Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami

838,218 views ใƒป 2014-03-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
The year is 1800.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1800.
00:15
A curious little invention is being talked about.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
00:18
It's called a microscope.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
00:21
What it allows you to do
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช
00:22
is see tiny little lifeforms
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
00:25
that are invisible to the naked eye.
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ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
00:28
Soon comes the medical discovery
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ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
00:30
that many of these lifeforms are actually causes
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ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื
00:33
of terrible human diseases.
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื.
00:35
Imagine what happened to the society
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
00:38
when they realized
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืœื™ื
00:40
that an English mom in her teacup
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ืฉืืžื ืื ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืชืชื” ืžืกืคืœ ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื”
00:43
actually was drinking a monster soup,
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ืžืจืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช,
00:46
not very far from here. This is from London.
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ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:49
Fast forward 200 years.
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ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” 200 ืฉื ื”.
00:52
We still have this monster soup around,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืจืง ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช,
00:54
and it's taken hold in the developing countries
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
00:57
around the tropical belt.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
00:59
Just for malaria itself,
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
01:02
there are a million deaths a year,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
01:04
and more than a billion people
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื”
01:06
that need to be tested because they are at risk
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ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:08
for different species of malarial infections.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
01:12
Now it's actually very simple to put a face
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
01:14
to many of these monsters.
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:16
You take a stain, like acridine orange
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื,
01:19
or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,
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ืื• ื”ื›ืชืžืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืฆื ื˜ ืื• ื’'ื™ืžืกื”,
01:21
and a microscope, and you look at them.
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ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
01:24
They all have faces.
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ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช.
01:27
Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืืœื›ืก ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
01:29
Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,
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ืคืื˜ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ, ื ืื•ื•ื’'ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™,
01:32
and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months
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ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
01:36
to be able to diagnose why they are sick?
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ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ืœืชื?
01:39
And that's primarily because scalability
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ
01:42
of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.
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ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’-ื™ื“.
01:45
And remember that number: one billion.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ: 1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
01:49
The problem lies with the microscope itself.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืขืฆืžื•.
01:53
Even though the pinnacle of modern science,
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
01:56
research microscopes are not designed for field testing.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื—.
01:59
Neither were they first designed
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ื”ื ืืฃ ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
02:00
for diagnostics at all.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:03
They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืงืฉื” ืœืชื—ื–ืงื,
02:06
and cost a lot of money.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
02:08
This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
02:12
using the exact same setup that we actually use today
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
02:15
for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram
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ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืคืช ื‘ืืฉืจื ืฉืœื•
02:18
in Sevagram in India.
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ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื’ืจื ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:20
Two of my students, Jim and James,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื™ื ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก,
02:23
traveled around India and Thailand,
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ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืชืื™ืœื ื“,
02:26
starting to think about this problem a lot.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:28
We saw all kinds of donated equipment.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉื ืชืจื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
02:30
We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
02:33
And we saw people who had a functional microscope
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
02:36
but just didn't know how to even turn it on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื•.
02:39
What grew out of that work and that trip
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืžื— ืžืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืข
02:41
was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• 'ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืชืงืคืœ'.
02:45
So what is a Foldscope?
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ืžื”ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืชืงืคืœ?
02:47
A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:50
a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ืชืื•ืจื”, ืฉื“ื”-ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
02:53
polarization, projection,
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ืžืงื˜ื‘, ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ
02:55
all kinds of advanced microscopy
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”
02:58
built purely by folding paper.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
03:01
So, now you think, how is that possible?
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ื›ืขืช ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™?
03:04
I'm going to show you some examples here,
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
03:06
and we will run through some of them.
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ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
03:07
It starts with a single sheet of paper.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
03:11
What you see here is all the possible components
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
03:15
to build a functional bright-field and fluorescence microscope.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉื“ื”-ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:19
So, there are three stages:
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื:
03:21
There is the optical stage, the illumination stage
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™, ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ืืจื”
03:24
and the mask-holding stage.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช.
03:26
And there are micro optics at the bottom
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
03:28
that's actually embedded in the paper itself.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:31
What you do is, you take it on,
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
03:33
and just like you are playing like a toy,
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ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืข,
03:36
which it is,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื–ื”,
03:40
I tab it off,
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
03:47
and I break it off.
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ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:49
This paper has no instructions and no languages.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
03:51
There is a code, a color code embedded,
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื“, ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
03:54
that tells you exactly how to fold that specific microscope.
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ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงืคืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
03:58
When it's done, it looks something like this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš,
04:01
has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:04
just like an XY stage,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช,
04:06
a place where a sample slide could go,
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช,
04:10
for example right here.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
04:13
We didn't want to change this,
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:14
because this is the standard
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ
04:15
that's been optimized for over the years,
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ืชื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
04:17
and many health workers are actually used to this.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”.
04:20
So this is what changes,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”,
04:21
but the standard stains all remain the same
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื›ืชืžื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื
04:24
for many different diseases.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:25
You pop this in.
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ืžืฉื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”.
04:28
There is an XY stage,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
04:32
and then there is a focusing stage,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“,
04:34
which is a flexure mechanism
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ
04:36
that's built in paper itself that allows us to move
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ื•ืข
04:39
and focus the lenses by micron steps.
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ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:42
So what's really interesting about this object,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:44
and my students hate when I do this,
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ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
04:46
but I'm going to do this anyway,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
04:47
is these are rugged devices.
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ืืœื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืžื˜.
