Heribert Watzke: The brain in your gut

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

This technology

Ova je tehnologija

made a very important impact on us.

jako utjecala na nas.

It changed the way our history developed.

Promijenila je način na koji se naša povijest razvijala.

But it's a technology so pervasive,

Ali to je tako sveprisutna

so invisible,

i tajna tehnologija

that we, for a long time,

da smo dugo vremena

forgot to take it into account

zaboravili računati na nju

when we talked about

kada smo govorili

human evolution.

o ljudskoj evoluciji.

But we see the results of this technology, still.

Ipak vidimo rezultate te tehnologije.

So let's make a little test.

Načinimo mali test.

So everyone of you turns to their neighbor please.

Neka se svatko od vas okrene prema svom susjedu.

Turn and face your neighbors.

Okrenite se prema svom susjedu.

Please, also on the balcony.

Molim vas, i vi na balkonu.

Smile. Smile. Open the mouths.

Nasmiješite se. Nasmiješite se. Otvorite usta.

Smile, friendly.

Prijateljski se nasmiješite.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Do you --

Vidite li -

Do you see any Canine teeth?

Vidite li očnjake?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Count Dracula teeth

Zube grofa Drakule

in the mouths of your neighbors?

u ustima svojih susjeda?

Of course not.

Naravno da ne.

Because our dental anatomy

Zato što naša zubna anatomija

is actually made,

nije namijenjena

not for tearing down raw meat from bones

za kidanje sirovog mesa

or chewing fibrous leaves for hours.

ili žvakanje vlaknastog lišća satima.

It is made for a diet

Napravljena je za

which is soft, mushy,

meku prehranu, kašastu,

which is reduced in fibers,

koja je reducirana na vlakna,

which is very easily chewable

koja se vrlo lako žvače

and digestible.

i probavlja.

Sounds like fast food, doesn't it.

Zvuči poput brze hrane, zar ne?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It's for cooked food.

Namijenjena je kuhanoj hrani.

We carry in our face the proof

Na svojim licima nosimo dokaz

that cooking,

da nas je kuhanje,

food transformation,

preobrazba hrane,

made us what we are.

učinilo onima što jesmo.

So I would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves.

Predlažem da promijenimo svoju klasifikaciju.

We talk about ourselves as omnivores.

Sebe nazivamo svejedima.

I would say, we should call ourselves coctivors --

Kažem da se trebamo zvati coctivorima --

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

from coquere, to cook.

od coquere, što znači kuhati.

We are the animals

Životinje smo koje

who eat cooked food.

jedu kuhanu hranu.

No, no, no, no. Better --

Ne, ne, ne, ne. Još bolje --

to live of cooked food.

životinje smo koje žive od kuhane hrane.

So cooking is a very important technology.

Kuhanje je vrlo važna tehnologija.

It's technology.

To je tehnologija.

I don't know how you feel,

Ne znam kako se vi osjećate,

but I like to cook for entertainment.

ali ja volim kuhati radi zabave.

And you need some design

I trebate nešto dizajna

to be successful.

da biste bili uspješni.

So, cooking is a very important technology,

Dakle, kuhanje je jako važna tehnologija

because it allowed us to acquire

zato što nam je omogućila

what brought you all here:

da dobijemo ono što vas je dovelo sve ovamo:

the big brain,

veliki mozak,

this wonderful cerebral cortex we have.

ovu divnu moždanu koru koju imamo.

Because brains are expensive.

Jer mozgovi su skupi.

Those have to pay tuition fees know.

Tako da sada moramo plaćati školarine.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But it's also, metabolically speaking, expensive.

Ali oni su i metabolički skupi.

You now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass,

Znate, naš mozak iznosi dva do tri posto naše mase,

but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use.

ali zapravo troši 25 posto ukupne energije koju koristimo.

It's very expensive.

To je vrlo skupo.

Where does the energy come from. Of course, from food.

Odakle ta energija dolazi? Naravno, iz hrane.

If we eat raw food,

Ako jedemo sirovu hranu,

we cannot release really the energy.

ne možemo zapravo osloboditi energiju.

So this ingenuity of our ancestors,

To je domišljatost naših predaka,

to invent this most marvelous technology.

izumiti ovu predivnu tehnologiju.

Invisible -- everyone of us does it every day, so to speak.

Nevidljivu -- svatko je od nas koristi svaki dan, tako reći.

Cooking made it possible

Kuhanje je omogućilo

that mutations,

da nas mutacije,

natural selections, our environment,

prirodni odabir i okoliš

could develop us.

razviju.

