

dakle dodate stvari u vašu tečnu soluciju svile -

where these things are enzymes

gde se ove stvari enzimišu

or antibodies or vaccines,

ili vakcinišu ili stvaraju antitela,

the self-assembly process

samo-okupljajući proces

preserves the biological function of these dopants.

čuva biološku funkciju ovih supstanci.

So it makes the materials environmentally active

I čini da materijali budu aktivni u okolini

and interactive.

i međusobno.

So that screw that you thought about beforehand

I tako onaj šraf o kojem ste ranije razmišljali

can actually be used

može biti iskorišćen

to screw a bone together -- a fractured bone together --

da spoji kost - polomljenu kost -

and deliver drugs at the same,

i ubacuje lek u isto vreme,

while your bone is healing, for example.

dok vaša kost zarasta, na primer.

Or you could put drugs in your wallet and not in your fridge.

Ili možete staviti lek u vaš novčanik a ne u vaš frižider.

So we've made a silk card

Napravili smo svilenu kartu

with penicillin in it.

sa penicilinom u njoj.

And we stored penicillin at 60 degrees C,

I pohranili smo ga na 60 stepeni C,

so 140 degrees Fahrenheit,

dakle 140 stepeni farenhajta,

for two months without loss of efficacy of the penicillin.

na dva meseca bez gubitka efikasnosti penicilina.

And so that could be ---

I to bi moglo biti -

(Applause)

(aplauz)

that could be potentially a good alternative

i to bi potencijalno mogla biti dobra alternativa

to solar powered refrigerated camels. (Laughter)

hladnim skladištenim pakovanjima.

And of course, there's no use in storage if you can't use [it].

I naravno, nema smisla imati skladište ako ga ne možete koristiti.

And so there is this other unique material trait

I postoji i to drugo jedinstveno svojstvo

that these materials have, that they're programmably degradable.

koje ovaj materijal ima, oni su programirani za razgradnju.

And so what you see there is the difference.

Tako da ovo što ovde vidite je drugačije.

In the top, you have a film that has been programmed not to degrade,

Na vrhu, imate film koji je programiran da se ne razgrađuje,

and in the bottom, a film that has been programmed to degrade in water.

a na dnu, film koji je programiran da se razgradi u vodi.

And what you see is that the film on the bottom

I to što vidite na ovom filmu na dnu

releases what is inside it.

otpušta ono što je unutra.

So it allows for the recovery of what we've stored before.

Dakle omogućava oporavak onoga što smo sačuvali ranije.

And so this allows for a controlled delivery of drugs

I to omogućava kontrolisan unos lekova

and for reintegration in the environment

i reintegraciju u okruženju

in all of these formats that you've seen.

svih ovih formata koje ste videli.

So the thread of discovery that we have really is a thread.

Dakle otkriće do kojeg smo došli je zapravo osobina.

We're impassioned with this idea that whatever you want to do,

Strastveni smo u vezi ideje da sve što želite da uradite,

whether you want to replace a vein or a bone,

bilo da je to zamena vene ili kosti,

or maybe be more sustainable in microelectronics,

ili da mikroelektonika bude više održiva,

perhaps drink a coffee in a cup

možda pijete kafu iz šolje

and throw it away without guilt,

i da je bacite bez griže savesti,

maybe carry your drugs in your pocket,

možda nosite svoje lekove u džepu,

deliver them inside your body

unesete ih u vaše telo

or deliver them across the desert,

ili prenesete preko pustoši,

the answer may be in a thread of silk.

odgovor može biti u svojstvima svile.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(aplauz)