Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'd like to show you a video of some of the models

Voljela bih vam pokazati snimku nekih od modela

I work with.

s kojima radim.

They're all the perfect size, and they don't have an ounce of fat.

Svi su savršene veličine i nemaju ni trunke masti.

Did I mention they're gorgeous?

Jesam li spomenula da su prekrasni?

And they're scientific models? (Laughs)

I da su znanstveni modeli? (Smijeh)

As you might have guessed, I'm a tissue engineer,

Kao što ste mogli pretpostaviti, ja sam tkivni inženjer,

and this is a video of some of the beating heart

a ovo je snimka kucajućeg srca

that I've engineered in the lab.

koje sam projektirala u labosu.

And one day we hope that these tissues

Nadamo se da će jednog dana ova tkiva

can serve as replacement parts for the human body.

služiti kao zamjena za dijelove ljudskog tijela.

But what I'm going to tell you about today

Ono o čemu ću danas pričati

is how these tissues make awesome models.

je kako ova tkiva čine odlične modele.

Well, let's think about the drug screening process for a moment.

Dobro, razmislimo na trenutak o testiranju lijekova.

You go from drug formulation, lab testing, animal testing,

Krećemo od stvaranja lijeka, testiranja u labosu, testiranja na životinjama

and then clinical trials, which you might call human testing,

zatim klinička testiranja, koja možemo zvati testiranjem na ljudima,

before the drugs get to market.

prije nego što se lijek pusti u prodaju.

It costs a lot of money, a lot of time,

Sve to zahtijeva puno novaca i vremena,

and sometimes, even when a drug hits the market,

a ponekad, čak i kad lijek dođe na tržište,

it acts in an unpredictable way and actually hurts people.

ponaša se nepredvidivo i našteti ljudima.

And the later it fails, the worse the consequences.

Što kasnije zakaže, to su gore posljedice.

It all boils down to two issues. One, humans are not rats,

Sve se svodi na dva problema. Prvo, ljudi nisu štakori,

and two, despite our incredible similarities to one another,

i drugo, unatoč našim nevjerojatnim međusobnim sličnostima,

actually those tiny differences between you and I

zapravo one sitne razlike između vas i mene

have huge impacts with how we metabolize drugs

imaju ogroman utjecaj na način na koji metaboliziramo lijekove

and how those drugs affect us.

i kako ti lijekovi utječu na nas.

So what if we had better models in the lab

Stoga, što bi bilo kada bi imali bolje modele u labosu,

that could not only mimic us better than rats

koji ne samo da će nas bolje oponašati od štakora

but also reflect our diversity?

već odražavati naše različitosti.

Let's see how we can do it with tissue engineering.

Pogledajmo kako to možemo postići s tkivnim inženjerstvom.

One of the key technologies that's really important

Jedna od ključnih tehnologija koja je uistinu važna

is what's called induced pluripotent stem cells.

je nešto što se naziva inducirane pluripotentne matične stanice.

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

Razvijene su u Japanu, prilično nedavno.

Okay, induced pluripotent stem cells.

U redu, inducirane pluripotentne matične stanice.

They're a lot like embryonic stem cells

Vrlo su slične embrionalnim matičnim stanicama

except without the controversy.

osim što oko njih nema polemike.

We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells,

Induciramo stanice, u redu, recimo, stanice kože,

by adding a few genes to them, culturing them,

dodajući im par gena, uzgajamo ih,

and then harvesting them.

i onda ih pobiremo.

So they're skin cells that can be tricked,

Dakle, one su kožne stanice koje možemo prevariti

kind of like cellular amnesia, into an embryonic state.

u nešto poput stanične amnezije, u embrionalnom stanju.

So without the controversy, that's cool thing number one.

Stoga, bez diskusije, to je najzanimljivija stvar u vezi toga.