So if we think about

Ako razmišljamo o ovome

this unleashing human potential,

oslobođenom ljudskom potencijalu,

which was possible by cooking and food,

koji je omogućen kuhanjem i hranom,

why do we talk so badly about food?

zašto tako ružno govorimo o hrani?

Why is it always do and don'ts

Zašto su to uvijek ono što se smije i što se ne smije

and it's good for you, it's not good for you?

i što je dobro za tebe i što nije dobro za tebe?

I think the good news for me

Mislim da bi za mene dobra vijest bila

would be if we could go back

kad bismo se mogli vratiti

and talk about the unleashing,

i govoriti o oslobađanju,

the continuation of the unleashing of human potential.

nastavku oslobađanja ljudskog potencijala.

Now, cooking allowed also

Kuhanje nam je također

that we became a migrant species.

omogućilo da postanemo migrirajuća vrsta.

We walked out of Africa two times.

Izašli smo iz Afrike dva puta.

We populated all the ecologies.

Napučili smo sve oko sebe.

If you can cook, nothing can happen to you,

Ako znaš kuhati, ništa ti se ne može dogoditi

because whatever you find,

jer što god nađeš,

you will try to transform it.

probat ćeš to promijeniti.

It keeps also your brain working.

To čini i da vam mozak radi.

Now the very easy and simple technology

Vrlo lagana i jednostavna tehnologija

which was developed

koja je razvijena

actually runs after this formula.

radi po ovoj formuli.

Take something which looks like food, transform it,

Uzmi nešto što izgleda kao hrana, transformiraj to

and it gives you a good, very easy, accessible energy.

i dobiješ dobru, vrlo lako dostupnu energiju.

This technology affected two organs,

Ova je tehnologija utjecala na dva organa,

the brain and the gut, which it actually affected.

na mozak i na crijeva.

The brain could grow, but the gut actually shrunk.

Mozak je mogao rasti, ali se crijevo zapravo smanjilo.

Okay, it's not obvious to be honest.

Dobro, to nije očito, da budem iskren.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But it shrunk to 60 percent

Ali se smanjilo na 60 posto

of primate gut

crijeva primata

of my body mass.

u odnosu na tjelesnu masu.

So because of having cooked food,

Zbog kuhane hrane,

it's easier to digest.

lakše je probavljati.

Now having a large brain, as you know,

Imati velik mozak, kao što znate,

is a big advantage,

je velika prednost

because you can actually influence your environment.

jer zapravo možete utjecati na svoju okolinu.

You can influence your own technologies you have invented.

Možete utjecati na tehnologije koje ste izmislili.

You can continue to innovate and invent.

Možete nastaviti inovirati i izumljivati.

Now the big brain did this also with cooking.

Veliki je mozak isto napravio i s kuhanjem.

But how did it actually run this show?

Ali kako je zapravo to učinio?

How did it actually interfere?

Kako se zapravo umiješao?

What kind of criteria did it use?

Koji je kriterij koristio?

And this is actually taste reward and energy.

To su zapravo nagrada za okus i energiju.

You know we have up to five tastes,

Znate da imamo do pet okusa,

three of them sustain us.

tri nas održavaju.

Sweet -- energy.

Slatko – energija.

Umami -- this is a meaty taste.

Umami – to je mesni okus.

You need proteins for muscles, recovery.

Trebate proteine za mišiće, oporavak.

Salty,

Slano,

because you need salt, otherwise your electric body will not work.

zato što trebate sol, inače vam električno tijelo neće raditi.

And two tastes which protect you --

I dva okusa koja nas štite –

bitter and sour,

gorko i kiselo,

which are against

koji su protiv

poisonous and rotten material.

otrovnih i pokvarenih tvari.

But of course, they are hard-wired

Ali, naravno, stečeni su,

but we use them still in a sophisticated way.

ali ih ipak koristimo na sofisticiran način.

Think about bittersweet chocolate;

Razmislite o gorkoslatkoj čokoladi.

or think about the acidity

Ili razmislite o kiselosti

of yogurt -- wonderful --

jogurta -- predivno --

mixed with strawberry fruits.

pomiješano s jagodama.

So we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing

Možemo napraviti mješavine svih ovih stvari

because we know

zato što znamo

that, in cooking, we can transform it

da to u kuhanju možemo preobraziti

to the form.

u oblik.

Reward: this is a more complex

Nagrada: ovo je složeniji

and especially integrative

i posebno integrativni

form of our brain

oblik našeg mozga

with various different elements --

s različitim elementima –

the external states, our internal states,

vanjskim stanjima, našim unutarnjim stanjima,

how do we feel, and so on are put together.

kako se osjećamo i slično, koji su spojeni.

