Can a computer write poetry? | Oscar Schwartz

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

I have a question.

Imam jedno pitanje.

Can a computer write poetry?

Može li kompjuter da piše poeziju?

This is a provocative question.

Ovo je provokativno pitanje.

You think about it for a minute,

Razmislite na trenutak o tome

and you suddenly have a bunch of other questions like:

i iznenada imate gomilu drugih pitanja, poput:

What is a computer?

šta je kompjuter?

What is poetry?

Šta je poezija?

What is creativity?

Šta je kreativnost?

But these are questions

Međutim, ovo su pitanja

that people spend their entire lifetime trying to answer,

o čijim odgovorima ljudi provedu čitav život razmišljajući,

not in a single TED Talk.

a ne jedan TED govor.

So we're going to have to try a different approach.

Pa ćemo morati da isprobamo drugačiji pristup.

So up here, we have two poems.

Dakle, ovde gore imamo dve pesme.

One of them is written by a human,

Jednu je napisalo ljudsko biće,

and the other one's written by a computer.

a drugu je napisao kompjuter.

I'm going to ask you to tell me which one's which.

Zamoliću vas da mi kažete koja je koja.

Have a go:

Pokušajte:

Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, / My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.

Prva pesma: Muvo mala, / Letnju igru ti / Moja nemarna / Ruka prekrati

Am I not / A fly like thee? / Or art not thou / A man like me?

Zar ja nisam / Muva kao ti? / A zar ti nisi / Čovek kao ja?

Poem 2: We can feel / Activist through your life's / morning /

Druga pesma: Možemo da osećamo / Aktivista kroz tvog života / jutra

Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)

Zastane da vidi, mrzim papu tog / Nije noć sva za početak / sjajna inače (...)

Alright, time's up.

U redu vreme je isteklo.

Hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.

Podignite ruke, ako mislite da je prvu pesmu napisao čovek.

OK, most of you.

U redu, većina misli.

Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.

Podignite ruke, ako mislite da je drugu pesmu napisao čovek.

Very brave of you,

Veoma hrabro od vas

because the first one was written by the human poet William Blake.

jer je prvu napisao ljudski pesnik Vilijam Blejk.

The second one was written by an algorithm

Drugu je napisao algoritam

that took all the language from my Facebook feed on one day

koji je iskoristio sav jezik iz jednog dana na mom kanalu na Fejsbuku

and then regenerated it algorithmically,

i potom ga je preradio algoritamski,

according to methods that I'll describe a little bit later on.

služeći se metodama koje ću da objasnim nešto kasnije.

So let's try another test.

Pa, isprobajmo još jedan test.

Again, you haven't got ages to read this,

Opet, nemate večnost da ovo pročitate,

so just trust your gut.

prosto verujte osećaju.

Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks. It is interesting / and fascinating

Prva pesma: Lav riče, a pas laje zanimljivo je to / i očaravajuće

that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark. Enthralling stories about animals

da ptica će da leti ili ne / rika ili lavež. Opčinjavajuće priče o životinjama

are in my dreams and I will sing them all if I / am not exhausted or weary.

su mi u snovima i ja ispevaću ih sve / nisam li odveć umoran il' iscrpljen.

Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate sodas! / You are really beautiful!

Druga pesma: Ah! kenguri, cekini, čokoladne sode vode! / Uistinu ste krasni!

Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins! All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)

Biseri, / harmonike, žižule, aspirini! Sve / stvari te o kojima oduvek govore....

Alright, time's up.

Uredu, vreme je isteklo.

So if you think the first poem was written by a human,

Dakle, ako mislite da je prvu pesmu napisalo ljudsko biće,

put your hand up.

podignite ruke.

OK.

U redu.

And if you think the second poem was written by a human,

A ako mislite da je drugu pesmu napisalo ljudsko biće,

put your hand up.

podignite ruke.

We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.

Ovde imamo, manje-više, podelu 50-50.

It was much harder.

Bilo je značajno teže.

The answer is,

Odgovor je:

the first poem was generated by an algorithm called Racter,

prvu pesmu je sastavio algoritam koji se zove Racter,

that was created back in the 1970s,

napravljen davnih 1970-ih,

and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O'Hara,

a drugu pesmu je napisao čovek po imenu Frenk Ohara,

who happens to be one of my favorite human poets.

koji je slučajno jedan od mojih omiljenih ljudskih pesnika.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So what we've just done now is a Turing test for poetry.

Dakle, upravo ste odradili Tjuringov test za poeziju.

