Heribert Watzke: The brain in your gut

231,555 views ใƒป 2010-10-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
This technology
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
00:18
made a very important impact on us.
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
00:20
It changed the way our history developed.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”.
00:24
But it's a technology so pervasive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
00:26
so invisible,
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ื›ื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”,
00:28
that we, for a long time,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
00:30
forgot to take it into account
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ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืœืงื—ืชื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
00:33
when we talked about
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ
00:35
human evolution.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:37
But we see the results of this technology, still.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”.
00:40
So let's make a little test.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
00:42
So everyone of you turns to their neighbor please.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ืคื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืœืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
00:46
Turn and face your neighbors.
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ืชืคื ื• ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื›ื.
00:48
Please, also on the balcony.
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ืื ื, ื’ื ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข.
00:51
Smile. Smile. Open the mouths.
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ื—ื™ื™ื›ื•. ื—ื™ื™ื›ื•. ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื”.
00:53
Smile, friendly.
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ื—ื™ื™ื›ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื”.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:57
Do you --
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ื”ืื ืืชื --
00:59
Do you see any Canine teeth?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื?
01:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:04
Count Dracula teeth
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ืฉื™ื ื™ ื“ืจืืงื•ืœื”
01:07
in the mouths of your neighbors?
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ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื›ื?
01:09
Of course not.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
01:11
Because our dental anatomy
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื•
01:14
is actually made,
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืš,
01:16
not for tearing down raw meat from bones
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช
01:19
or chewing fibrous leaves for hours.
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ืื• ืœืœืขื™ืกืช ืขืœื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:24
It is made for a diet
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื”
01:26
which is soft, mushy,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื›ื”, ื“ื™ื™ืกืชื™ืช,
01:29
which is reduced in fibers,
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ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื,
01:32
which is very easily chewable
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื” ืœืœืขื™ืกื”
01:34
and digestible.
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ื•ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:37
Sounds like fast food, doesn't it.
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืœื ื›ืŸ?
01:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:41
It's for cooked food.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
01:44
We carry in our face the proof
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ืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
01:47
that cooking,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
01:49
food transformation,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
01:52
made us what we are.
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ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
01:54
So I would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:57
We talk about ourselves as omnivores.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™-ื›ืœ.
02:00
I would say, we should call ourselves coctivors --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ื›ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืื•ื›ืœื™-ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื (coctivors) --
02:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:05
from coquere, to cook.
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ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” coquere (ืœื‘ืฉืœ = To cook).
02:08
We are the animals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
02:10
who eat cooked food.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
02:13
No, no, no, no. Better --
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ืœื, ืœื, ืœื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ --
02:15
to live of cooked food.
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ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
02:17
So cooking is a very important technology.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:19
It's technology.
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ื–ื• ื›ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:21
I don't know how you feel,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื,
02:23
but I like to cook for entertainment.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืœืฉื ื”ื ืื”.
02:25
And you need some design
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
02:27
to be successful.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
02:29
So, cooking is a very important technology,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
02:32
because it allowed us to acquire
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
02:35
what brought you all here:
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœื›ืืŸ:
02:38
the big brain,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:40
this wonderful cerebral cortex we have.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
02:43
Because brains are expensive.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
02:46
Those have to pay tuition fees know.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
02:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:51
But it's also, metabolically speaking, expensive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื›ืืœื”.
02:55
You now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass,
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ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง 2 ืขื“ 3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:58
but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืก"ื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื.
03:01
It's very expensive.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ.
03:03
Where does the energy come from. Of course, from food.
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”? ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:06
If we eat raw food,
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ืื ื ืื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ,
03:08
we cannot release really the energy.
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:12
So this ingenuity of our ancestors,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
03:15
to invent this most marvelous technology.
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ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื” ื ืคืœืื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
03:18
Invisible -- everyone of us does it every day, so to speak.
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ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ืช -- ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื›ืš.
03:22
Cooking made it possible
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื”
03:24
that mutations,
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช,
03:26
natural selections, our environment,
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื”-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:28
could develop us.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ื•.
03:32
So if we think about
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
03:34
this unleashing human potential,
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ื”ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:37
which was possible by cooking and food,
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ืฉื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:40
why do we talk so badly about food?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืจื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ?
03:43
Why is it always do and don'ts
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ
03:45
and it's good for you, it's not good for you?
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•?
03:47
I think the good news for me
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ืขืชื™
03:49
would be if we could go back
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
03:52
and talk about the unleashing,
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ,
03:54
the continuation of the unleashing of human potential.
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ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:57
Now, cooking allowed also
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื’ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ
03:59
that we became a migrant species.
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ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ื“.
04:02
We walked out of Africa two times.
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
04:05
We populated all the ecologies.
