Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?

128,367 views ・ 2012-12-06

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Cheng An Yang 審譯者: Ho-chung Chou
00:16
I'd like to show you a video of some of the models
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我想讓大家看一段模特兒的影片
00:18
I work with.
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他們是我的工作夥伴
00:19
They're all the perfect size, and they don't have an ounce of fat.
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他們都有完美的身材,各個穠纖合度
00:23
Did I mention they're gorgeous?
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我有說過他們超美的嗎?
00:25
And they're scientific models? (Laughs)
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還有他們是科學模特兒嗎?(笑聲)
00:28
As you might have guessed, I'm a tissue engineer,
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你們可能會猜我是個組織工程學家吧
00:31
and this is a video of some of the beating heart
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然後這段影片是在拍攝跳動的心臟
00:33
that I've engineered in the lab.
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這是我在實驗室設計的
00:35
And one day we hope that these tissues
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我們希望有一天,這些組織
00:37
can serve as replacement parts for the human body.
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可以當作某些人體器官的替代品
00:40
But what I'm going to tell you about today
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但是我今天要跟大家說的
00:43
is how these tissues make awesome models.
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是為什麼這些組織能成為頂尖的模特兒(模型)
00:47
Well, let's think about the drug screening process for a moment.
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好,讓我們先來看看藥物檢驗的流程
00:50
You go from drug formulation, lab testing, animal testing,
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從藥物配方、實驗室測試、動物測試
00:53
and then clinical trials, which you might call human testing,
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到臨床測試,也可以稱之為人體實驗
00:55
before the drugs get to market.
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完成這些步驟才會上市
00:57
It costs a lot of money, a lot of time,
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這樣的流程很花錢,很費時
01:01
and sometimes, even when a drug hits the market,
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甚至有時候連已經上市的藥物
01:03
it acts in an unpredictable way and actually hurts people.
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都會讓人體產生無法預測的反應,造成實質的傷害
01:07
And the later it fails, the worse the consequences.
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而且問題發現得越晚,後果就會越嚴重
01:11
It all boils down to two issues. One, humans are not rats,
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我們將之簡化為兩個問題。第一,人類不是老鼠
01:16
and two, despite our incredible similarities to one another,
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第二,儘管人和人之間的差異微乎其微
01:20
actually those tiny differences between you and I
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但是我們之間這些微小的差異
01:22
have huge impacts with how we metabolize drugs
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卻讓我們代謝藥物的反應和藥效
01:25
and how those drugs affect us.
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有天壤之別
01:27
So what if we had better models in the lab
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所以,如果說我們的實驗室使用了更好的模型
01:29
that could not only mimic us better than rats
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而這些模型不單只是比老鼠更接近人類
01:33
but also reflect our diversity?
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還可以反映出人體的多元性呢?
01:37
Let's see how we can do it with tissue engineering.
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我們來看看,組織工程學能做些什麼
01:40
One of the key technologies that's really important
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其中一項至關重要的關鍵科技
01:43
is what's called induced pluripotent stem cells.
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我們稱之為"誘導性多功能幹細胞"
01:46
They were developed in Japan pretty recently.
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最近由日本發展出來的
01:49
Okay, induced pluripotent stem cells.
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好,誘導性多功能幹細胞
01:51
They're a lot like embryonic stem cells
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和胚胎幹細胞有許多相似之處
01:53
except without the controversy.
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只是沒有道德爭議性
01:56
We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells,
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我們誘導細胞生長,舉例來說,皮膚細胞
01:58
by adding a few genes to them, culturing them,
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的方式是植入微量的基因,培養它們
02:01
and then harvesting them.
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接著就可以採收
02:03
So they're skin cells that can be tricked,
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所以我們可以欺騙這些皮膚細胞
02:05
kind of like cellular amnesia, into an embryonic state.
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可以說是讓細胞罹患失憶症,讓他們變回胚胎模式
02:08
So without the controversy, that's cool thing number one.
