Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami

Prevodilac: Svjetlana Djajic Lektor: Mile Živković

The year is 1800.

Godina 1800.

A curious little invention is being talked about.

Priča se o zanimljivom malom pronalasku.

It's called a microscope.

Zove se mikroskop.

What it allows you to do

Dopušta vam

is see tiny little lifeforms

da vidite sitne oblike života

that are invisible to the naked eye.

koji su nevidljivi golom oku.

Soon comes the medical discovery

Uskoro dolazimo do medicinskog otkrića

that many of these lifeforms are actually causes

da su ovi oblici života zapravo uzrok

of terrible human diseases.

užasnih bolesti.

Imagine what happened to the society

Zamislite šta se dešava sa društvom

when they realized

kada shvate

that an English mom in her teacup

da engleska mama u svojoj šolji čaja

actually was drinking a monster soup,

zapravo pije čudovišnu supu,

not very far from here. This is from London.

nedaleko odavde. Ovo je iz Londona.

Fast forward 200 years.

Ubrzajmo za 200 godina.

We still have this monster soup around,

Još uvek imamo ovu čudovišnu supu,

and it's taken hold in the developing countries

i uzela je maha u zemljama u razvoju

around the tropical belt.

oko tropskog pojasa.

Just for malaria itself,

Samo od malarije

there are a million deaths a year,

umre milion ljudi godišnje,

and more than a billion people

i više od milijarde ljudi

potrebno je da se testira jer su izloženi riziku

that need to be tested because they are at risk

for different species of malarial infections.

različitih vrsta malarijskih infekcija.

Now it's actually very simple to put a face

Zapravo je vrlo jednostavno

to many of these monsters.

dati lice različitim čudovištima.

You take a stain, like acridine orange

Uzmimo mrlju, poput Akridin-oranža

or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,

ili flurescentnu mrlju ili Giemsa mrlju,

and a microscope, and you look at them.

i mikroskop, i gledate kroz njega.

They all have faces.

Sve mrlje imaju lica.

Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,

Zašto onda Aleks u Keniji,

Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,

Fatima u Bangladešu, Navdžut u Mumbaiju,

and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months

i Džuli i Meri u Ugandi čekaju mesecima

to be able to diagnose why they are sick?

da bi im se dijagnostikovao razlog bolesti?

And that's primarily because scalability

Pre svega jer je skalabilnost

of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.

dijagnoze van domašaja.

And remember that number: one billion.

I zapamtite taj broj: jedna milijarda.

The problem lies with the microscope itself.

Problem leži u samom mikroskopu.

Even though the pinnacle of modern science,

Iako su vrhunac moderne nauke,

research microscopes are not designed for field testing.

istraživački mikroskopi nisu dizajnirani za terensko testiranje.

Neither were they first designed

Niti su prvobitno dizajnirani

for diagnostics at all.

za dijagnozu uopšte.

They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,

Teški su, glomazni, komplikovani za održavanje,

and cost a lot of money.

i mnogo skupi.

This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s

Na slici je Mahatma Gandi u 40-ima

using the exact same setup that we actually use today

kako koristi istu postavku koju koristimo i mi danas

for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram

za dijagnostikovanje tuberkuloze u svom ašramu

in Sevagram in India.

u Sevegramu u Indiji.

Two of my students, Jim and James,

Moja dva studenta, Džim i Džejms,

traveled around India and Thailand,

putovali su Indijom i Tajlandom,

starting to think about this problem a lot.

razmišljajući mnogo o ovom problemu.

We saw all kinds of donated equipment.

Videli smo sve vrste donirane opreme.

We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.

Videli smo gljivice da se razvijaju na mikroskopskim sočivima.

And we saw people who had a functional microscope

A videli smo i ljude koji imaju upotrebljiv mikroskop,

but just didn't know how to even turn it on.

a ne znaju kako da ga koriste.

What grew out of that work and that trip

Iz tog posla i tog putovanja

was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.

izrodila se ideja o takozvanom Foldskopu.

So what is a Foldscope?

Pa šta je zapravo Foldskop?

A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,

Foldskop je potpuno upotrebljiv mikroskop,

a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,

platforma za fluorescentost, svetlo polje,

polarization, projection,

polarizacijsku, projekcijsku,

all kinds of advanced microscopy

sve vrste napredne mikroskopije

built purely by folding paper.

i napravljen je samo od savijenog papira.

So, now you think, how is that possible?

I sada, vi mislite, kako je to moguće?

I'm going to show you some examples here,

Pokazaću vam neke primere ovde,

and we will run through some of them.

i proći ćemo kroz njih nekoliko.

It starts with a single sheet of paper.

Započinjemo sa jednim listom papira.