The Turing test was first proposed by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,

Tjuringov test je predložio ovaj lik, Alan Tjuring, 1950,

in order to answer the question,

kako bi odgovorio na pitanje:

can computers think?

mogu li kompjuteri da misle?

Alan Turing believed that if a computer was able

Alan Tjuring je verovao da ukoliko je kompjuter u stanju

to have a to have a text-based conversation with a human,

da vodi razgovor s čovekom, utemeljen na tekstu,

with such proficiency such that the human couldn't tell

toliko vično da čovek ne može da odredi

whether they are talking to a computer or a human,

da li razgovara s kompjuterom ili čovekom,

then the computer can be said to have intelligence.

onda se za kompjuter može reći da ima inteligenciju.

So in 2013, my friend Benjamin Laird and I,

Pa smo 2013, moj prijatelj Bendžamin Lerd i ja

we created a Turing test for poetry online.

napravili Tjuringov test za poeziju na internetu.

It's called bot or not,

Zove se "Bot or not",

and you can go and play it for yourselves.

i možete da ga posetite i da se poigrate.

But basically, it's the game we just played.

U suštini, radi se o igri koju smo upravo igrali.

You're presented with a poem,

Ponuđena vam je pesma,

you don't know whether it was written by a human or a computer

ne znate da li ju je napisao čovek ili kompjuter

and you have to guess.

i morate da pogađate.

Dakle, na hiljade ljudi je učestvovalo u ovom testu na internetu

So thousands and thousands of people have taken this test online,

so we have results.

i imamo rezultate.

And what are the results?

A koji su rezultati?

Well, Turing said that if a computer could fool a human

Pa, Tjuring je rekao da ako kompjuter može da obmanjuje čoveka

30 percent of the time that it was a human,

30 posto vremena da je čovek,

then it passes the Turing test for intelligence.

onda je prošao Tjuringov test za inteligenciju.

We have poems on the bot or not database

Imamo pesme u "Bot or not" bazi podataka

that have fooled 65 percent of human readers into thinking

koje su obmanule 65 procenata ljudskih čitalaca da veruju

it was written by a human.

da su ih napisali ljudi.

So, I think we have an answer to our question.

Dakle, mislim da imamo odgovor na naše pitanje.

According to the logic of the Turing test,

Prema logici Tjuringovog testa:

can a computer write poetry?

može li kompjuter da piše poeziju?

Well, yes, absolutely it can.

Pa, da, apsolutno može.

But if you're feeling a little bit uncomfortable

Međutim ako se osećate malčice nelagodno

with this answer, that's OK.

zbog ovog odgovora, to je u redu.

If you're having a bunch of gut reactions to it,

Ako imate gomilu instinktivnih reakcija na ovo,

that's also OK because this isn't the end of the story.

to je takođe u redu jer ovo nije kraj priče.

Let's play our third and final test.

Hajde da pustimo treći i poslednji test.

Again, you're going to have to read

Opet, moraćete da pročitate

and tell me which you think is human.

i da mi kažete šta je napisao čovek.

Poem 1: Red flags the reason for pretty flags. / And ribbons.

Prva pesma: Crvene zastave su razlog za lepe zastave. / I trake.

Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material. (...)

Trake od zastava / I nosive tkanine / Razlozi da se nose tkanine. (...)

Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest, / I've heard the daffodil

2. Pesma: Povređeni jelen skače najviše / Slušala sam narcise

I've heard the flag to-day / I've heard the hunter tell; /

Slušala sam zastave danas / Slušala sam priču lovca; /

'Tis but the ecstasy of death, / And then the brake is almost done (...)

Ovo je sami ushit smrti, / A onda predahu se bliži kraj (..)

OK, time is up.

U redu, vreme je isteklo.

So hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.

Podignite ruke, ako mislite da je prvu pesmu napisalo ljudsko biće.

Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.

Podignite ruke, ako mislite da je drugu pesmu napisao čovek.

Whoa, that's a lot more people.

Opa, to je mnogo više ljudi.

So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1

Dakle, iznenadiće vas da je prvu pesmu

was written by the very human poet Gertrude Stein.

napisala baš ljudska pesnikinja Gertruda Štajn.

And Poem 2 was generated by an algorithm called RKCP.

A drugu pesmu je sastavio algoritam, naslovljen RKCP.

Now before we go on, let me describe very quickly and simply,

Sad, pre nego što nastavimo dozvolite da vam brzo i jednostavno

how RKCP works.

objasnim kako RKCP radi.

So RKCP is an algorithm designed by Ray Kurzweil,

Dakle, RKCP je algoritam koga je dizajnirao Rej Kurcvel,

who's a director of engineering at Google

direktor inženjeringa u Guglu

and a firm believer in artificial intelligence.

i istinski pobornik veštačke inteligencije.

