Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami

Translator: Petra Aquamarine Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

The year is 1800.

Píše sa rok 1800.

A curious little invention is being talked about.

Hovorí sa o neobvyklom vynáleze.

It's called a microscope.

Volá sa to mikroskop.

What it allows you to do

Umožňuje vidieť

is see tiny little lifeforms

maličké formy života,

that are invisible to the naked eye.

ktoré nevidíme voľným okom.

Soon comes the medical discovery

Lekári čoskoro zisťujú,

that many of these lifeforms are actually causes

že mnohé z nich spôsobujú

of terrible human diseases.

hrozivé ľudské choroby.

Imagine what happened to the society

Predstavte si, čo sa v spoločnosti dialo,

when they realized

keď si uvedomili,

that an English mom in her teacup

že anglické žienky nepili čaj,

actually was drinking a monster soup,

ale koktejl plný príšer.

not very far from here. This is from London.

Obrázok je z Londýna, neďaleko odtiaľto.

Fast forward 200 years.

O 200 rokov neskôr.

We still have this monster soup around,

Príšerný koktejl je stále tu,

and it's taken hold in the developing countries

kraľuje v rozvojových krajinách

around the tropical belt.

tropického pásma.

Just for malaria itself,

Len samotná malária

there are a million deaths a year,

spôsobuje milión úmrtí ročne.

and more than a billion people

Viac ako miliarda ľudí

that need to be tested because they are at risk

je ohrozených rôznymi druhmi malárie

for different species of malarial infections.

a potrebuje prejsť testami.

Now it's actually very simple to put a face

Posvietiť si na tieto potvorky

to many of these monsters.

nie je vôbec také ťažké.

You take a stain, like acridine orange

Vezmete farbivo, arkidínovú oranž,

or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,

alebo fluorescentnú farbu či Giemsu

and a microscope, and you look at them.

a mikroskop a pozorujete.

They all have faces.

Každá má tváričku.

Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,

Prečo potom Alex z Kene,

Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,

Fatima z Bangladéša, Navjoot z Bombaja

and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months

a Julie a Mary z Ugandy čakajú celé mesiace,

to be able to diagnose why they are sick?

aby zistili, akú majú chorobu?

And that's primarily because scalability

Hlavne preto, že nikdy nebude dostatok

of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.

klasických diagnostických prístrojov.

And remember that number: one billion.

Pamätajte si ten počet: miliarda.

The problem lies with the microscope itself.

Problém spočíva v samotnom mikroskope.

Even though the pinnacle of modern science,

Vrchol modernej vedy, mikroskop,

research microscopes are not designed for field testing.

sa totiž nehodí na pozorovanie v teréne.

Neither were they first designed

Pôvodne nebol ani určený

for diagnostics at all.

na diagnostiku.

They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,

Je ťažký, veľký, ťažko sa udržiava

and cost a lot of money.

a je drahý.

This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s

Tu vidíte Mahátmú Gándího v 40. rokoch.

using the exact same setup that we actually use today

Pomocou rovnakého mikroskopu, aký používame aj dnes,

for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram

diagnostikuje tuberkulózu vo svojom ašrame

in Sevagram in India.

v indickom Sevagrame.

Two of my students, Jim and James,

Dvaja moji študenti, Jim a James,

traveled around India and Thailand,

precestovali Indiu a Thajsko

starting to think about this problem a lot.

a rozmýšľali nad týmto problémom.

We saw all kinds of donated equipment.

Videli sme všakovaké darované prístroje.

We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.

Na niektorých šošovkách rástli huby.

And we saw people who had a functional microscope

A niektorí ľudia nevedeli

but just didn't know how to even turn it on.

svoj funkčný mikroskop ani zapnúť.

What grew out of that work and that trip

Výsledkom tohto úsilia a cesty

was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.

bol nápad na vecičku, ktorú sme nazvali Foldscope.

So what is a Foldscope?

O čo ide?

A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,

Foldscope je kompletne funkčný mikroskop

a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,

s možnosťou fluorescencie, svetlého poľa,

polarization, projection,

polarizácie, projekcie,

all kinds of advanced microscopy

všetkých pokročilých funkcií

built purely by folding paper.

a skladá sa čisto z papiera.

So, now you think, how is that possible?

Asi ste zvedaví, ako je to možné.

I'm going to show you some examples here,

Ukážem vám pár príkladov

and we will run through some of them.

a niektoré si prejdeme.

It starts with a single sheet of paper.

Začína to jedným listom papiera.

What you see here is all the possible components

Sú tu všetky možné diely na poskladanie

to build a functional bright-field and fluorescence microscope.

funkčného fluorescenčného mikroskopu.