And something which maybe you don't like

I nešto što možda ne volite,

but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat.

ali ste toliko gladni da ćete biti sretni ako to pojedete.

So satisfaction was a very important part.

Zadovoljstvo je vrlo važan dio.

And as I say, energy was necessary.

I kao što rekoh, energija je bila nužna.

Now how did the gut actually

Kako su zapravo crijeva

participate in this development?

sudjelovala u ovom razvoju?

And the gut is a silent voice --

Crijeva su zapravo tihi glas.

it's going more for feelings.

Više djeluju na osjećaje.

I use the euphemism digestive comfort --

Koristim eufemizam probavna ugoda.

actually -- it's a digestive discomfort,

Zapravo, to je probavna neugoda

which the gut is concerned with.

koja muči crijeva.

If you get a stomach ache, if you get a little bit bloated,

Ako vas boli trbuh, ako se pomalo napušete,

was not the right food, was not the right cooking manipulation

nešto nije bilo u redu s hranom, ili s procesom kuhanja,

or maybe other things went wrong.

ili je možda nešto drugo pošlo po krivu.

So my story is a tale of two brains,

Moja je priča priča o dva mozga,

because it might surprise you,

jer možda vas začudi da

our gut has a full-fledged brain.

naša utroba ima pravi pravcati mozak.

All the managers in the room say,

Svi menadžeri u sobi govore:

"You don't tell me something new, because we know, gut feeling.

„Nisi mi rekao ništa novo, znamo za „osjećaj u trbuhu“.

This is what we are using."

Mi to koristimo.“

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And actually you use it and it's actually useful.

To doista i koristite, i korisno je.

Because our gut is connected to our emotional limbic system,

Naša su crijeva povezana s našim emocionalnim limbičkim sustavom.

they do speak with each other

Oni međusobno komuniciraju

and make decisions.

i donose odluke.

But what it means

Ali ono što znači da

to have a brain there

imamo mozak ondje

is that, not only the big brain

je to da ne mora samo veliki mozak

has to talk with the food,

pričati s hranom,

the food has to talk with the brain,

već da i hrana mora pričati s velikim mozgom

because we have to learn actually

zato što moramo naučiti

how to talk to the brains.

zapravo kako pričati s mozgovima.

Now if there's a gut brain,

Ako postoji mozak u crijevima,

we should also learn to talk with this brain.

moramo naučiti razgovarati s njim.

Now 150 years ago,

Prije 150 godina,

anatomists described very, very carefully --

anatomi su vrlo, vrlo detaljno objasnili

here is a model of a wall of a gut.

ovaj model stjenke crijeva.

I took the three elements --

Uzeo sam tri elementa –

stomach, small intestine and colon.

želudac, tanko crijevo i debelo crijevo.

And within this structure,

I u ovim strukturama

you see these two pinkish layers,

vidite ova dva ružičasta sloja

which are actually the muscle.

koja su zapravo mišići.

And between this muscle, they found nervous tissues,

I između ovih su mišića pronašli živčano tkivo,

a lot of nervous tissues,

mnogo živčanog tkiva,

which penetrate actually the muscle --

koje probija mišić,

penetrate the submucosa,

probija podsluznicu

where you have all the elements for the immune system.

u kojoj imate sve elemente imunosnog sustava.

The gut is actually the largest immune system,

Crijeva su zapravo najveći imunosni sustav

defending your body.

koji štiti vaše tijelo.

It penetrates the mucosa.

Probija i sluznicu.

This is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing

Ovo je sloj koji zapravo dodiruje hranu koju gutamo

and you digest,

i probavljamo,

which is actually the lumen.

a to je lumen.

Now if you think about the gut,

Ako razmislite o crijevima,

the gut is -- if you could stretch it --

ona su, kad bismo ih rastegli,

40 meters long,

duga 40 metara,

the length of a tennis court.

to je dužina teniskog igrališta.

If we could unroll it,

Kad bismo ih mogli razviti,

get out all the folds and so on,

izravnati sve nabore i slično,

it would have 400 sq. meters of surface.

imala bi 400 kvadratnih metara površine.

And now this brain takes care over this,

Taj se mozak brine o tome da taj sloj

to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface

pomiče mišićima i da brani površinu,

and, of course, digest our food we cook.

i naravno, da probavlja hranu koju skuhamo.

So if we give you a specification,

Ako vam damo specifikacije,

this brain, which is autonomous,

ovaj mozak, koji je autonoman,

have 500 million nerve cells,

ima 500 milijuna živčanih stanica,

100 million neurons --

100 milijuna neurona,

so around the size of a cat brain,

veličine je mozga mačke.

so there sleeps a little cat --

Dakle, tu spava mala mačka --

thinks for itself,

razmišlja za sebe,

optimizes whatever it digests.

optimizira što god probavlja.