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ืื™ื›ืœืกื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
04:07
If you can cook, nothing can happen to you,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื›ื,
04:10
because whatever you find,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืžืฆืื•,
04:12
you will try to transform it.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื›ื.
04:14
It keeps also your brain working.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื›ื ืžืชืคืงื“.
04:17
Now the very easy and simple technology
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื•
04:21
which was developed
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื”,
04:23
actually runs after this formula.
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ืจืฆื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
04:25
Take something which looks like food, transform it,
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ืงื—ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื• ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•,
04:28
and it gives you a good, very easy, accessible energy.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื”, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื” ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”.
04:31
This technology affected two organs,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:34
the brain and the gut, which it actually affected.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:37
The brain could grow, but the gut actually shrunk.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•.
04:40
Okay, it's not obvious to be honest.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืืžืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:45
But it shrunk to 60 percent
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื• ืœ-60 ืื—ื•ื–
04:47
of primate gut
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ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
04:49
of my body mass.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:51
So because of having cooked food,
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ืื– ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ,
04:54
it's easier to digest.
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื›ืœื•.
04:57
Now having a large brain, as you know,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:00
is a big advantage,
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:02
because you can actually influence your environment.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:05
You can influence your own technologies you have invented.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื•.
05:07
You can continue to innovate and invent.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื.
05:09
Now the big brain did this also with cooking.
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
05:12
But how did it actually run this show?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื–ื”?
05:15
How did it actually interfere?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘?
05:17
What kind of criteria did it use?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ?
05:20
And this is actually taste reward and energy.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:24
You know we have up to five tastes,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื.
05:26
three of them sustain us.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:29
Sweet -- energy.
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ืžืชื•ืง -- ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:31
Umami -- this is a meaty taste.
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ืื•ึผืžึธืžึดื™ - ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.
05:33
You need proteins for muscles, recovery.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
05:37
Salty,
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ืžืœื—ื™,
05:39
because you need salt, otherwise your electric body will not work.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื—, ื•ืœื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ืชืคืงื“.
05:42
And two tastes which protect you --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• --
05:45
bitter and sour,
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ืžืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืฅ,
05:47
which are against
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
05:50
poisonous and rotten material.
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ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ืœ ืื• ืจืงื•ื‘.
05:53
But of course, they are hard-wired
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
05:55
but we use them still in a sophisticated way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
05:57
Think about bittersweet chocolate;
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืชื•ืง-ืžืจื™ืจ.
05:59
or think about the acidity
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ืื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช
06:01
of yogurt -- wonderful --
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ -- ื ืคืœื --
06:03
mixed with strawberry fruits.
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ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ืชื•ืชื™ื.
06:05
So we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:08
because we know
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
06:11
that, in cooking, we can transform it
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ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื
06:13
to the form.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
06:15
Reward: this is a more complex
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ื’ืžื•ืœ: ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
06:18
and especially integrative
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™
06:21
form of our brain
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื•
06:23
with various different elements --
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ืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
06:26
the external states, our internal states,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™,
06:28
how do we feel, and so on are put together.
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:31
And something which maybe you don't like
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืื”ื‘ื•,
06:33
but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
06:36
So satisfaction was a very important part.
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
06:39
And as I say, energy was necessary.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:41
Now how did the gut actually
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
06:43
participate in this development?
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ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื•?
06:46
And the gut is a silent voice --
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืงื˜.
06:49
it's going more for feelings.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืžืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
06:51
I use the euphemism digestive comfort --
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืช.
06:55
actually -- it's a digestive discomfort,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืช,
06:58
which the gut is concerned with.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
07:01
If you get a stomach ache, if you get a little bit bloated,
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ืื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื’ื–ื™ื,
07:04
was not the right food, was not the right cooking manipulation
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ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื, ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:07
or maybe other things went wrong.
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ืื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉื•.
07:09
So my story is a tale of two brains,
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช,
07:12
because it might surprise you,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื,
07:14
our gut has a full-fledged brain.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ.
07:17
All the managers in the room say,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
07:19
"You don't tell me something new, because we know, gut feeling.
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"ืืชื” ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
07:21
This is what we are using."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•."
07:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
And actually you use it and it's actually useful.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
07:27
Because our gut is connected to our emotional limbic system,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:30
they do speak with each other
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ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
07:32
and make decisions.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
07:35
But what it means
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
07:37
to have a brain there
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื•ื—
07:39
is that, not only the big brain
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:42
has to talk with the food,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:45
the food has to talk with the brain,
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ืืœื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—,
07:48
because we have to learn actually
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืœืžื•ื“
07:51
how to talk to the brains.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:53
Now if there's a gut brain,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
07:55
we should also learn to talk with this brain.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื’ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
07:57
Now 150 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”,
07:59
anatomists described very, very carefully --
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ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืงืื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช --
08:02
here is a model of a wall of a gut.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
08:05
I took the three elements --
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื --
08:07
stomach, small intestine and colon.