So, you give RKCP a source text,

Dakle, date RKCP-u izvorni tekst,

it analyzes the source text in order to find out how it uses language,

on analizira izvorni tekst da bi otkrio kako je korišćen jezik u njemu,

and then it regenerates language

a onda ponovo stvara jezik

that emulates that first text.

koji podražava taj prvobitni tekst.

So in the poem we just saw before,

U pesmi koju smo upravo videli,

Poem 2, the one that you all thought was human,

drugoj pesmi, za koju ste svi verovali da je ljudska,

it was fed a bunch of poems

u algoritam je pohranjena gomila pesama

by a poet called Emily Dickinson

pesnikinje Emili Dikinson.

it looked at the way she used language,

Razmatrao je kako je ona koristila jezik,

learned the model,

savladao je obrazac,

and then it regenerated a model according to that same structure.

a potom je nanovo stvorio obrazac prema toj istoj strukturi.

But the important thing to know about RKCP

Međutim, važno je da znate za RKCP

is that it doesn't know the meaning of the words it's using.

da on ne zna značenje reči koje koristi.

The language is just raw material,

Jezik je prosto sirovina,

it could be Chinese, it could be in Swedish,

mogao bi biti kineski, mogao bi biti švedski,

it could be the collected language from your Facebook feed for one day.

mogao bi to biti izabrani jezik jednog dana s vašeg Fejsbuk kanala.

It's just raw material.

To je prosto sirovina.

And nevertheless, it's able to create a poem

A ipak je u stanju da sastavi pesmu

that seems more human than Gertrude Stein's poem,

koja zvuči ljudskije od poezije Gertrude Štajn,

and Gertrude Stein is a human.

a Gertruda Štajn je ljudsko biće.

So what we've done here is, more or less, a reverse Turing test.

Ovde smo obavili, manje-više, obrnuti Tjuringov test.

So Gertrude Stein, who's a human, is able to write a poem

Dakle, Gertruda Štajn, koja je čovek, može da napiše pesmu

that fools a majority of human judges into thinking

koja obmanjuje većinu ljudskih sudija da veruju

that it was written by a computer.

da ju je napisao kompjuter.

Therefore, according to the logic of the reverse Turing test,

Stoga, prema logici obrnutog Tjurinovog testa,

Gertrude Stein is a computer.

Gertruda Štajn je kompjuter.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Feeling confused?

Zbunjeni ste?

I think that's fair enough.

Mislim da je to pošteno.

So far we've had humans that write like humans,

Dosad smo imali ljude koji pišu kao ljudi,

we have computers that write like computers,

imamo kompjutere koji pišu kao kompjuteri,

we have computers that write like humans,

imamo kompjutere koji pišu kao ljudi,

but we also have, perhaps most confusingly,

ali takođe imamo, verovatno najkonfuznije,

humans that write like computers.

ljude koji pišu kao kompjuteri.

So what do we take from all of this?

Dakle, šta da zaključimo iz ovoga?

Do we take that William Blake is somehow more of a human

Da li da zaključimo da je Vilijam Blejk nekako ljudskiji

than Gertrude Stein?

od Gertrude Štajn?

Or that Gertrude Stein is more of a computer than William Blake?

Ili da je Gertruda Štajn više kompjuter od Vilijama Blejka?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

These are questions I've been asking myself

Ova pitanja sam sebi postavljao

for around two years now,

evo već dve godine

and I don't have any answers.

i nemam nikakve odgovore.

But what I do have are a bunch of insights

Ali imam gomilu zapažanja

about our relationship with technology.

o našem odnosu prema tehnologiji.

So my first insight is that, for some reason,

Moje prvo zapažanje je da iz nekog razloga

we associate poetry with being human.

povezujemo poeziju s ljudskošću.

So that when we ask, "Can a computer write poetry?"

Pa, kada pitamo: "Može li kompjuter da piše poeziju?"

we're also asking,

takođe pitamo:

"What does it mean to be human

"Šta znači biti čovek

and how do we put boundaries around this category?

i kako ograničavamo ovu kategoriju?

How do we say who or what can be part of this category?"

Kako određujemo ko ili šta može da bude deo ove kategorije?"

This is an essentially philosophical question, I believe,

Ovo je, verujem, u suštini filozofsko pitanje

and it can't be answered with a yes or no test,

i test sa da ili ne ne može da odgovori na njega,

like the Turing test.

poput Tjuringovog testa.