It has 20 different neuron types.

Ima 20 različitih tipova neurona.

It's got the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain,

Ima jednaku raznolikost kao mozak svinje,

where you have 100 billion neurons.

gdje imamo 100 milijardi neurona.

It has autonomous organized microcircuits,

Ima autonomne mikrokrugove,

has these programs which run.

ima programe koje izvršava.

It senses the food; it knows exactly what to do.

Osjeća hranu, točno zna što učiniti.

It senses it by chemical means

Osjeća to pomoću kemije i,

and very importantly by mechanical means,

što je vrlo važno, pomoću mehanike,

because it has to move the food --

zato što mora pomicati hranu,

it has to mix all the various elements

mora pomiješati sve različite elemente

which we need for digestion.

koje trebamo za probavu.

This control of muscle is very, very important,

Ova kontrola mišića je jako, jako važna,

because, you know, there can be reflexes.

zato što postoje refleksi.

If you don't like a food, especially if you're a child, you gag.

Ako ne volite neku hranu, posebno ako ste dijete, povratite.

It's this brain which makes this reflex.

Ovaj mozak uvjetuje taj refleks.

And then finally,

I konačno,

it controls also the secretion of this molecular machinery,

on kontrolira sekreciju ovog molekularnog mehanizma

which actually digests the food we cook.

koji zapravo probavlja hranu koju skuhamo.

Now how do the two brains work with each other?

Kako ta dva mozga surađuju?

I took here a model from robotics --

Uzeo sam model iz robotike.

it's called the Subsumption Architecture.

Zove se Supsumcijska Arhitektura.

What it means is that we have a layered control system.

To znači da imamo slojevit kontrolni sustav.

The lower layer, our gut brain,

Donji sloj, mozak naše utrobe,

has its own goals -- digestion defense --

ima svoje ciljeve – probavnu obranu.

and we have the higher brain

Imamo i viši mozak

with the goal of integration

s ciljem integracije

and generating behaviors.

i stvaranja ponašanja.

Now both look -- and this is the blue arrows --

Sad oba gledaju, to su plave strjelice,

both look to the same food, which is in the lumen

oba gledaju istu hranu, koja je u lumenu

and in the area of your intestine.

i u prostoru vašeg crijeva.

The big brain integrates signals,

Veliki mozak integrira signale,

which come from the running programs

koji dolaze od programa

of the lower brain,

koji rade u nižem mozgu.

But subsumption means

Ali supsumcija znači

that the higher brain can interfere with the lower.

da viši mozak može interferirati s nižim.

It can replace,

Može zamijeniti

or it can inhibit actually, signals.

ili inhibirati signale.

So if we take two types of signals --

Ako uzmemo dvije vrste signala,

a hunger signal for example.

na primjer signal za glad.

If you have an empty stomach,

Ako imate prazan želudac,

your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin.

vaš želudac luči hormon grelin.

It's a very big signal;

To je vrlo jak signal.

it's sent to the brain says,

Kad ode do mozga kaže:

"Go and eat."

“Idi jesti.“

You have stop signals --

Imate i zaustavne signale.

we have up to eight stop signals.

Imamo do osam zaustavnih signala.

At least in my case,

U mom ih slučaju

they are not listened to.

nitko ne sluša.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So what happens

Što se dogodi

if the big brain in the integration

kad veliki mozak pri integraciji

overrides the signal?

zaobiđe signal?

So if you override the hunger signal,

Ako zaobiđete signal za glad,

you can have a disorder, which is called anorexia.

imate poremećaj koji se zove anoreksija.

Despite generating

Unatoč stvaranju

a healthy hunger signal,

zdravog signala za glad,

the big brain ignores it

veliki ga mozak ignorira

and activates different programs in the gut.

i aktivira drugi program u crijevima.

The more usual case

Češći slučaj

is overeating.

je prejedanje.

It actually takes the signal

Ono uzme signal

and changes it,

i promijeni ga

and we continue,

i mi nastavimo

even [though] our eight signals would say, "Stop, enough.

iako naših osam signala govore: „Stani. Dosta.

We have transferred enough energy."

Prenijeli smo dovoljno energije.“

Now the interesting thing is that,

Zanimljivo je da

along this lower layer -- this gut --

u ovim nižim slojevima,

the signal becomes stronger and stronger

signal postaje jači i jači

if undigested, but digestible, material

ako neprobavljena, ali probavljiva

could penetrate.

hrana prođe.

This we found from bariatric surgery.