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ืงื™ื‘ื”, ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื•ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
08:10
And within this structure,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื”,
08:12
you see these two pinkish layers,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื“ืจื“ื•ืช,
08:14
which are actually the muscle.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
08:16
And between this muscle, they found nervous tissues,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
08:18
a lot of nervous tissues,
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
08:20
which penetrate actually the muscle --
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
08:22
penetrate the submucosa,
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ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชืช-ืจื™ืจื™ืช,
08:24
where you have all the elements for the immune system.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
08:26
The gut is actually the largest immune system,
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:28
defending your body.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
08:30
It penetrates the mucosa.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืฆื™ื.
08:32
This is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
08:35
and you digest,
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ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืขื›ืœื™ื,
08:37
which is actually the lumen.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
08:39
Now if you think about the gut,
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
08:41
the gut is -- if you could stretch it --
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
08:43
40 meters long,
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš 40 ืžื˜ืจ,
08:45
the length of a tennis court.
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ื”ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื˜ื ื™ืก.
08:47
If we could unroll it,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื,
08:49
get out all the folds and so on,
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ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•',
08:52
it would have 400 sq. meters of surface.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ 400 ืžื˜ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
08:55
And now this brain takes care over this,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
08:58
to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface
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ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”ื
09:01
and, of course, digest our food we cook.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
09:04
So if we give you a specification,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื˜,
09:07
this brain, which is autonomous,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™,
09:09
have 500 million nerve cells,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘,
09:11
100 million neurons --
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100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื --
09:13
so around the size of a cat brain,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื—ืชื•ืœ.
09:16
so there sleeps a little cat --
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ื—ืชื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ --
09:19
thinks for itself,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
09:21
optimizes whatever it digests.
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ืžืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื›ืœ.
09:24
It has 20 different neuron types.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• 20 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:27
It's got the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจ,
09:29
where you have 100 billion neurons.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื.
09:32
It has autonomous organized microcircuits,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื’ืœื™-ืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
09:35
has these programs which run.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืช.
09:37
It senses the food; it knows exactly what to do.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:40
It senses it by chemical means
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
09:42
and very importantly by mechanical means,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื,
09:45
because it has to move the food --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
09:47
it has to mix all the various elements
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ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
09:49
which we need for digestion.
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ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
09:51
This control of muscle is very, very important,
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
09:54
because, you know, there can be reflexes.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื.
09:56
If you don't like a food, especially if you're a child, you gag.
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ืื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืงื™ืื™ื.
09:59
It's this brain which makes this reflex.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื.
10:01
And then finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
10:03
it controls also the secretion of this molecular machinery,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื–ื”,
10:06
which actually digests the food we cook.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
10:09
Now how do the two brains work with each other?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“?
10:12
I took here a model from robotics --
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:15
it's called the Subsumption Architecture.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื”.
10:18
What it means is that we have a layered control system.
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช.
10:21
The lower layer, our gut brain,
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ื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
10:23
has its own goals -- digestion defense --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” - ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ --
10:26
and we have the higher brain
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
10:28
with the goal of integration
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ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ
10:30
and generating behaviors.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:32
Now both look -- and this is the blue arrows --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ -- ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื --
10:35
both look to the same food, which is in the lumen
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
10:38
and in the area of your intestine.
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
10:40
The big brain integrates signals,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช,
10:42
which come from the running programs
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื•ืช
10:44
of the lower brain,
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ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
10:46
But subsumption means
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”
10:48
that the higher brain can interfere with the lower.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
10:51
It can replace,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ,
10:53
or it can inhibit actually, signals.
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ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืกืŸ ืื•ืชื•ืช.
10:56
So if we take two types of signals --
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ื™ืงื— ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช --
10:58
a hunger signal for example.
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ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
11:00
If you have an empty stomach,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ืงื”,
11:02
your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin.
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื• ื’ืจืœื™ืŸ.
11:04
It's a very big signal;
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
11:06
it's sent to the brain says,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
11:08
"Go and eat."
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"ืœืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ."
11:10
You have stop signals --
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ.
11:12
we have up to eight stop signals.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ.
11:14
At least in my case,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™,
11:16
they are not listened to.
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ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื.
11:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:20
So what happens
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
11:22
if the big brain in the integration
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ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืœื‘
11:25
overrides the signal?
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ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช?
11:27
So if you override the hunger signal,
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ืื ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ,
11:29
you can have a disorder, which is called anorexia.
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ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื” ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”.
