Fiorenzo Omenetto: Silk, the ancient material of the future

41,306 views ใƒป 2011-05-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
00:17
I'm thrilled to be here.
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ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
00:19
I'm going to talk about a new, old material
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ-ื™ืฉืŸ
00:22
that still continues to amaze us,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•,
00:24
and that might impact the way we think
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ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•
00:26
about material science, high technology --
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ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช --
00:29
and maybe, along the way,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:31
also do some stuff for medicine and for global health and help reforestation.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
00:34
So that's kind of a bold statement.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื“ื™ ื ื•ืขื–ืช.
00:36
I'll tell you a little bit more.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:38
This material actually has some traits that make it seem almost too good to be true.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™.
00:41
It's sustainable; it's a sustainable material
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ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ื“; ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืžื™ื“
00:43
that is processed all in water and at room temperature --
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ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืจ --
00:45
and is biodegradable with a clock,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ืœื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื•ื“,
00:47
so you can watch it dissolve instantaneously in a glass of water
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื
00:50
or have it stable for years.
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
00:52
It's edible; it's implantable in the human body
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ื”ื•ื ืื›ื™ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื“ื
00:54
without causing any immune response.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
00:56
It actually gets reintegrated in the body.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:58
And it's technological,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:00
so it can do things like microelectronics,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
01:02
and maybe photonics do.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช.
01:04
And the material
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืจืื”
01:06
looks something like this.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
01:09
In fact, this material you see is clear and transparent.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ.
01:12
The components of this material are just water and protein.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื.
01:15
So this material is silk.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™.
01:18
So it's kind of different
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
01:20
from what we're used to thinking about silk.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื™.
01:22
So the question is, how do you reinvent something
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
01:24
that has been around for five millennia?
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ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ 5000 ืฉื ื”?
01:27
The process of discovery, generally, is inspired by nature.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:30
And so we marvel at silk worms --
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืื™ื ืžืชื•ืœืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ --
01:32
the silk worm you see here spinning its fiber.
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ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื”.
01:35
The silk worm does a remarkable thing:
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ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื:
01:37
it uses these two ingredients, protein and water,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื,
01:39
that are in its gland,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”,
01:41
to make a material that is exceptionally tough for protection --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ --
01:44
so comparable to technical fibers
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื• ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื
01:46
like Kevlar.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ืœืจ.
01:48
And so in the reverse engineering process
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ื›ืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื”ื•ืคืš
01:50
that we know about,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
01:52
and that we're familiar with,
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื•
01:54
for the textile industry,
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ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ,
01:56
the textile industry goes and unwinds the cocoon
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ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืงืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื
01:59
and then weaves glamorous things.
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื.
02:01
We want to know how you go from water and protein
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ
02:03
to this liquid Kevlar, to this natural Kevlar.
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ืœืงื•ื•ืœืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื–ื”, ืœืงื•ื•ืœืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื–ื”.
02:06
So the insight
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื
02:08
is how do you actually reverse engineer this
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:11
and go from cocoon to gland
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ืžืคืงืขืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื”
02:13
and get water and protein that is your starting material.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:16
And this is an insight
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื”
02:18
that came, about two decades ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
02:20
from a person that I'm very fortunate to work with,
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ืžืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื•,
02:24
David Kaplan.
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืงืคืœืŸ.
02:27
And so we get this starting material.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:29
And so this starting material is back to the basic building block.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
02:32
And then we use this to do a variety of things --
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื --
02:34
like, for example, this film.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื”.
02:36
And we take advantage of something that is very simple.
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ืื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:38
The recipe to make those films
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ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื”
02:40
is to take advantage of the fact
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:42
that proteins are extremely smart at what they do.
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ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
02:44
They find their way to self-assemble.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
02:46
So the recipe is simple: you take the silk solution, you pour it,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜: ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืžื™ืกืช ืžืฉื™, ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
02:49
and you wait for the protein to self-assemble.
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ื•ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฆืข ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
02:51
And then you detach the protein and you get this film,
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ื•ืื– ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:54
as the proteins find each other as the water evaporates.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืžืชืื“ื™ื.