Cool thing number two, you can grow any type of tissue

Druga zanimljivost je ta da se iz njih mogu uzgajati sve vrste tkiva:

out of them: brain, heart, liver, you get the picture,

mozak, srce, jetra, razumijete,

but out of your cells.

ali od vaših stanica.

So we can make a model of your heart, your brain

Stoga, možemo napraviti model vašeg srca, mozga

on a chip.

na čipu.

Generating tissues of predictable density and behavior

Proizvodnja tkiva čija su gustoća i ponašanje predvidljivi

is the second piece, and will be really key towards

je drugi dio, i bit će zaista ključno za to

getting these models to be adopted for drug discovery.

da se usvoji korištenje ovih modela u otkrivanju lijekova.

And this is a schematic of a bioreactor we're developing in our lab

Ovo je shema bioreaktora kojeg smo razvili u labosu

to help engineer tissues in a more modular, scalable way.

kako bi pomogao u izradi tkiva na modularnije, skalarnije načine.

Going forward, imagine a massively parallel version of this

Zamislite, u budućnosti, masivnu paralelnu verziju ovoga

with thousands of pieces of human tissue.

s tisućama ljudskih tkiva.

It would be like having a clinical trial on a chip.

To bi bilo kao da imate klinička ispitivanja na čipu.

But another thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells

Druga stvar u vezi tih inducirnih pluripotentnih matičnih stanica

is that if we take some skin cells, let's say,

je ukoliko uzmemo neke kožne stanice, recimo,

from people with a genetic disease

od ljudi s genetskom bolesti

and we engineer tissues out of them,

i napravimo tkiva od njih,

we can actually use tissue-engineering techniques

možemo koristiti tkivne inženjerske tehnike

to generate models of those diseases in the lab.

kako bi napravili modele tih bolesti u labosu.

Here's an example from Kevin Eggan's lab at Harvard.

Ovdje imamo primjer iz labosa Kevina Eggana na Harvardu.

He generated neurons

On je proizveo neurone

from these induced pluripotent stem cells

od tih induciranih pluripotentnih matičnih stanica

from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease,

pacijenata koji imaju Lou Gehrigovu bolest,

and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing

te ih je diferencirao u neurone, i ono što je zapanjujuće

is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.

je to da su ti neuroni pokazivali znakove te bolesti.

So with disease models like these, we can fight back

Dakle s modelima bolesti kao što su ove, možemo uzvratiti udarac

faster than ever before and understand the disease better

brže nego što smo to ikad prije mogli i možemo bolje razumjeti bolest

than ever before, and maybe discover drugs even faster.

nego ikad prije, i možda otkriti lijek još brže.

This is another example of patient-specific stem cells

Ovo je još jedan primjer matičnih stanica specifčnog pacijenta

that were engineered from someone with retinitis pigmentosa.

koje su stvorene od nekoga tko boluje od retinitis pigmentoze.

This is a degeneration of the retina.

To je degenerativna bolest retine.

It's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope

To je bolest koja se javlja u mojoj obitelji, i stvaro se nadam

that cells like these will help us find a cure.

da će stanice poput ovih pomoći u pronalasku lijeka.

So some people think that these models sound well and good,

Neki ljudi misle da su ovi modeli odlična zamisao

but ask, "Well, are these really as good as the rat?"

ali pitaju: "Jesu li stvarno dobri poput štakora?"

The rat is an entire organism, after all,

Štakor je ipak cijeli organizam

with interacting networks of organs.

sa svim interakcijama organa.

A drug for the heart can get metabolized in the liver,

Lijek za srce se može metabolizirati u jetri,

and some of the byproducts may be stored in the fat.

i neki od nusprodukata se mogu pohraniti u masti.

Don't you miss all that with these tissue-engineered models?

Zar se sve to ne gubi s ovim modelom stvaranja tkiva?

Well, this is another trend in the field.

Ovo je drugi trend u ovom polju.

By combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics,

Kombiniranjem tehnike stvaranja tkiva s mikrofluidima,

the field is actually evolving towards just that,

polje zapravo napreduje upravo prema tome,

a model of the entire ecosystem of the body,

modelu cijelog ekosustava tijela,

complete with multiple organ systems to be able to test

potpunog sa raznim organskim sustavima da bi se testiralo

how a drug you might take for your blood pressure

kako lijekovi koje uzimate za krvni tlak

might affect your liver or an antidepressant might affect your heart.

možda utječu na vašu jetru ili antidepresivi na vaše srce.

These systems are really hard to build, but we're just starting to be able to get there,

Takve sustave je teško izgraditi, i tek krećemo prema tome,

and so, watch out.

zato, pazite se.

But that's not even all of it, because once a drug is approved,

Ali to nije sve, jer jednom kada je lijek odobren,

tissue engineering techniques can actually help us develop more personalized treatments.

tehnika razvoja tkiva može zapravo pomoći razviti osobniji tretman.

This is an example that you might care about someday,

Ovo je primjer onoga što bi vas zanimalo jednog dana,

and I hope you never do,

ali nadam se da neće,

because imagine if you ever get that call

jer zamislite ako dobijete taj poziv

that gives you that bad news that you might have cancer.

koji donosi lošu vijest da možda imate rak.

Wouldn't you rather test to see if those cancer drugs

Zar se ne bi ste radije testirali i vidjeli djeluju li ti lijekovi za rak

you're going to take are going to work on your cancer?

koje će te uzimati na vaš rak?

This is an example from Karen Burg's lab, where they're

Ovo je primjer iz labosa Karen Burg, gdje oni

using inkjet technologies to print breast cancer cells

koristeći se tehnologijom printanja printaju stanice raka dojke

and study its progressions and treatments.

i proučavaju njegov napredak i tretman.

And some of our colleagues at Tufts are mixing models

A neke od naših kolega na Turfu miješaju modele

like these with tissue-engineered bone to see how cancer

poput ovih sa stvorenim tkivom kosti i gledaju kako se rak

might spread from one part of the body to the next,

širi s jednog dijela tijela na drugi,

and you can imagine those kinds of multi-tissue chips

možete zamisliti čipove s različitim tkivima

to be the next generation of these kinds of studies.

kao sljedeću generaciju ovakvih studija.

And so thinking about the models that we've just discussed,

Razmislite o modelima koje smo upravo spomenuli,

you can see, going forward, that tissue engineering

vidite, napredujući, tkivni inženjirign

is actually poised to help revolutionize drug screening

bi mogao zapravo revolucionizirati razvoj lijekova

at every single step of the path:

u svakome koraku svoga puta:

disease models making for better drug formulations,

modeli bolesti pomažu u boljoj formulaciji lijekova,

massively parallel human tissue models helping to revolutionize lab testing,

masivni paralelni modeli ljudskih tkiva revolucionariziraju testiranje u labosima,

reduce animal testing and human testing in clinical trials,

smanjeno je testiranje na životinjama i kliničko testiranje na ljudima,

and individualized therapies that disrupt

i individualizirane terapije koje poništavaju

what we even consider to be a market at all.

ono što smo smatrali tržištem.

Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up that feedback

Zapravo, dramatično ubrzavamo povratnu informaciju

between developing a molecule and learning about

između razvoja molekule i proučavanja

how it acts in the human body.

kako djeluje na ljudsko tijelo.

Our process for doing this is essentially transforming

Napredak u tome je zapravo pretvorba

biotechnology and pharmacology into an information technology,

biotehnike i farmakologije u jednu informacijsku tehnologiju,

helping us discover and evaluate drugs faster,

pomažući nam razviti i procijeniti lijekove brže,

more cheaply and more effectively.

jeftinije i efikasnije.

It gives new meaning to models against animal testing, doesn't it?

dajući novo značenje modelima protiv testiranja na životinjama, zar ne?

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)