11:32
Despite generating
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
11:34
a healthy hunger signal,
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ืื•ืช ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:36
the big brain ignores it
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•
11:38
and activates different programs in the gut.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
11:41
The more usual case
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ
11:43
is overeating.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช-ื™ืชืจ.
11:46
It actually takes the signal
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช
11:49
and changes it,
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ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื•,
11:51
and we continue,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื,
11:53
even [though] our eight signals would say, "Stop, enough.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, "ืขืฆื•ืจ, ืžืคืกื™ืง.
11:56
We have transferred enough energy."
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ื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”."
11:58
Now the interesting thing is that,
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
12:00
along this lower layer -- this gut --
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ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
12:02
the signal becomes stronger and stronger
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ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:05
if undigested, but digestible, material
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ืื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืขื•ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
12:08
could penetrate.
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ื—ื•ื“ืจ.
12:10
This we found from bariatric surgery.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžื ื”.
12:14
That then the signal would be very, very high.
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ืฉืื– ื”ืื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
12:17
So now back to the cooking question
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
12:20
and back to the design.
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ื•ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
12:22
We have learned to talk to the big brain --
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ --
12:25
taste and reward, as you know.
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ื˜ืขื ื•ื’ืžื•ืœื•, ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื.
12:27
Now what would be the language
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ืื– ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคื”
12:29
we have to talk to the gut brain
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื
12:31
that its signals are so strong
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื
12:33
that the big brain cannot ignore it?
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื?
12:36
Then we would generate something
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
12:38
all of us would like to have --
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืจืฆื” ืื•ืชื• --
12:40
a balance between the hunger
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ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื‘
12:42
and the satiation.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
12:45
Now I give you, from our research, a very short claim.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืืขืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื”.
12:48
This is fat digestion.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
12:50
You have on your left
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ืื™ื
12:52
an olive oil droplet,
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ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช,
12:54
and this olive oil droplet gets attacked by enzymes.
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืชืงืคืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
12:57
This is an in vitro experiment.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื”.
12:59
It's very difficult to work in the intestine.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื.
13:02
Now everyone would expect
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื
13:04
that when the degradation of the oil happens,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืžืชืคืจืง,
13:06
when the constituents are liberated,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื,
13:08
they disappear, they go away
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•, ื”ื ื™ืกืชืœืงื•,
13:10
because they [were] absorbed.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืกืคื’ื•.
13:12
Actually, what happens is that a very intricate structure appears.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
13:15
And I hope you can see
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
13:17
that there are some ring-like structures in the middle image,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
13:19
which is water.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื.
13:21
This whole system generates a huge surface
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื˜ื—-ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืง
13:24
to allow more enzymes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
13:26
to attack the remaining oil.
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ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืจ.
13:28
And finally, on your right side,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
13:30
you see a bubbly,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืข,
13:32
cell-like structure appearing,
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ื“ืžื•ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข,
13:34
from which the body will absorb the fat.
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ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
13:38
Now if we could take this language --
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• --
13:40
and this is a language of structures --
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื --
13:43
and make it longer-lasting,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
13:46
that it can go through
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ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
13:48
the passage of the intestine,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื,
13:51
it would generate stronger signals.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:55
So our research --
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• --
13:57
and I think the research also at the universities --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช --
13:59
are now fixing on these points
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ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
14:01
to say: how can we actually --
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืช --
14:03
and this might sound trivial now to you --
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ --
14:05
how can we change cooking?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ?
14:07
How can we cook
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื‘ืฉืœ
14:09
that we have this language developed?
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชืคืชื— ื‘ื•?
14:12
So what we have actually, it's not an omnivore's dilemma.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื• ืœื ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ-ื”ื›ืœ.
14:15
We have a coctivor's opportunity,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ-ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื,
14:18
because we have learned over the last two million years
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืงื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
14:21
which taste and reward --
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ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ื’ืžื•ืœื• --
14:24
quite sophisticated to cook --
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ --
14:26
to please ourselves, to satisfy ourselves.
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ืžืกืคืง ืื•ืชื ื•, ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:28
If we add the matrix,
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ืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื”,
14:30
if we add the structure language, which we have to learn,
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ืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“,
14:33
when we learn it, then we can put it back;
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
14:35
and around energy,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
14:37
we could generate a balance,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ,
14:39
which comes out
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข
14:41
from our really primordial operation: cooking.
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ืžืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•: ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
14:45
So, to make cooking really
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ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
14:48
a very important element,
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ืœื’ื•ืจื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:50
I would say even philosophers have to change
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
14:52
and have to finally recognize
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืš
14:54
that cooking is what made us.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:57
So I would say, coquo ergo sum:
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, coquo ergo sum:
15:00
I cook, therefore I am.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืฉืœ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื.
15:02
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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