04:49
I can turn it on and throw it on the floor
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆืคื”
04:54
and really try to stomp on it.
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ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:57
And they last, even though they're designed
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“,
04:59
from a very flexible material, like paper.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื™ืจ.
05:03
Another fun fact is, this is what we actually
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ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืขืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื•
05:06
send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
05:10
but here in this envelope
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื–ื•
05:11
I have 30 different foldscopes
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ื™ืฉื ื 30 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:14
of different configurations all in a single folder.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืขื˜ืคื”.
05:20
And I'm going to pick one randomly.
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ืื‘ื—ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
05:21
This one, it turns out, is actually designed
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ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ
05:23
specifically for malaria,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
05:25
because it has the fluorescent filters built
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืžืกื ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื•
05:27
specifically for diagnosing malaria.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:29
So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:33
comes out of this.
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื”.
05:35
So up till now, you didn't actually see
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืจืื™ืชื
05:38
what I would see from one of these setups.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:41
So what I would like to do is,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
05:43
if we could dim the lights, please,
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืžืขื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”,
05:44
it turns out foldscopes are also projection microscopes.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื.
05:48
I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืืคืขื™ืœ --
05:50
go to the back of the wall --
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ืืœืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ืจ --
05:52
and just project, and this way you will see
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ื•ืืงืจื™ืŸ, ื›ื›ื” ืชืจืื•
05:54
exactly what I would see.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”.
05:56
What you're looking at --
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ --
05:58
(Applause) โ€”
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:00
This is a cross-section of a compound eye,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ-ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
06:03
and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”,
06:05
I am going through the z-axis.
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ืื ื™ ื ืข ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”-Z.
06:07
You actually see how the lenses are cut together
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ืชื•ื›ื•ืช
06:10
in the cross-section pattern.
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ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘.
06:12
Another example, one of my favorite insects,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™,
06:15
I love to hate this one,
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ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ื ืื•ืชื•,
06:17
is a mosquito,
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ื™ืชื•ืฉ,
06:18
and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื›ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื” (ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™).
06:22
Right there.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:26
All from the simple setup that I actually described.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™.
06:30
So my wife has been field testing
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ืื™ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
06:31
some of our microscopes
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:33
by washing my clothes whenever I forget them
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
06:36
in the dryer.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ื›ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ.
06:38
So it turns out they're waterproof, and --
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ืื– ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
06:41
(Laughter) โ€”
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:43
right here is just fluorescent water,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื,
06:45
and I don't know if you can actually see this.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:47
This also shows you how the projection scope works.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:49
You get to see the beam the way it's projected and bent.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคืช.
06:56
Can we get the lights back on again?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช?
06:59
So I'm quickly going to show you,
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
07:00
since I'm running out of time,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื™,
07:02
in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ.
07:05
the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜,
07:08
so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 50 ืกื ื˜.
07:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:14
And what this allows us to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื
07:16
is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
07:18
which we call use-and-throw microscopy.
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ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ-ื•ื–ืจื•ืง.
07:20
I'm going to give you a quick snapshot
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™-ื‘ื–ืง
07:22
of some of the parts that go in.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช.
07:24
Here is a sheet of paper.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
07:26
This is when we were thinking about the idea.
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
07:28
This is an A4 sheet of paper.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื™ืจ A4.
07:29
These are the three stages that you actually see.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
07:31
And the optical components, if you look at the inset up on the right,
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
07:35
we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช
07:37
in paper itself at really high throughputs,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
07:39
so it uses a process of self-assembly
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
07:41
and surface tension
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ื•ืžืชื— ืคื ื™ื
07:42
to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
07:46
So that's where the lenses go.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
07:47
There are some light sources.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
07:49
And essentially, in the end,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
07:50
all the parts line up because of origami,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ,
07:53
because of the fact that origami allows us
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื•
07:57
micron-scale precision of optical alignment.
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ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื.
08:00
So even though this looks like a simple toy,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜,
08:02
the aspects of engineering that go in
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื
08:04
something like this are fairly sophisticated.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
08:07
So here is another obvious thing that we would do,
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:10
typically, if I was going to show
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
08:12
that these microscopes are robust,
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:13
is go to the third floor and drop it from the floor itself.
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ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื ืžืฉื.
08:17
There it is, and it survives.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“.
08:20
So for us, the next step actually
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœืกื™ื™ื
08:23
is really finishing our field trials.
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ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
08:24
We are starting at the end of the summer.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
08:27
We are at a stage where we'll be making thousands of microscopes.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
08:29
That would be the first time where we would be
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืฆืข
08:32
doing field trials with the highest density
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
08:34
of microscopes ever at a given place.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื™-ืคืขื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
08:36
We've started collecting data for malaria,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
08:38
Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.
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ืžื—ืœืช ืฆ'ื’ืก ื•ื’'ื™ืืจื“ื™ื”, ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
08:42
And I want to leave you with this picture.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•.
08:44
I had not anticipated this before,
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ืœื ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™,
08:46
but a really interesting link
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ
08:48
between hands-on science education
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืžื“ืขื™ื
08:50
and global health.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
08:51
What are the tools that we're actually providing
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ืžื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:54
the kids who are going to fight
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ืฉื™ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื—ืจ
08:56
this monster soup for tomorrow?
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ืขื ืžืจืง ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช?
08:58
I would love for them to be able to just print out
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจื
09:00
a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค-ืžืชืงืคืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:02
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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