What you see here is all the possible components

Ovde vidite sve potrebne komponente

to build a functional bright-field and fluorescence microscope.

da bi se izgradio upotrebljiv fluorescentni mikroskop sa svetlim poljem.

So, there are three stages:

Dakle, postoje tri dela:

There is the optical stage, the illumination stage

optički deo, illuminacijski deo

and the mask-holding stage.

i držač maske.

And there are micro optics at the bottom

I na dnu se nalazi mikrooptika,

that's actually embedded in the paper itself.

koja je zapravo ugrađena u papir.

What you do is, you take it on,

Prvo ga rascepate,

and just like you are playing like a toy,

kao da se igrate sa igračkom,

which it is,

što i jeste,

I tab it off,

rastavite,

and I break it off.

i prelomite.

This paper has no instructions and no languages.

Ovaj papir nema uputstva ni jezik.

There is a code, a color code embedded,

Samo kod, ugrađeni kod boja,

that tells you exactly how to fold that specific microscope.

koji vam govori kako tačno da presavijete mikroskop.

When it's done, it looks something like this,

Kad je završen, izgleda otprilike ovako,

has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,

ima sve funkcije standardnog mikroskopa,

just like an XY stage,

poput stolića mikroskopa,

a place where a sample slide could go,

mesto gde postavljamo uzorak,

for example right here.

na primer ovde.

We didn't want to change this,

Nismo hteli da menjamo ovo,

because this is the standard

jer je ovo standard

that's been optimized for over the years,

koji se koristi godinama

and many health workers are actually used to this.

i mnogi zdravstveni radnici su navikli na ovo.

So this is what changes,

Ovo je promenjeno,

but the standard stains all remain the same

ali standardna stakalca ostaju ista,

for many different diseases.

za različita oboljenja.

You pop this in.

Ugurate uzorak unutra.

There is an XY stage,

Ugrađen je stolić za stakalca,

and then there is a focusing stage,

i fokusni deo,

which is a flexure mechanism

koji je savitljivi mehanizam

that's built in paper itself that allows us to move

ugrađen u papir i dozvoljava nam

da fokusiramo sočiva mikro koracima.

and focus the lenses by micron steps.

So what's really interesting about this object,

Dakle kod ovog projekta je zapravo interesantno to,

and my students hate when I do this,

i moji studenti mrze kad ovo učinim,

but I'm going to do this anyway,

ali svejedno ću to uraditi,

is these are rugged devices.

to da su ovo robusni uređaji.

I can turn it on and throw it on the floor

Mogu da ga uključim i bacim na pod

and really try to stomp on it.

i da nagazim na njega.

And they last, even though they're designed

I potrajaće, iako su dizajnirani

from a very flexible material, like paper.

od veoma fleksibilnog materijala, poput papira.

Another fun fact is, this is what we actually

Još jedna zanimljiva činjenica, ovo zapravo šaljemo

send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,

kao standardni merni uređaj.

but here in this envelope

Ali ovde u ovoj koverti

I have 30 different foldscopes

imam 30 različitih foldskopa

of different configurations all in a single folder.

različitih konfiguracija, svi u jednoj koverti.

And I'm going to pick one randomly.

I izabraću jedan nasumično.

This one, it turns out, is actually designed

Ispostavlja se da je ovaj zapravo dizajniran

specifically for malaria,

samo za malariju,

because it has the fluorescent filters built

jer ima posebno ugrađene fluorescentne filtere

specifically for diagnosing malaria.

za dijagnostikovanje malarije.

So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes

Dakle, ideja o konkretnim dijagonstičkim mikroskopima

comes out of this.

dolazi od ovoga.

So up till now, you didn't actually see

Do sada, niste zapravo ni videli

what I would see from one of these setups.

šta ja vidim iz ovih postavki.

So what I would like to do is,

Dakle, hteo bih ovo da uradim,

if we could dim the lights, please,

ako možete da prigušite svetla, molim vas.

it turns out foldscopes are also projection microscopes.

Ispostavlja se da su foldskopi ujedno i projekcijski mikroskopi.

I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --

Uključiću ova dva mikroskopa -

go to the back of the wall --

idi do zida -

and just project, and this way you will see

i projektovati, na ovaj način ćete videti

exactly what I would see.

isto što i ja vidim.

What you're looking at --

Trenutno gledate u -

(Applause) —

(Aplauz)

This is a cross-section of a compound eye,

Ovo je presek složenog oka,

and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,

i kada približim, tačno ovde,

I am going through the z-axis.

prolazim kroz z-ose.

You actually see how the lenses are cut together

Zapravo vidite kako su sočiva isečena zajedno

in the cross-section pattern.

u presečenom šablonu.

Another example, one of my favorite insects,

Sledeći primer, jedan od mojih omiljenih insekata,

I love to hate this one,

uživam da ga mrzim,

is a mosquito,

je komarac,

and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.

i vidite antenu culex pipiens-a.