I also believe that Alan Turing understood this,

Takođe verujem da je Alan Tjuring razumeo ovo

and that when he devised his test back in 1950,

i da kada je osmislio svoj test te 1950,

he was doing it as a philosophical provocation.

on ga je napravio kao filozofsku provokaciju.

So my second insight is that, when we take the Turing test for poetry,

Pa je moj sledeće zapažanje da, kada uradimo Tjuringov test za poeziju,

we're not really testing the capacity of the computers

mi zaista ne testiramo sposobnosti kompjutera

because poetry-generating algorithms,

jer su algoritmi za sastavljanje poezije

they're pretty simple and have existed, more or less, since the 1950s.

prilično prosti i postoje, manje-više, od 1950-ih.

What we are doing with the Turing test for poetry, rather,

Tjuringovim testom za poeziju,

is collecting opinions about what constitutes humanness.

mi sakupljamo mišljenja o tome iz čega se sastoji ljudskost.

So, what I've figured out,

Dakle, ono što sam shvatio,

we've seen this when earlier today,

videli smo to nešto ranije,

we say that William Blake is more of a human

kažemo da je Vilijam Blejk više ljudsko biće

than Gertrude Stein.

od Gertrude Štajn.

Of course, this doesn't mean that William Blake

Naravno da ovo ne znači da je Vilijam Blejk

was actually more human

uistinu bio više ljudsko biće

or that Gertrude Stein was more of a computer.

ili da je Gertruda Štajn više bila kompjuter.

It simply means that the category of the human is unstable.

To prosto znači da je kategorija ljudskosti nestabilna.

This has led me to understand

Zbog ovoga sam shvatio

that the human is not a cold, hard fact.

da ljudskost nije hladna, čvrsta činjenica.

Rather, it is something that's constructed with our opinions

Već da je to nešto što je sačinjeno od naših shvatanja

and something that changes over time.

i nešto što se vremenom menja.

So my final insight is that the computer, more or less,

Pa je moje poslednje zapažanje da kompjuter, manje-više,

works like a mirror that reflects any idea of a human

funkcioniše poput ogledala koje odražava bilo koju ideju ljudskosti

that we show it.

koju mu pokažemo.

We show it Emily Dickinson,

Pokažemo mu Emili Dikinson,

it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.

on nam vrati Emili Dikinson.

We show it William Blake,

Pokažemo mu Vilijama Blejka,

that's what it reflects back to us.

to je ono što će da bude u odrazu.

We show it Gertrude Stein,

Pokažemo mu Gertrudu Štajn,

what we get back is Gertrude Stein.

dobićemo opet Gertrudu Štajn.

More than any other bit of technology,

Više od bilo kog parčeta tehnologije,

the computer is a mirror that reflects any idea of the human we teach it.

kompjuter je ogledalo koje odražava bilo koju ideju ljudskosti koju nauči.

So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing

Siguran sam da je većina vas slušala

a lot about artificial intelligence recently.

mnogo o veštačkoj inteligenciji, u skorije vreme.

And much of the conversation is,

A većina razgovora je o tome

can we build it?

možemo li je napraviti?

Can we build an intelligent computer?

Možemo li da napravimo inteligentan kompjuter?

Can we build a creative computer?

Možemo li da napravimo kreativan kompjuter?

What we seem to be asking over and over

Čini mi se da iznova i iznova pitamo:

is can we build a human-like computer?

možemo li da napravimo čovekoliki kompjuter?

But what we've seen just now

Međutim, upravo smo videli

is that the human is not a scientific fact,

da ljudskost nije naučna činjenica,

that it's an ever-shifting, concatenating idea

da je to ideja koja se stalno menja, nadograđuje

and one that changes over time.

i menja tokom vremena.

So that when we begin to grapple with the ideas

Pa, kad se uhvatimo u koštac sa zamislima

of artificial intelligence in the future,

o veštačkoj inteligenciji u budućnosti,

we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,

ne bi trebalo da se samo pitamo:

"Can we build it?"

"Možemo li je napraviti?"

But we should also be asking ourselves,

Već bi trebalo i da se pitamo:

"What idea of the human do we want to have reflected back to us?"

"Koju ideju ljudskosti želimo da nađemo u njenom odrazu?"

This is an essentially philosophical idea,

Ovo je suštinski filozofska zamisao,

and it's one that can't be answered with software alone,

i to takva da na nju ne može da odgvori samo softver,

but I think requires a moment of species-wide, existential reflection.

već mislim da zahteva trenutak

egzistencijalnog razmatranja od strane celokupne vrste.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)