Ovo smo saznali tijekom barijatrične kirurgije.

That then the signal would be very, very high.

Da je onda signal jako, jako snažan.

So now back to the cooking question

Vratimo se na pitanje kuhanja

and back to the design.

i dizajna.

We have learned to talk to the big brain --

Naučili smo pričati s velikim mozgom –

taste and reward, as you know.

okus i nagrada, kako znate.

Now what would be the language

Kojim bismo jezikom

we have to talk to the gut brain

trebali pričali mozgu u crijevima

that its signals are so strong

da bi njegovi signali bili tako jaki

that the big brain cannot ignore it?

da ih veliki mozak ne može ignorirati?

Then we would generate something

Onda bismo stvorili nešto što

all of us would like to have --

bismo svi voljeli imati –

a balance between the hunger

ravnotežu između gladi

and the satiation.

i zasićenosti.

Now I give you, from our research, a very short claim.

Sad vam iznosim, iz našeg istraživanja, vrlo kratku tvrdnju.

This is fat digestion.

Ovo je probava masti.

You have on your left

Na lijevo imate

an olive oil droplet,

kap maslinova ulja

and this olive oil droplet gets attacked by enzymes.

i nju napadaju enzimi.

This is an in vitro experiment.

Ovo je in vitro eksperiment.

It's very difficult to work in the intestine.

Vrlo je teško raditi u crijevima.

Now everyone would expect

Svi bismo očekivali

that when the degradation of the oil happens,

da kad se dogodi degradacija ulja,

when the constituents are liberated,

kad se sastavnice oslobode,

they disappear, they go away

da nestanu, da odu

because they [were] absorbed.

zato što su upijene.

Actually, what happens is that a very intricate structure appears.

Zapravo se dogodi to da se pojavi vrlo složena struktura.

And I hope you can see

Nadam se da vidite

that there are some ring-like structures in the middle image,

da ovdje imamo neke prstenaste strukture u sredini slike,

which is water.

a to je voda.

This whole system generates a huge surface

Ovaj cijeli sustav stvara ogromnu površinu

to allow more enzymes

da bi dopustio većem broju enzima

to attack the remaining oil.

da napadnu ostatak ulja.

And finally, on your right side,

Konačno, na desnoj strani vidimo

you see a bubbly,

mjehuričastu strukturu

cell-like structure appearing,

sličnu stanici koja nastaje

from which the body will absorb the fat.

iz koje će tijelo upiti masnoću.

Now if we could take this language --

Kad bismo mogli uzeti taj jezik,

and this is a language of structures --

a to je jezik struktura,

and make it longer-lasting,

i učiniti ga dugotrajnijim,

that it can go through

da može

the passage of the intestine,

proći kroz crijevo,

it would generate stronger signals.

stvorio bi jači signal.

So our research --

Naše istraživanje,

and I think the research also at the universities --

i mislim i istraživanje na fakultetima,

are now fixing on these points

dorađuju te točke

to say: how can we actually --

kako bi rekli: kako možemo zapravo,

and this might sound trivial now to you --

a to sad može zvučati trivijalno,

how can we change cooking?

kako možemo promijeniti kuhanje?

How can we cook

Kako možemo kuhati

that we have this language developed?

da imamo taj jezik razvijen?

So what we have actually, it's not an omnivore's dilemma.

Mi zapravo nemamo dilemu svejeda.

We have a coctivor's opportunity,

Imamo mogućnost coctivora,

because we have learned over the last two million years

jer smo naučili tijekom dva milijuna godina

which taste and reward --

kojim se okusima i nagradama,

quite sophisticated to cook --

prilično sofisticirano za skuhati,

to please ourselves, to satisfy ourselves.

možemo zadovoljiti, ugoditi si.

If we add the matrix,

Ako dodamo mrežu,

if we add the structure language, which we have to learn,

ako dodamo strukturni jezik koji moramo naučiti,

when we learn it, then we can put it back;

kad ga naučimo, tad ga možemo vratiti natrag,

and around energy,

i oko energije,

we could generate a balance,

mogli bismo stvoriti ravnotežu

which comes out

koja proizlazi

from our really primordial operation: cooking.

iz iskonske radnje: kuhanja.

So, to make cooking really

Da bih učinio kuhanje doista

a very important element,

važnim elementom,

I would say even philosophers have to change

rekao bih da se čak i filozofi moraju mijenjati

and have to finally recognize

i trebaju konačno priznati

that cooking is what made us.

da nas je kuhanje stvorilo.

So I would say, coquo ergo sum:

Rekao bih, coquo ergo sum:

I cook, therefore I am.

Kuham, dakle jesam.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)