Heribert Watzke: The brain in your gut

Prevodilac: Jana Kobal Lektor: Ivana Korom

This technology

Ova tehnologija

made a very important impact on us.

je veoma uticala na nas.

It changed the way our history developed.

Promenila je način na koji se naša istorija razvijala.

But it's a technology so pervasive,

Ali ta tehnologija je toliko prožimajuća,

so invisible,

tako nevidljiva,

that we, for a long time,

da je dugo vremena

forgot to take it into account

nismo uzimali u obzir

when we talked about

kada smo govorili

human evolution.

o ljudskoj evoluciji.

But we see the results of this technology, still.

Međutim, i dalje vidimo rezultate ove tehnologije.

So let's make a little test.

Hajde da uradimo mali test.

So everyone of you turns to their neighbor please.

Zamolio bih da se svako od vas okrene ka svom susedu.

Turn and face your neighbors.

Okrenite se i suočite sa svojim susedom.

Please, also on the balcony.

Molim vas, i vi na balkonu.

Smile. Smile. Open the mouths.

Nasmešite se. Nasmešite se. Otvorite usta.

Smile, friendly.

Nasmešite se, prijateljski.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Do you --

Da li -

Do you see any Canine teeth?

Da li vidite očnjake?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Count Dracula teeth

Zube kao kod grofa Drakule

in the mouths of your neighbors?

u ustima vašeg suseda?

Of course not.

Naravno da ne.

Because our dental anatomy

Zato što je naša dentalna anatomija

is actually made,

zapravo namenjena

not for tearing down raw meat from bones

ne kidanju sirovog mesa sa kostiju

or chewing fibrous leaves for hours.

ili žvakanju vlaknastog lišća satima.

It is made for a diet

Napravljena je za ishranu

which is soft, mushy,

koja je meka, kašasta,

which is reduced in fibers,

sa manje vlakana,

which is very easily chewable

može se veoma lako sažvakati

and digestible.

i variti.

Sounds like fast food, doesn't it.

Zvuči kao brza hrana, zar ne?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's for cooked food.

Namenjena je kuvanoj hrani.

We carry in our face the proof

Na našem licu nosimo dokaz

that cooking,

da nas je kuvanje,

food transformation,

transformacija hrane,

made us what we are.

načinilo onim što smo.

So I would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves.

Predložio bih da promenimo način na koji se klasifikujemo.

We talk about ourselves as omnivores.

Govorimo o sebi kao o svaštojedima.

I would say, we should call ourselves coctivors --

Pre bih rekao da bi trebalo da se nazovemo koktivorima -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

from coquere, to cook.

od reči "coquere", što znači kuvati.

We are the animals

Mi smo životinje

who eat cooked food.

koje jedu kuvanu hranu.

No, no, no, no. Better --

Ne, ne, ne. Bolje -

to live of cooked food.

žive od kuvane hrane.

So cooking is a very important technology.

Kuvanje je veoma važna tehnologija.

It's technology.

To je tehnologija.

I don't know how you feel,

Ne znam kako se vi osećate,

but I like to cook for entertainment.

ali ja volim da kuvam radi zabave.

And you need some design

Treba vam neki dizajn

to be successful.

da biste bili uspešni.

So, cooking is a very important technology,

Dakle, kuvanje je veoma važna tehnologija,

because it allowed us to acquire

jer nam je omogućila da dobijemo ono

what brought you all here:

što vas je sve ovde dovelo:

the big brain,

veliki mozak,

this wonderful cerebral cortex we have.

tu divnu moždanu koru koji imamo.

Because brains are expensive.

Jer mozgovi su skupi.

Those have to pay tuition fees know.

Oni koji moraju da plaćaju školarinu, znaju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But it's also, metabolically speaking, expensive.

Ali su i, metabolički govoreći, skupi.

You now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass,

Znate, naš mozak je dva ili tri procenta telesne mase,

but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use.

ali zapravo koristi 25 procenata ukupne energije koju potrošimo.