So, there are three stages:

Má to tri časti:

There is the optical stage, the illumination stage

Optiku, osvetlenie

and the mask-holding stage.

a clonu.

And there are micro optics at the bottom

Dole je mikro-optika,

that's actually embedded in the paper itself.

ktorá je vsadená priamo do papiera.

What you do is, you take it on,

Vy sa do toho pustíte

and just like you are playing like a toy,

a ako keby to bola hračka,

which it is,

čo vlastne aj je,

I tab it off,

vylomím

jednotlivé diely.

and I break it off.

This paper has no instructions and no languages.

Na papieri nie je návod v žiadnom jazyku.

There is a code, a color code embedded,

Je na ňom vytlačený farebný kód,

that tells you exactly how to fold that specific microscope.

podľa ktorého viete, ako zložiť ten-ktorý mikroskop.

When it's done, it looks something like this,

Hotový vyzerá nejako takto

has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,

a má všetky funkcie bežného mikroskopu.

just like an XY stage,

Napríklad krížový stolík,

a place where a sample slide could go,

kam sa vkladajú vzorky,

for example right here.

ten je tu.

We didn't want to change this,

Nechceli sme meniť formu vzorky,

because this is the standard

lebo toto je štandard,

that's been optimized for over the years,

optimalizovaný dlhé roky,

and many health workers are actually used to this.

a mnoho zdravotníkov je naň zvyknutých.

So this is what changes,

Toto je nové,

but the standard stains all remain the same

ale všetky klasické farbivá zostávajú

for many different diseases.

na mnoho rôznych chorôb.

You pop this in.

Vložíte vzorku,

There is an XY stage,

na krížovej rovine si ju nastavíte

and then there is a focusing stage,

a potom zaostrujete,

which is a flexure mechanism

pomocou ohýbacieho mechanizmu

that's built in paper itself that allows us to move

zabudovaného priamo do papiera,

má to mikrónovú presnosť.

and focus the lenses by micron steps.

So what's really interesting about this object,

Čo je na tejto vecičke fakt dobré

and my students hate when I do this,

a študenti neznášajú, keď to robím,

but I'm going to do this anyway,

ale urobím to aj tak,

is these are rugged devices.

je jej odolnosť.

I can turn it on and throw it on the floor

Môžem ju zapnúť, hodiť o zem

and really try to stomp on it.

a skúsiť rozdupať.

And they last, even though they're designed

Odolá aj napriek tomu, že je z takého

from a very flexible material, like paper.

ohybného materiálu, akým je papier.

Another fun fact is, this is what we actually

Tiež je sranda, že toto tam normálne

send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,

posielame ako štandardný diagnostický prístroj.

but here in this envelope

Ale v tejto obálke

I have 30 different foldscopes

mám 30 rôznych foldscopov

of different configurations all in a single folder.

na rôzne účely, všetky v jednom obale.

And I'm going to pick one randomly.

Náhodne jeden vyberiem.

This one, it turns out, is actually designed

Tento sme navrhli

specifically for malaria,

špecificky na maláriu,

because it has the fluorescent filters built

lebo sú v ňom fluorescenčné filtre

specifically for diagnosing malaria.

na diagnostikovanie malárie.

So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes

Preto máme špeciálne mikroskopy

comes out of this.

na jednotlivé choroby.

So up till now, you didn't actually see

Zatiaľ ste ešte nevideli,

what I would see from one of these setups.

čo sa dá v takomto mikroskope vidieť.

So what I would like to do is,

Rád by som vám niečo ukázal,

if we could dim the lights, please,

ak môžeme stlmiť svetlá, prosím.

it turns out foldscopes are also projection microscopes.

Pomocou foldscopu totiž dokážeme aj premietať.

I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --

Zapnem tieto dva mikroskopy,

go to the back of the wall --

podídem k stene

and just project, and this way you will see

a premietnem vám presne to,

exactly what I would see.

čo by človek videl v mikroskope.

What you're looking at --

Pozeráte sa na...

(Applause) —

(potlesk)

This is a cross-section of a compound eye,

Toto je priečny rez zloženého oka

and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,

a keď priblížim,

I am going through the z-axis.

prechádzam osou z,

You actually see how the lenses are cut together

vidíte aj to, ako sú šošovky spojené

in the cross-section pattern.

v priečnom reze.

Another example, one of my favorite insects,

Teraz vidíte môj obľúbený hmyz,

I love to hate this one,

ktorý rád nenávidím.

is a mosquito,

Komára.

and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.

Vidíte tykadlo komára piskľavého.

Right there.