02:57
But I mentioned that the film is also technological.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:59
And so what does that mean?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
03:01
It means that you can interface it
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
03:04
with some of the things that are typical of technology,
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ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:06
like microelectronics and nanoscale technology.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:09
And the image of the DVD here
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ
03:11
is just to illustrate a point
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ื‘ืื” ืจืง ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
03:13
that silk follows very subtle topographies of the surface,
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ืฉืžืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—,
03:17
which means that it can replicate features on the nanoscale.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
03:20
So it would be able to replicate the information
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ
03:22
that is on the DVD.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืขืœ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
03:25
And we can store information that's film with water and protein.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ.
03:28
So we tried something out, and we wrote a message in a piece of silk,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžืฉื™,
03:31
which is right here, and the message is over there.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
03:33
And much like in the DVD, you can read it out optically.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:36
And this requires a stable hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”,
03:38
so this is why I decided to do it onstage in front of a thousand people.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:42
So let me see.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื”.
03:44
So as you see the film go in transparently through there,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
03:46
and then ...
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ื•ืื–....
03:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:00
And the most remarkable feat
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ
04:02
is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉืืจื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
04:05
So once you have these attributes
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
04:08
of this material,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
04:10
then you can do a lot of things.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:12
It's actually not limited to films.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื.
04:14
And so the material can assume a lot of formats.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
04:17
And then you go a little crazy, and so you do various optical components
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ืื– ืžืฉืชื’ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:20
or you do microprism arrays,
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ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืคืจื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
04:22
like the reflective tape that you have on your running shoes.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ-ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื ืขืœื™-ืจื™ืฆื”.
04:24
Or you can do beautiful things
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื,
04:26
that, if the camera can capture, you can make.
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ืื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก,
04:28
You can add a third dimensionality to the film.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืฉื™ื›ื‘ื”.
04:31
And if the angle is right,
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ื•ืื ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ
04:33
you can actually see a hologram appear in this film of silk.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื•ื’ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื™ ื–ื•.
04:38
But you can do other things.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
04:40
You can imagine that then maybe you can use a pure protein to guide light,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื‘ ืื•ืจ,
04:42
and so we've made optical fibers.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:44
But silk is versatile and it goes beyond optics.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:47
And you can think of different formats.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:49
So for instance, if you're afraid of going to the doctor and getting stuck with a needle,
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ื˜,
04:52
we do microneedle arrays.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
04:54
What you see there on the screen is a human hair
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื–ื• ืฉื™ืขืจืช ืื“ื
04:56
superimposed on the needle that's made of silk --
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ --
04:58
just to give you a sense of size.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
05:00
You can do bigger things.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
05:02
You can do gears and nuts and bolts --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ื --
05:04
that you can buy at Whole Foods.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
05:07
And the gears work in water as well.
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ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
05:10
So you think of alternative mechanical parts.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:12
And maybe you can use that liquid Kevlar if you need something strong
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื•ืœืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืง
05:15
to replace peripheral veins, for example,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ืœื™-ื“ื ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื,
05:18
or maybe an entire bone.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืฆื ืฉืœืžื”.
05:20
And so you have here a little example
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ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื
05:22
of a small skull --
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืงื˜ื ื” --
05:24
what we call mini Yorick.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™-ื™ื•ืจื™ืง.
05:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:29
But you can do things like cups, for example,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืกื•ืช
05:32
and so, if you add a little bit of gold, if you add a little bit of semiconductors
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ื•ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืงืฆืช ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
05:35
you could do sensors that stick on the surfaces of foods.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:38
You can do electronic pieces
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”
05:40
that fold and wrap.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืœืคืฃ.
05:42
Or if you're fashion forward, some silk LED tattoos.
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืคื ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช-ืงืขืงืข ืžื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™.
05:45
So there's versatility, as you see,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื,
05:48
in the material formats,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
05:50
that you can do with silk.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™.
05:53
But there are still some unique traits.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
05:55
I mean, why would you want to do all these things for real?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ืืžืช?
05:58
I mentioned it briefly at the beginning;
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื”;
06:00
the protein is biodegradable and biocompatible.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืจื™ืงืžื” ื—ื™ื”.
06:02
And you see here a picture of a tissue section.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืจื™ืงืžื”.
06:05
And so what does that mean, that it's biodegradable and biocompatible?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื›ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืจื™ืงืžื” ื—ื™ื”?
06:08
You can implant it in the body without needing to retrieve what is implanted.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœ.
06:11
Which means that all the devices that you've seen before and all the formats,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื,
06:15
in principle, can be implanted and disappear.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•.