It's very expensive.

To je veoma skupo.

Where does the energy come from. Of course, from food.

Odakle dolazi energija? Naravno iz hrane.

If we eat raw food,

Ako jedemo sirovu hranu,

we cannot release really the energy.

ne možemo zapravo da oslobodimo energiju.

So this ingenuity of our ancestors,

To je genijalnost naših predaka,

to invent this most marvelous technology.

da izmisle tu krajnje veličanstvenu tehnologiju.

Invisible -- everyone of us does it every day, so to speak.

Nevidljivu - svako od nas je koristi svaki dan, da tako kažemo.

Cooking made it possible

Kuvanje je omogućilo,

that mutations,

da nas mutacije,

natural selections, our environment,

prirodni odabir, naša okolina

could develop us.

razviju.

So if we think about

Ako razmislimo o ovom

this unleashing human potential,

oslobođenom ljudskom potencijalu,

which was possible by cooking and food,

koji je bio moguć zahvaljujući kuvanju i hrani,

why do we talk so badly about food?

zašto pričamo loše stvari o hrani?

Why is it always do and don'ts

Zašto je tu uvek šta sme, a šta ne

and it's good for you, it's not good for you?

i to je dobro za tebe, to nije dobro?

I think the good news for me

Mislim da bi za mene bila dobra vest

would be if we could go back

ako bismo mogli da se vratimo unazad

and talk about the unleashing,

i govorimo o oslobađanju,

the continuation of the unleashing of human potential.

o nastavku oslobađanja ljudskog potencijala.

Now, cooking allowed also

Pored toga, kuvanje nam je omogućilo

that we became a migrant species.

da postanemo vrsta koja se seli.

We walked out of Africa two times.

Dva puta smo odlazili iz Afrike.

We populated all the ecologies.

Naselili smo sve ekologije.

If you can cook, nothing can happen to you,

Ako umeš da kuvaš, ništa ti se neće desiti,

because whatever you find,

jer šta god da nađeš,

you will try to transform it.

pokušaćeš da transformišeš.

It keeps also your brain working.

To takođe održava tvoj mozak u radnom stanju.

Now the very easy and simple technology

Veoma laka i jednostavna tehnologija

which was developed

koja je razvijena

actually runs after this formula.

zapravo funkcioniše po ovoj formuli.

Take something which looks like food, transform it,

Uzmi nešto što liči na hranu, transformiši ga

and it gives you a good, very easy, accessible energy.

i ono će ti dati dobru, veoma laku, pristupačnu energiju.

This technology affected two organs,

Ova tehnologija je uticala na dva organa,

the brain and the gut, which it actually affected.

mozak i creva.

The brain could grow, but the gut actually shrunk.

Mozak je mogao da raste, ali se crevo zapravo skupilo.

Okay, it's not obvious to be honest.

U redu, nije baš očigledno, da budemo iskreni.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But it shrunk to 60 percent

Ali skupilo se na 60 procenata

of primate gut

creva primata,

of my body mass.

moje telesne mase.

So because of having cooked food,

Dakle, postojanje kuvane hrane

it's easier to digest.

omogućava lakše varenje.

Now having a large brain, as you know,

Ali imati veliki mozak, kao što znate,

is a big advantage,

velika je prednost,

because you can actually influence your environment.

jer možeš da utičeš na svoju okolinu.

You can influence your own technologies you have invented.

Možeš da utičeš na sopstvene tehnologije koje si izmislio.

You can continue to innovate and invent.

Možeš da nastaviš sa inovacijama i izumima.

Now the big brain did this also with cooking.

Upravo je veliki mozak to uradio sa kuvanjem.

But how did it actually run this show?

Ali kako je pokrenuo ovaj šou?

How did it actually interfere?

Kako se zapravo umešao?

What kind of criteria did it use?

Koje je kriterijume koristio?

And this is actually taste reward and energy.

To su nagrada, ukus i energija.