Right there.

Tačno ovde.

All from the simple setup that I actually described.

Sve to od jednostavne postavke koju sam prethodno opisao.

So my wife has been field testing

U poslednje vreme moja žena testira

some of our microscopes

neke od ovih mikroskopa

by washing my clothes whenever I forget them

perući ih sa mojom odećom kad god ih zaboravim

in the dryer.

u sušilici.

So it turns out they're waterproof, and --

Ispostavilo se da su vodootporni

(Laughter) —

right here is just fluorescent water,

i ovo je samo fluorescentna voda.

and I don't know if you can actually see this.

i ne znam da li zapravo vidite ovo.

This also shows you how the projection scope works.

Ovo takođe objašnjava kako projekcija funkcioniše.

You get to see the beam the way it's projected and bent.

Vidite snop svetlosti kako se projektuje i savija.

Can we get the lights back on again?

Uključite svetla ponovo, molim vas.

So I'm quickly going to show you,

Pokazaću vam na brzinu,

since I'm running out of time,

jer mi ponestaje vremena,

in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,

koliko nas zapravo košta proizvodnja.

the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,

Najbolja ideja je bila proizvodnja preko rolni,

so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.

tako da smo sagradili ovo od delova u vrednosti od 50 centi.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And what this allows us to do

I ovo nam dozvoljava da

is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,

razmišljamo o novim paradigmama u mikroskopiji,

which we call use-and-throw microscopy.

takozvanim iskoristivim mikroskopima.

I'm going to give you a quick snapshot

Daću vam kratak pregled

of some of the parts that go in.

delova koji idu u njega.

Here is a sheet of paper.

Ovo je list papira.

This is when we were thinking about the idea.

Dok smo još razmišljali o ideji.

This is an A4 sheet of paper.

Ovo je A4 list papira.

These are the three stages that you actually see.

Ovo su tri nivoa koja zapravo vidite.

And the optical components, if you look at the inset up on the right,

I optičke komponente, ako pogledate umetke u desnom gornjem delu.

we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses

Morali smo da smislimo način da proizvedemo sočiva

in paper itself at really high throughputs,

u samom papiru na visokim obrtajima

so it uses a process of self-assembly

tako da koristi proces samo-montaže

and surface tension

i površinskog napona

to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.

za izgradnju ahromatskih sočiva u samom papiru.

So that's where the lenses go.

Dakle, ovde idu sočiva.

There are some light sources.

Takođe postoje svetlosni izvori.

And essentially, in the end,

I u suštini, na kraju,

all the parts line up because of origami,

svi delovi se slože zahvaljujući origamiju,

because of the fact that origami allows us

zbog činjenice da origami dozvoljava

micron-scale precision of optical alignment.

mikroskopsku preciznost optičkog poravnanja.

So even though this looks like a simple toy,

Iako ovo izgleda kao jednostavna igračka,

the aspects of engineering that go in

inženjerski aspekti potrebni za ovako nešto

something like this are fairly sophisticated.

su prilično sofisticirani.

So here is another obvious thing that we would do,

Sledeći očigledan primer koji ću dati,

typically, if I was going to show

da bih pokazao

that these microscopes are robust,

da su ovi mikroskopi izdržljivi,

is go to the third floor and drop it from the floor itself.

popeću se na treći sprat i baciti ga na zemlju.

There it is, and it survives.

I preživeo je.

So for us, the next step actually

Dakle, za nas, sledeći korak je

is really finishing our field trials.

završetak terenskih ogleda.

We are starting at the end of the summer.

Počinjemo pred kraj leta.

We are at a stage where we'll be making thousands of microscopes.

Trenutno smo u fazi proizvodnje hiljade mikroskopa.

That would be the first time where we would be

To bi bio prvi put

da radimo terenske oglede sa najvećom gustinom

doing field trials with the highest density

of microscopes ever at a given place.

mikroskopa ikada na datom mestu.

We've started collecting data for malaria,

Počeli smo sa prikupljanjem informacija o malariji,

Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.

Čagas oboljenju i Giardia od samih pacijenata.

And I want to leave you with this picture.

Želim da vas ostavim sa ovom zamisli.

I had not anticipated this before,

Nisam ovo naslućivao do sada,

but a really interesting link

ali ovo je jako zanimljiva veza

between hands-on science education

između primenjenog obrazovanja

and global health.

i globalnog zdravlja.

What are the tools that we're actually providing

Koja su to sredstva koja obezbeđujemo

the kids who are going to fight

deci koja će se boriti

this monster soup for tomorrow?

sa ovom čudovišnom supom sutra?

I would love for them to be able to just print out

Voleo bih da imaju mogućnost da jednostavno odštampaju

a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.

foldskop i nose ga sa sobom u džepu.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)