06:18
And what you see there in that tissue section,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืจื™ืงืžื”,
06:20
in fact, is you see that reflector tape.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ-ื”ืื•ืจ.
06:23
So, much like you're seen at night by a car,
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื™ืš ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:26
then the idea is that you can see, if you illuminate tissue,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงืžื”,
06:29
you can see deeper parts of tissue
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงืžื”
06:31
because there is that reflective tape there that is made out of silk.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ-ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื™.
06:33
And you see there, it gets reintegrated in tissue.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ืจื™ืงืžื”.
06:35
And reintegration in the human body
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ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื
06:37
is not the only thing,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
06:39
but reintegration in the environment is important.
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:42
So you have a clock, you have protein,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ,
06:44
and now a silk cup like this
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ื•ืก ืžืฉื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
06:46
can be thrown away without guilt --
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืœืœื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืžื”.
06:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:56
unlike the polystyrene cups
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
06:59
that unfortunately fill our landfills everyday.
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ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
07:02
It's edible,
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ื–ื” ืื›ื™ืœ,
07:04
so you can do smart packaging around food
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ
07:06
that you can cook with the food.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฉืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:08
It doesn't taste good,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืš,
07:10
so I'm going to need some help with that.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื–ื“ืงืง ืœืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื”.
07:12
But probably the most remarkable thing is that it comes full circle.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืกื’ืจ.
07:15
Silk, during its self-assembly process,
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ืžืฉื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
07:17
acts like a cocoon for biological matter.
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืœื™ืคืช-ื’ื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:19
And so if you change the recipe,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ,
07:21
and you add things when you pour --
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ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื --
07:23
so you add things to your liquid silk solution --
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ --
07:25
where these things are enzymes
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
07:27
or antibodies or vaccines,
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ืื• ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
07:30
the self-assembly process
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช
07:32
preserves the biological function of these dopants.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
07:35
So it makes the materials environmentally active
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ
07:38
and interactive.
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:40
So that screw that you thought about beforehand
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื’,
07:42
can actually be used
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
07:44
to screw a bone together -- a fractured bone together --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ ื•ืœืื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื -- ืขืฆื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” --
07:47
and deliver drugs at the same,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
07:49
while your bone is healing, for example.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆื ืžืชืจืคืืช.
07:52
Or you could put drugs in your wallet and not in your fridge.
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ืื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื ืง ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.
07:55
So we've made a silk card
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ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื™
07:58
with penicillin in it.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ.
08:00
And we stored penicillin at 60 degrees C,
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ื•ืื—ืกื ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-60 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
08:02
so 140 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ืฉื–ื” 140 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜,
08:04
for two months without loss of efficacy of the penicillin.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ.
08:07
And so that could be ---
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช --
08:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:13
that could be potentially a good alternative
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
08:15
to solar powered refrigerated camels. (Laughter)
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ืœื’ืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
08:18
And of course, there's no use in storage if you can't use [it].
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
08:21
And so there is this other unique material trait
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
08:25
that these materials have, that they're programmably degradable.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื•ืชื.
08:28
And so what you see there is the difference.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
08:30
In the top, you have a film that has been programmed not to degrade,
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ืœืžืขืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื ืœื”ืชื›ืœื•ืช,
08:33
and in the bottom, a film that has been programmed to degrade in water.
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ื•ืœืžื˜ื”, ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื.
08:36
And what you see is that the film on the bottom
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืœืžื˜ื”
08:38
releases what is inside it.
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
08:40
So it allows for the recovery of what we've stored before.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ื—ืกืŸ ืงื•ื“ื.
08:43
And so this allows for a controlled delivery of drugs
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
08:46
and for reintegration in the environment
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
08:49
in all of these formats that you've seen.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
08:51
So the thread of discovery that we have really is a thread.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื.
08:54
We're impassioned with this idea that whatever you want to do,
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ืื ื• ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
08:57
whether you want to replace a vein or a bone,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช-ื“ื ืื• ืขืฆื,
08:59
or maybe be more sustainable in microelectronics,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
09:02
perhaps drink a coffee in a cup
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”
09:04
and throw it away without guilt,
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ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœืœื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืžื”,
09:06
maybe carry your drugs in your pocket,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืก,
09:08
deliver them inside your body
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ืื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•
09:10
or deliver them across the desert,
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ืื• ืœืฉืœื—ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
09:12
the answer may be in a thread of silk.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™.
09:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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