You know we have up to five tastes,

Znate da imamo pet ukusa,

three of them sustain us.

tri od njih nas održavaju.

Sweet -- energy.

Slatko - energija.

Umami -- this is a meaty taste.

Umami - to je ukus za meso.

You need proteins for muscles, recovery.

Potrebni su vam proteini za mišiće, oporavak.

Salty,

Slano,

because you need salt, otherwise your electric body will not work.

jer ti je potrebna so, inače tvoje električno telo ne bi funkcionisalo.

And two tastes which protect you --

I dva ukusa koja te štite -

bitter and sour,

gorko i kiselo,

which are against

koji su protiv

poisonous and rotten material.

otrovnih i trulih materija.

But of course, they are hard-wired

Naravno, oni su urođeni

but we use them still in a sophisticated way.

ali mi ih i dalje koristimo na sofisticiran način.

Think about bittersweet chocolate;

Setite se gorko-slatke čokolade;

or think about the acidity

ili pomislite na kiselost jogurta

of yogurt -- wonderful --

- divno -

mixed with strawberry fruits.

pomešanu sa jagodama.

So we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing

Dakle, možemo praviti mešavine svih tih stvari

because we know

jer znamo

that, in cooking, we can transform it

da ih kuvanjem možemo preoblikovati

to the form.

u neki oblik.

Reward: this is a more complex

Nagrada: to je kompleksniji

and especially integrative

i posebno integrativni

form of our brain

oblik našeg mozga

with various different elements --

sa mnogim različitim elementima -

the external states, our internal states,

spoljna stanja, naša unutrašnja stanja,

how do we feel, and so on are put together.

kako se osećamo, itd., su povezana.

And something which maybe you don't like

I nešto što možda ne volite

but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat.

ali ste toliko gladni da biste bili zadovoljni da to pojedete.

So satisfaction was a very important part.

Dakle, zadovoljstvo je veoma važan deo.

And as I say, energy was necessary.

I ja kažem, energija je bila neophodna.

Now how did the gut actually

Kako su creva zaista

participate in this development?

učestvovala u ovom razvoju?

And the gut is a silent voice --

Creva su zapravo tihi glas -

it's going more for feelings.

više utiču na osećanja.

I use the euphemism digestive comfort --

Ja koristim eufemizam digestivni komfor -

actually -- it's a digestive discomfort,

zapravo - to je digestivna nelagodnost,

which the gut is concerned with.

za koju su zadužena creva.

If you get a stomach ache, if you get a little bit bloated,

Ako vas boli stomak, ako ste malo naduti,

was not the right food, was not the right cooking manipulation

nešto nije bilo u redu sa hranom, sa procesom kuvanja

or maybe other things went wrong.

ili je možda neka druga stvar pošla naopako.

So my story is a tale of two brains,

U suštini, moja priča je bajka o dva mozga,

because it might surprise you,

jer, možda će vas iznenaditi,

our gut has a full-fledged brain.

naš stomak ima samostalan mozak.

All the managers in the room say,

Svi menadžeri u prostoriji kažu:

"You don't tell me something new, because we know, gut feeling.

"Ništa mi novo nisi rekao, mi znamo taj osećaj u stomaku (intuiciju).

This is what we are using."

To je nešto čime se mi služimo."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And actually you use it and it's actually useful.

I zaista ga i koristite i koristan je.

Because our gut is connected to our emotional limbic system,

Zato što su creva povezana sa našim emotivnim limbičkim sistemom,

they do speak with each other

oni međusobno razgovaraju

and make decisions.

i donose odluke.

But what it means

Ali imati mozak tu,

to have a brain there

ne znači samo

is that, not only the big brain

to da veliki mozak

has to talk with the food,

mora da razgovara sa hranom,

the food has to talk with the brain,

već hrana mora da razgovara sa velikim mozgom

because we have to learn actually

jer moramo da naučimo

how to talk to the brains.

kako da razgovaramo sa mozgovima.