Priamo tu.

All from the simple setup that I actually described.

Stačí na to zariadenie, čo som práve opísal.

So my wife has been field testing

Moja žena terénne testovala

some of our microscopes

niektoré naše mikroskopy tým,

by washing my clothes whenever I forget them

že ich vyprala vždy,

in the dryer.

keď som ich zabudol v sušičke.

So it turns out they're waterproof, and --

Ukázalo sa, že sú vodotesné,

(Laughter) —

(smiech)

right here is just fluorescent water,

a tu mám fluorescenčnú vodu,

and I don't know if you can actually see this.

neviem, či je to vidieť.

This also shows you how the projection scope works.

Je to tiež názorná ukážka projekčného mikroskopu.

You get to see the beam the way it's projected and bent.

Vidíte, ako sa lúč svetla ohýba a premieta.

Can we get the lights back on again?

Možeme zasa zažnúť?

So I'm quickly going to show you,

Teraz vám v rýchlosti poviem,

since I'm running out of time,

lebo mi dochádza čas,

in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,

koľko nás stojí ich výroba.

the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,

Vyrábame metódou roll-to-roll,

so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.

čiže na diely a výdavky minieme len 50 centov.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

And what this allows us to do

Vďaka čomu môžeme uvažovať

is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,

o novej paradigme v mikroskopii,

which we call use-and-throw microscopy.

voláme ju „použi a vyhoď“.

I'm going to give you a quick snapshot

Rýchlo vám predvediem

of some of the parts that go in.

niektoré z použitých častí.

Here is a sheet of paper.

Vidíte list papiera

This is when we were thinking about the idea.

a ako sme uvažovali nad novým nápadom.

This is an A4 sheet of paper.

Papier má rozmery A4.

These are the three stages that you actually see.

Tu sú tie tri časti, čo som spomínal.

And the optical components, if you look at the inset up on the right,

Optické komponenty sú tu vpravo hore,

we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses

potrebovali sme vymyslieť, ako vyrobiť šošovky

in paper itself at really high throughputs,

vložené do papiera pri vysokej výrobnej kapacite.

so it uses a process of self-assembly

Využívame proces samousporiadania

and surface tension

a povrchové napätie

to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.

na výrobu achromatických šošoviek priamo v papieri.

So that's where the lenses go.

Sem idú šošovky.

There are some light sources.

Tu sú zdroje svetla.

And essentially, in the end,

Nakoniec všetky časti

all the parts line up because of origami,

v zásade zapadnú do seba ako origami.

because of the fact that origami allows us

Pretože toto origami nám umožňuje

micron-scale precision of optical alignment.

na mikrometer presné optické vyladenie.

So even though this looks like a simple toy,

Vyzerá to síce ako obyčajná hračka,

the aspects of engineering that go in

ale na takéto niečo potrebujete

something like this are fairly sophisticated.

vyspelé technológie.

So here is another obvious thing that we would do,

Ďalšia vec, čo sme samozrejme vyskúšali

typically, if I was going to show

na dôkaz,

that these microscopes are robust,

že náš mikroskop je odolný,

is go to the third floor and drop it from the floor itself.

bolo vyjsť na 3. poschodie a hodiť ho dolu.

There it is, and it survives.

Tu je a prežil.

So for us, the next step actually

Naším ďalším cieľom

is really finishing our field trials.

je dokončiť terénne testovanie.

We are starting at the end of the summer.

Začíname koncom leta.

We are at a stage where we'll be making thousands of microscopes.

Čoskoro vyrobíme tisíce mikroskopov.

That would be the first time where we would be

Bude to prvý z našich terénnych testov

doing field trials with the highest density

s rekordnou hustotou mikroskopov

of microscopes ever at a given place.

na danom mieste.

We've started collecting data for malaria,

Začali sme zbierať dáta o malárii,

Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.

Chagasovej chorobe a giardióze od samotných pacientov.

And I want to leave you with this picture.

Zakončím to týmto obrázkom.

I had not anticipated this before,

Predtým mi to nenapadlo,

but a really interesting link

ale je tu zaujímavá spojitosť

between hands-on science education

medzi praktickým vzdelávaním

and global health.

a svetovým zdravím.

What are the tools that we're actually providing

Aké nástroje vlastne poskytujeme?

the kids who are going to fight

Deti, ktoré budú bojovať

this monster soup for tomorrow?

proti tomu koktejlu príšer v budúcnosti.

I would love for them to be able to just print out

Veľmi by som si prial, aby si mohli proste vytlačiť

a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.

Foldscope a nosiť ho so sebou vo vrecku.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(Applause)

(potlesk)