Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

I'd like to show you a video of some of the models

Pokazaću vam video snimak pojedinih modela

I work with.

na kojima radim.

They're all the perfect size, and they don't have an ounce of fat.

Savršene su veličine i nemaju trunke sala.

Did I mention they're gorgeous?

Da li sam već spomenula da su savršeni?

And they're scientific models? (Laughs)

I da su to naučni modeli? (Smeh)

As you might have guessed, I'm a tissue engineer,

Verovatno ste već shvatili da se bavim inženjeringom tkiva,

and this is a video of some of the beating heart

a ovo je video snimak srca koje kuca,

that I've engineered in the lab.

proizvela sam ga u laboratoriji.

And one day we hope that these tissues

Nadamo se da ćemo jednog dana ova tkiva

can serve as replacement parts for the human body.

koristiti za zamenu organa u ljudskom telu.

But what I'm going to tell you about today

Danas ću vam objasniti zašto su ova tkiva

is how these tissues make awesome models.

odlični laboratorijski modeli.

Well, let's think about the drug screening process for a moment.

Hajde da porazmislimo o testiranju lekova.

You go from drug formulation, lab testing, animal testing,

Neophodno je da smislite lek, odradite testiranja u laboratoriji,

and then clinical trials, which you might call human testing,

testiranja na životinjama i kliničke studije, tj. testiranja na ljudima,

before the drugs get to market.

pre nego što lek izađe na tržište.

It costs a lot of money, a lot of time,

To zahteva mnogo novca i vremena

and sometimes, even when a drug hits the market,

i ponekad, tek kada lek izađe na tržište

it acts in an unpredictable way and actually hurts people.

uočimo mehanizam delovanja koji nije očekivan i šteti ljudima.

And the later it fails, the worse the consequences.

Što kasnije ustanovimo loše strane, veće su i posledice.

It all boils down to two issues. One, humans are not rats,

Sve se svodi na dva problema. Prvo, ljudi nisu pacovi

and two, despite our incredible similarities to one another,

i drugo, bez obzira na sve sličnosti među nama,

actually those tiny differences between you and I

baš te male razlike između vas i mene

have huge impacts with how we metabolize drugs

značajno utiču na način obrade leka

and how those drugs affect us.

i na to kako ti lekovi utiču na nas.

So what if we had better models in the lab

A ako bismo imali bolje modele u samoj laboratoriji

that could not only mimic us better than rats

koji bi nas predstavili bolje nego pacovi,

but also reflect our diversity?

kao i razlike među nama?

Let's see how we can do it with tissue engineering.

Hajde da vidimo kako se to može postići uz pomoć inženjeringa tkiva.

One of the key technologies that's really important

Jedna od ključnih tehnologija za to su

is what's called induced pluripotent stem cells.

takozvane indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije.

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

Nedavno su razvijene u Japanu.

Okay, induced pluripotent stem cells.

Znači, indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije.

They're a lot like embryonic stem cells

U mnogome podsećaju na embrionalne matične ćelije,

except without the controversy.

ali ih ne prate kontroverze.

We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells,

Indukujemo ćelije, na primer ćelije kože,

by adding a few genes to them, culturing them,

tako što im dodamo nekoliko gena, gajimo ih

and then harvesting them.

i potom ih sakupimo.

So they're skin cells that can be tricked,

Prosto možemo da prevarimo te ćelije kože

kind of like cellular amnesia, into an embryonic state.

da se vrate u embrionalno stanje, to je kao ćelijska amnezija.

So without the controversy, that's cool thing number one.

Dakle, ništa nije konroverzno, što je super stvar broj jedan.

Cool thing number two, you can grow any type of tissue

Super stvar broj dva, možete od njih uzgajati bilo koji

out of them: brain, heart, liver, you get the picture,

tip tkiva: mozak, srce, jetru ... shvatili ste već

but out of your cells.

i to sa vašim ćelijama.