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因此沒有道德爭議性,這是第一個好處
02:11
Cool thing number two, you can grow any type of tissue
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第二個好處是,你可以用它培養出任何的組織
02:13
out of them: brain, heart, liver, you get the picture,
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大腦、心臟、肝臟,你們都知道的
02:16
but out of your cells.
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都是出於自己的細胞
02:18
So we can make a model of your heart, your brain
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所以我們可以做出你的心臟,你的大腦的模版
02:22
on a chip.
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在晶片上
02:25
Generating tissues of predictable density and behavior
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培育出密度和行為模式可預測的組織
02:27
is the second piece, and will be really key towards
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是第二步驟,這個進展非常重要
02:30
getting these models to be adopted for drug discovery.
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使得這些模型能應用於藥物測試
02:33
And this is a schematic of a bioreactor we're developing in our lab
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這張圖是我們實驗室正在發展的生物反應器
02:36
to help engineer tissues in a more modular, scalable way.
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它能提高組織工程進行時的模式性和控制性
02:39
Going forward, imagine a massively parallel version of this
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未來,你們想像一下許多台這種儀器並聯在一起的樣子
02:43
with thousands of pieces of human tissue.
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裡面有數以千計的人類組織
02:45
It would be like having a clinical trial on a chip.
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就好像在晶片上面進行臨床試驗
02:49
But another thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells
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關於誘導性多功能幹細胞,還有另外一件事
02:53
is that if we take some skin cells, let's say,
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那就是如果我們採集了一些皮膚細胞,例如說
02:56
from people with a genetic disease
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從有遺傳性疾病的人身上
02:58
and we engineer tissues out of them,
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然後我們從中培育出一些組織
03:00
we can actually use tissue-engineering techniques
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我們可以實際利用組織工程的技術
03:02
to generate models of those diseases in the lab.
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在實驗室裡培育這些疾病的模型
03:05
Here's an example from Kevin Eggan's lab at Harvard.
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這個例子來自Kevin Eggin在哈佛的實驗室
03:09
He generated neurons
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他培養出神經元
03:11
from these induced pluripotent stem cells
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從誘導性多功能幹細胞中
03:14
from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease,
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樣本來自Lou Gehrig症 (肌肉萎縮性側索硬化症) 的病患
03:17
and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing
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他將它們分化成神經元,不可思議的是
03:19
is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.
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這些神經元也反應出該疾病的症狀
03:22
So with disease models like these, we can fight back
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所以有了這些疾病的模型,我們能以前所未有的速度
03:24
faster than ever before and understand the disease better
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反擊它們,還能以前所未有的角度
03:27
than ever before, and maybe discover drugs even faster.
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了解它們,甚至能加快藥物研發的腳步
03:31
This is another example of patient-specific stem cells
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這是另一個例子,這種遺傳性疾病幹細胞
03:34
that were engineered from someone with retinitis pigmentosa.
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培育自色素性視網膜炎的患者
03:38
This is a degeneration of the retina.
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這種病是視網膜的衰退
03:40
It's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope
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這是我們家族成員常罹患的疾病,我們真的很希望
03:43
that cells like these will help us find a cure.
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這類的幹細胞可以幫助我們找到解藥
03:45
So some people think that these models sound well and good,
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因此,有些人認為這些模型看起來完美無缺
03:48
but ask, "Well, are these really as good as the rat?"
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但是他們會問: "這些細胞真的跟小白鼠一樣好用嗎?"
03:51
The rat is an entire organism, after all,
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畢竟老鼠是完整的生物體
03:54
with interacting networks of organs.
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器官之間有完整的互動網路
03:56
A drug for the heart can get metabolized in the liver,
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用於心臟的藥會在肝臟代謝
04:00
and some of the byproducts may be stored in the fat.
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而且有些藥效副產品可能會儲存在脂肪
04:03
Don't you miss all that with these tissue-engineered models?
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這些效果在組織工程的模型上不是都看不出來嗎?
04:07
Well, this is another trend in the field.