Now if there's a gut brain,

Dakle, ako postoji mozak u crevima,

we should also learn to talk with this brain.

morali bismo da naučimo kako da razgovaramo sa njim.

Now 150 years ago,

Pre 150 godina,

anatomists described very, very carefully --

anatomi su opisali, veoma, veoma detaljno

here is a model of a wall of a gut.

ovaj model zida creva.

I took the three elements --

Uzeću ova tri elementa -

stomach, small intestine and colon.

želudac, tanko i debelo crevo.

And within this structure,

U okviru tih struktura,

you see these two pinkish layers,

vidite ova dva rozikasta sloja,

which are actually the muscle.

koji zapravo predstavljaju mišiće.

And between this muscle, they found nervous tissues,

Između tih mišića nalazi se nervno tkivo,

a lot of nervous tissues,

mnogo nervnih tkiva,

which penetrate actually the muscle --

koji mišić probija -

penetrate the submucosa,

probija podsluznicu

where you have all the elements for the immune system.

gde imate sve elemente za imuni sistem.

The gut is actually the largest immune system,

Creva su zapravo najveći imuni sistem,

defending your body.

koji štiti vaše telo.

It penetrates the mucosa.

Probija i sluznicu.

This is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing

To je sloj koji dodiruje hranu koju gutate

and you digest,

i koju varite,

which is actually the lumen.

a što je zapravo lumen.

Now if you think about the gut,

Ako razmislite o crevima,

the gut is -- if you could stretch it --

creva su - ako biste mogli da ih rastegnete -

40 meters long,

40 metara duga,

the length of a tennis court.

to je dužina teniskog igrališta.

If we could unroll it,

Ako bismo mogli da ih odvijemo,

get out all the folds and so on,

poravnamo sve nabore i slično,

it would have 400 sq. meters of surface.

imala bi 400 kvadratnih metara površine.

And now this brain takes care over this,

Taj mozak se brine o ovome, da taj sloj

to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface

pomera mišiće i brani površinu

and, of course, digest our food we cook.

i naravno, vari hranu koju kuvamo.

So if we give you a specification,

Dakle, ako vam damo specifikaciju,

this brain, which is autonomous,

ovaj mozak, koji je autonoman,

have 500 million nerve cells,

ima 500 miliona nervnih ćelija,

100 million neurons --

100 miliona neurona -

so around the size of a cat brain,

otprilike veličine mozga mačke,

so there sleeps a little cat --

dakle tu spava mala maca -

thinks for itself,

misli za sebe,

optimizes whatever it digests.

optimizuje sve što svari.

It has 20 different neuron types.

Ima 20 različitih vrsta neurona.

It's got the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain,

Ima istu raznovrsnost koju možete naći u mozgu svinje,

where you have 100 billion neurons.

gde se nalazi 100 milijardi neurona.

It has autonomous organized microcircuits,

Ima autonomno organizovane mikrokontrolere,

has these programs which run.

ima programe koje izvršava.

It senses the food; it knows exactly what to do.

Oseća hranu; zna tačno šta treba da radi.

It senses it by chemical means

Oseća je hemijskim sredstvima

and very importantly by mechanical means,

i što je važno takođe mehaničkim sredstvima,

because it has to move the food --

jer mora da pomera hranu -

it has to mix all the various elements

mora da meša sve različite elemente

which we need for digestion.

koji su nam potrebni za varenje.

This control of muscle is very, very important,

Ta kontrola mišića je veoma, veoma važna,

because, you know, there can be reflexes.

jer može doći do refleksa.

If you don't like a food, especially if you're a child, you gag.

Ako ne volite hranu, posebno kada ste dete, povratite.

It's this brain which makes this reflex.

Upravo ovaj mozak dovodi do tog refleksa.

And then finally,

I na kraju,

it controls also the secretion of this molecular machinery,

on kontroliše lučenje ove molekularne mašinerije,

which actually digests the food we cook.

koja zapravo vari hranu koju kuvamo.

Now how do the two brains work with each other?