So we can make a model of your heart, your brain

Tako da možemo da modeliramo vaše srce, vaš mozak

on a chip.

na čipu.

Generating tissues of predictable density and behavior

Pravljenje tkiva tačno određene gustine i ponašanja

is the second piece, and will be really key towards

je drugi deo slagalice. To će biti ključno za upotrebu

getting these models to be adopted for drug discovery.

ovih modela u procesu otkrivanja lekova.

And this is a schematic of a bioreactor we're developing in our lab

Ovo je shematski prikaz bioreaktora koji razvijamo u našoj laboratoriji,

to help engineer tissues in a more modular, scalable way.

a treba da nam pomogne da stvaramo tkiva na modularan i merljiv način.

Going forward, imagine a massively parallel version of this

Nadalje, zamislite sada masivnu, paralelnu verziju reaktora

with thousands of pieces of human tissue.

koji sadrži hiljade delova ljudskog tkiva.

It would be like having a clinical trial on a chip.

To bi bilo kliničko istraživanje na čipu.

But another thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells

Druga prednost indukovanih pluripotentnih matičnih ćelija

is that if we take some skin cells, let's say,

je u tome što ukoliko uzmemo ćelije kože od ljudi

from people with a genetic disease

koji boluju od određene genetičke bolesti

and we engineer tissues out of them,

i napravimo tkiva od njih,

we can actually use tissue-engineering techniques

onda možemo uz pomoć tehnika inženjeringa tkiva

to generate models of those diseases in the lab.

napraviti modele tih bolesti u laboratoriji.

Here's an example from Kevin Eggan's lab at Harvard.

Ovo je primer koji je razvila laboratorija Kevina Igana na Harvardu.

He generated neurons

Oni su proizveli neurone

from these induced pluripotent stem cells

od indukovanih pluripotentnih matičnih ćelija,

from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease,

od ćelija pacijenata koji pate od Lu Gerigove bolesti.

and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing

Dakle, ćelije su diferencirali u neurone i fantastično je to

is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.

što su ti neuroni takođe pokazivali simptome bolesti.

So with disease models like these, we can fight back

Dakle, uz pomoć takvih modela možemo se efikasnije boriti

faster than ever before and understand the disease better

nego ikada pre, možemo bolje razumeti bolesti

than ever before, and maybe discover drugs even faster.

nego ranije i možda možemo otkriti brže i same lekove.

This is another example of patient-specific stem cells

Ovo je takođe primer upotrebe matičnih ćelija pacijenata,

that were engineered from someone with retinitis pigmentosa.

a ćelije su izolovane iz osobe koja boluje od retinitis pigmentoze.

This is a degeneration of the retina.

Ovde se radi o propadanju retine.

It's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope

Članovi moje porodice pate od te bolesti i zaista se nadamo

that cells like these will help us find a cure.

da će nam ovakve ćelije pomoći da nađemo lek.

So some people think that these models sound well and good,

Neki ljudi misle da sve to dobro zvuči i da su modeli dobri,

but ask, "Well, are these really as good as the rat?"

ali se pitaju: "Da li su zaista dobri koliko i pacovi?"

The rat is an entire organism, after all,

Pacov je organizam, naposletku,

with interacting networks of organs.

tu postoji čitava mreža međusobno povezanih organa.

A drug for the heart can get metabolized in the liver,

U jetri se obrađuje lek koji deluje na srce

and some of the byproducts may be stored in the fat.

i pojedini sporedni proizvodi mogu biti uskladišteni u masnom tkivu.

Don't you miss all that with these tissue-engineered models?

Zar u radu sa tim napravljenim modelima ne propuštate te interakcije?

Well, this is another trend in the field.

To je drugi pravac razvoja ovog polja.

By combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics,

Naučnici to pokušavaju da uspostave

the field is actually evolving towards just that,

kombinujući inženjering tkiva i sistem mirkofluida.

a model of the entire ecosystem of the body,

Na taj način modeliramo čitav ekosistem tela,

complete with multiple organ systems to be able to test

povezani sistem brojnih organskih sistema, kako bismo

how a drug you might take for your blood pressure

mogli da testiramo način na koji lek koji utiče na krvni pritisak,

might affect your liver or an antidepressant might affect your heart.

može da utiče na vašu jetru ili kako antidepresivi utiču na vaše srce.

These systems are really hard to build, but we're just starting to be able to get there,

Nije lako uspostaviti te sisteme, ali sada smo na dobrom putu

and so, watch out.

da u tome uspemo, zato pratite novosti.

But that's not even all of it, because once a drug is approved,

To nije sve jer jednom kada dođe do odobrenja leka,

tissue engineering techniques can actually help us develop more personalized treatments.

tehnike inženjeringa tkiva mogu nam pomoći da razvijemo personalizovane tretmane.

This is an example that you might care about someday,

Možda ćete jednog dana razmišljati o ovom primeru,

and I hope you never do,

mada se nadam da se to neće desiti.

because imagine if you ever get that call

Zamislite da vas neko pozove

that gives you that bad news that you might have cancer.

i saopšti vam loše vesti da možda bolujete od raka.

Wouldn't you rather test to see if those cancer drugs

Zar ne biste pre proverili da li lekovi protiv raka

you're going to take are going to work on your cancer?

koji su vam prepisani zaista deluju efektivno na vas?

This is an example from Karen Burg's lab, where they're

Ovo je primer rada iz laboratorije Karen Burg,

using inkjet technologies to print breast cancer cells

oni se koriste tehnologijom štampanja kako bi odštampali

and study its progressions and treatments.

ćelije raka dojke i tako izučavali razvoj bolesti i njen tretman.

And some of our colleagues at Tufts are mixing models

Naše kolege na Tufts univerzitetu kombinuju modele

like these with tissue-engineered bone to see how cancer

kao što su modeli tkivnog inženjeringa, kako bi studirali

might spread from one part of the body to the next,

na koji način se ćelije raka šire od jednog organa u telu do drugog.

and you can imagine those kinds of multi-tissue chips

Možete zamisliti sledeća generacija ovog tipa izučavanja će se

to be the next generation of these kinds of studies.

zasnivati na čipovima koji oslikavaju mnogobrojna tkiva.

And so thinking about the models that we've just discussed,

Razmišljajući o modelima o kojima smo upravo pričali

you can see, going forward, that tissue engineering

možete uvideti da će u budućnosti inženjering tkiva

is actually poised to help revolutionize drug screening

sigurno dovesti do revolucije u procesu razvoja lekova

at every single step of the path:

na svakom pojedinačnom koraku na tom putu:

disease models making for better drug formulations,

modeli bolesti koji će omogućiti sintezu boljih lekova,

massively parallel human tissue models helping to revolutionize lab testing,

masivne, paralelne modele ljudskih tkiva koji će u laboratorijskom testiranju

reduce animal testing and human testing in clinical trials,

smanjjiti broj testiranja na životinjama i ljudima

and individualized therapies that disrupt

i razviće se terapije podešene prema pojedincu, koje utiču

what we even consider to be a market at all.

na ono što smatramo tržištem.

Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up that feedback

U suštini, značajno ubrzavamo taj međusobni odnos

between developing a molecule and learning about

između razvoja određenog molekula i saznanja

how it acts in the human body.

kako to utiče na ljudsko telo.

Our process for doing this is essentially transforming

Način na koji to činimo u prinicipu potpuno menja

biotechnology and pharmacology into an information technology,

biotehnologiju i farmakologiju u informacione tehnologije

helping us discover and evaluate drugs faster,

i pomaže nam da brže, jeftinije i efektivnije

more cheaply and more effectively.

otkrijemo i proučimo lekove.

It gives new meaning to models against animal testing, doesn't it?

Daje novo značanje modelima protiv testiranja na životinjama, zar ne?

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)