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沒錯,這是這領域的另外一個研究趨勢
04:09
By combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics,
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將組織工程的技術與微流學結合在一起
04:12
the field is actually evolving towards just that,
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實際上,這個領域正朝這個方向發展
04:14
a model of the entire ecosystem of the body,
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人體全生態系統的模型
04:17
complete with multiple organ systems to be able to test
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必須包含複合的器官系統才得以測試
04:19
how a drug you might take for your blood pressure
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為了控制血壓而服用的藥物
04:21
might affect your liver or an antidepressant might affect your heart.
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可能會影響你的肝臟,服用抗憂鬱劑或許會影響你的心臟
04:24
These systems are really hard to build, but we're just starting to be able to get there,
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這些系統很難架構,但是我們開始著手進行了
04:28
and so, watch out.
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所以,等著看吧
04:32
But that's not even all of it, because once a drug is approved,
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但是這還不是全部,因為一旦藥物獲得許可
04:34
tissue engineering techniques can actually help us develop more personalized treatments.
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組織工程的技術真的能幫助我們 使療程更符合個人需求
04:38
This is an example that you might care about someday,
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未來的某天你可能需要了解這些相關資訊
04:42
and I hope you never do,
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但是我希望這一天永遠不會來
04:44
because imagine if you ever get that call
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因為你想像,自己可能接到了一通電話
04:46
that gives you that bad news that you might have cancer.
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帶來的是壞消息,你可能罹患癌症了
04:49
Wouldn't you rather test to see if those cancer drugs
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你難道不想先試用那些治療癌症的藥物
04:52
you're going to take are going to work on your cancer?
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看看那些藥是否真的可以對抗你的癌症嗎?
04:55
This is an example from Karen Burg's lab, where they're
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這是Karen Burg的實驗室的例子,他們那裏
04:57
using inkjet technologies to print breast cancer cells
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使用噴墨技術來標的乳癌細胞
05:00
and study its progressions and treatments.
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並研究細胞的發展及療效
05:03
And some of our colleagues at Tufts are mixing models
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我們Tufts有幾個同事正在結合不同模型
05:05
like these with tissue-engineered bone to see how cancer
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例如結合那些組織工程研發的骨頭,觀察癌症如何
05:08
might spread from one part of the body to the next,
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從身體這個區域擴散到下一個區域
05:11
and you can imagine those kinds of multi-tissue chips
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你可以想像一下,那些包含多種組織的晶片
05:13
to be the next generation of these kinds of studies.
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會在下個世代,成為這類研究的主流
05:16
And so thinking about the models that we've just discussed,
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所以,回想我們剛剛討論的這些模型
05:19
you can see, going forward, that tissue engineering
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你會發現,未來的組織工程學
05:21
is actually poised to help revolutionize drug screening
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有助於藥物檢驗,我們努力過程的每一步
05:23
at every single step of the path:
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都能使其產生突破性的變革
05:26
disease models making for better drug formulations,
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疾病模型可以製作出更好的藥物配方
05:28
massively parallel human tissue models helping to revolutionize lab testing,
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多樣而大量的人類組織模型 有助於實驗室測試的變革
05:32
reduce animal testing and human testing in clinical trials,
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減少動物臨床測試及人類臨床測試
05:36
and individualized therapies that disrupt
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使療程個人化,改變我們以往的想法
05:38
what we even consider to be a market at all.
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認為一套療程適用於所有人
05:42
Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up that feedback
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而我們實際的數據回饋 也以戲劇化的速度增加
05:44
between developing a molecule and learning about
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實驗內容是培養單一分子,並研究其
05:47
how it acts in the human body.
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在人體中的反應為何
05:49
Our process for doing this is essentially transforming
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我們的所作所為,其實就是
05:51
biotechnology and pharmacology into an information technology,
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將生物科技跟藥理學轉換成資訊科技
05:56
helping us discover and evaluate drugs faster,
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幫助我們加快藥物開發與評估的速度
05:59
more cheaply and more effectively.
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減少成本,提高效率
06:02
It gives new meaning to models against animal testing, doesn't it?
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比起動物試驗,這樣的作法更有意義,不是嗎?
06:06
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝大家 (鼓掌)
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