Pitanje je kako ta dva mozga rade jedan sa drugim?

I took here a model from robotics --

Ovde imam model iz robotike -

it's called the Subsumption Architecture.

zove se supsumcijska arhitektura.

What it means is that we have a layered control system.

To znači da imamo slojevit kontrolni sistem.

The lower layer, our gut brain,

Niži sloj, naš stomačni mozak,

has its own goals -- digestion defense --

ima svoje ciljeve - odbranu varenja -

and we have the higher brain

i imamo viši mozak

with the goal of integration

sa ciljem integracije

and generating behaviors.

i generisanja ponašanja.

Now both look -- and this is the blue arrows --

Oba gledaju - to su ove plave strelice -

both look to the same food, which is in the lumen

oba gledaju ka istoj hrani, koja je u lumenu

and in the area of your intestine.

i u području vaših creva.

The big brain integrates signals,

Veliki mozak stvara signale,

which come from the running programs

koji dolaze od pokrenutog programa

of the lower brain,

nižeg mozga,

But subsumption means

ali supsumcija podrazumeva

that the higher brain can interfere with the lower.

da viši mozak može da ometa niži.

It can replace,

Može da zameni

or it can inhibit actually, signals.

ili može čak da inhibira signale.

So if we take two types of signals --

Ako uzmemo dve vrste signala -

a hunger signal for example.

signal za glad, na primer.

If you have an empty stomach,

Ako vam je želudac prazan,

your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin.

on proizvodi hormon koji se zove grelin.

It's a very big signal;

To je veoma veliki signal;

it's sent to the brain says,

šalje poruku mozgu koja kaže:

"Go and eat."

"Idi da jedeš."

You have stop signals --

Imate signale koji zaustavljaju -

we have up to eight stop signals.

imamo ih osam.

At least in my case,

Barem u mom slučaju,

they are not listened to.

njih niko ne sluša.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So what happens

Dakle, šta se dešava

if the big brain in the integration

ako veliki mozak u integraciji

overrides the signal?

nadglasa signal?

So if you override the hunger signal,

Ako nadglasate signal za glad,

you can have a disorder, which is called anorexia.

možete imati poremećaj, koji se zove anoreksija.

Despite generating

Uprkos tome što se javlja

a healthy hunger signal,

zdrav signal za glad,

the big brain ignores it

veliki mozak ga ignoriše

and activates different programs in the gut.

i aktivira druge programe u crevima.

The more usual case

Mnogo češći slučaj

is overeating.

je prejedanje.

It actually takes the signal

Signal se preuzima

and changes it,

i menja

and we continue,

i mi nastavljamo,

even [though] our eight signals would say, "Stop, enough.

iako bi naših osam signala reklo: "Stani, dosta.

We have transferred enough energy."

Dovoljno energije smo transformisali."

Now the interesting thing is that,

Interesantna stvar je da

along this lower layer -- this gut --

duž nižeg sloja

the signal becomes stronger and stronger

signal postaje sve jači i jači

if undigested, but digestible, material

ako bi nesvaren, ali svarljiv materijal

could penetrate.

prošao.

This we found from bariatric surgery.

Ovo smo saznali iz barijatričke operacije,

That then the signal would be very, very high.

da bi tada signal bio veoma, veoma visok.

So now back to the cooking question

Vratimo se pitanju kuvanja

and back to the design.

i dizajna.

We have learned to talk to the big brain --

Naučili smo da razgovaramo sa velikim mozgom -

taste and reward, as you know.

ukus i nagrada, kao što već znate.

Now what would be the language

Međutim, kojim bismo jezikom

we have to talk to the gut brain

morali da razgovaramo sa mozgom u crevima

that its signals are so strong

da njegovi signali budu tako jaki

that the big brain cannot ignore it?

da ih veliki mozak ne bi ignorisao?

Then we would generate something

Onda bismo stvorili nešto

all of us would like to have --

što bismo svi voleli da imamo -

a balance between the hunger

ravnotežu između gladi

and the satiation.

i sitosti.

Now I give you, from our research, a very short claim.

Daću vam veoma kratku tvrdnju, iz našeg istraživanja.

This is fat digestion.

To je varenje masti.

You have on your left

Na levoj strani imate

an olive oil droplet,

kapljicu maslinovog ulja

and this olive oil droplet gets attacked by enzymes.

i tu kapljicu maslinovog ulja napadaju enzimi.

This is an in vitro experiment.

Ovo je in vitro eksperiment.

It's very difficult to work in the intestine.

Veoma je teško raditi u crevima.

Now everyone would expect

Svako bi očekivao

that when the degradation of the oil happens,

da kada dođe do razgradnje ulja,

when the constituents are liberated,

kada su konstituenti oslobođeni,

they disappear, they go away

oni nestaju, odlaze

because they [were] absorbed.

jer su bili apsorbovani.

Actually, what happens is that a very intricate structure appears.

Međutim pojavljuje se veoma zapetljana konstrukcija.

And I hope you can see

I nadam se da možete videti

that there are some ring-like structures in the middle image,

da u srednjoj slici postoje strukture nalik prstenu

which is water.

što predstavlja vodu.

This whole system generates a huge surface

Taj ceo sistem stvara veliku površinu

to allow more enzymes

da bi dozvolio većem broju enzima

to attack the remaining oil.

da napadnu preostalo ulje.

And finally, on your right side,

I konačno, na vašoj desnoj strani,

you see a bubbly,

vidite da se pojavljuje mehurasta,

cell-like structure appearing,

struktura slična ćeliji

from which the body will absorb the fat.

sa koje će telo da apsorbuje masti.

Now if we could take this language --

Kada bismo mogli da uzmemo taj jezik -

and this is a language of structures --

a to je jezik struktura -

and make it longer-lasting,

i načinimo ga dugotrajnijim,

that it can go through

da bi mogao da ide kroz

the passage of the intestine,

hodnike creva,

it would generate stronger signals.

mogao bi da generiše jače signale.

So our research --

Dakle, naše istraživanje -

and I think the research also at the universities --

i mislim istraživanje i na univerzitetima -

are now fixing on these points

dorađuje te tačke

to say: how can we actually --

da bismo rekli: kako možemo zapravo -

and this might sound trivial now to you --

i ovo će vam možda zvučati trivijalno -

how can we change cooking?

kako možemo da izmenimo kuvanje?

How can we cook

Kako možemo da kuvamo

that we have this language developed?

da bismo razvili taj jezik?

So what we have actually, it's not an omnivore's dilemma.

Dakle, ono što imamo nije dilema svaštojeda.

We have a coctivor's opportunity,

Mi imamo potencijal koktivora,

because we have learned over the last two million years

jer smo za proteklih dva miliona godina naučili

which taste and reward --

koji ukus i nagrada -

quite sophisticated to cook --

sasvim sofisticirano za kuvanje -

to please ourselves, to satisfy ourselves.

nas mogu zadovoljiti.

If we add the matrix,

Ako dodamo matricu,

if we add the structure language, which we have to learn,

ako dodamo jezik strukture, koji moramo naučiti,

when we learn it, then we can put it back;

kada ga naučimo, onda ga možemo vratiti;

and around energy,

i oko energije,

we could generate a balance,

bismo mogli da ostvarimo ravnotežu,

which comes out

koja dolazi

from our really primordial operation: cooking.

od naše zaista iskonske operacije: kuvanja.

So, to make cooking really

Dakle, da bismo kuvanje učinili zaista

a very important element,

važnim elementom,

I would say even philosophers have to change

rekao bih da čak i filozofi moraju da se promene

and have to finally recognize

i konačno priznaju

that cooking is what made us.

da nas je kuvanje stvorilo onim što smo.

So I would say, coquo ergo sum:

Dakle, rekao bih: coquo ergo sum -

I cook, therefore I am.

Kuvam, dakle postojim.

Thank you very much.

Hvala mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)