Can a computer write poetry? | Oscar Schwartz

89,982 views ใƒป 2016-02-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: yu gang - hyun ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I have a question.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Can a computer write poetry?
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:18
This is a provocative question.
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๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
00:21
You think about it for a minute,
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:23
and you suddenly have a bunch of other questions like:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
What is a computer?
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ?
00:28
What is poetry?
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์‹œ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋ญ์ง€?
00:30
What is creativity?
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์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ?
00:33
But these are questions
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€
00:34
that people spend their entire lifetime trying to answer,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”์ณ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด์ง€
00:37
not in a single TED Talk.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ TED ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
So we're going to have to try a different approach.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด ๋ณด๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
So up here, we have two poems.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ํŽธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
One of them is written by a human,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ๊ณ 
00:48
and the other one's written by a computer.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
I'm going to ask you to tell me which one's which.
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๋‘ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:53
Have a go:
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
00:55
Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, / My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
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์‹œ 1: ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์•ผ / ๋„ˆ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋‚  ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ / ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์ฃผ์˜ํ•œ ์†์ด / ์“ธ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
00:59
Am I not / A fly like thee? / Or art not thou / A man like me?
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋Š” / ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ?
01:02
Poem 2: We can feel / Activist through your life's / morning /
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์‹œ 2 : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„ค / ๋„ค ์‚ถ์˜ ์•„์นจ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
01:05
Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)
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์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค, ๊ตํ™ฉ์ด์—ฌ. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋„ค/๋ชจ๋“  ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐค๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”/์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ (...)
์ข‹์•„์š”, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Alright, time's up.
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01:11
Hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.
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1๋ฒˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:17
OK, most of you.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์†์„ ๋“œ์…จ๋„ค์š”.
01:19
Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด 2๋ฒˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ์† ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:23
Very brave of you,
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๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด๋„ค์š”.
01:24
because the first one was written by the human poet William Blake.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
The second one was written by an algorithm
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
that took all the language from my Facebook feed on one day
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์ œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํ”ผ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์„
01:36
and then regenerated it algorithmically,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด์šฉ๋์ฃ .
01:39
according to methods that I'll describe a little bit later on.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So let's try another test.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Again, you haven't got ages to read this,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„, ์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
so just trust your gut.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks. It is interesting / and fascinating
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์‹œ 1 : ์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ํฌํšจํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ง–๋„ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:54
that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
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์ƒˆ๋Š” ํฌํšจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง–์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋„ค. ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:58
are in my dreams and I will sing them all if I / am not exhausted or weary.
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๋‚ด ๊ฟˆ ์†์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋„ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด.
02:02
Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate sodas! / You are really beautiful!
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์‹œ 2 : ์˜ค! ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ, ์„ธํ€ธ์žฅ์‹, ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์†Œ๋‹ค! / ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ฐธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ตฌ๋‚˜!
02:06
Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins! All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)
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์ง„์ฃผ/ ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด, ๋Œ€์ถ”, ์•„์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฐ! ๋ชจ๋‘/ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋„ค. (...)
์ข‹์•„์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
02:11
Alright, time's up.
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02:12
So if you think the first poem was written by a human,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:15
put your hand up.
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์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:17
OK.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
And if you think the second poem was written by a human,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„
02:21
put your hand up.
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์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:23
We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
02:28
It was much harder.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฑด ์ข€ ๋” ์–ด๋Ÿฌ์šฐ์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
The answer is,
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๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:31
the first poem was generated by an algorithm called Racter,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
that was created back in the 1970s,
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด์ฃ .
02:37
and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O'Hara,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋Š” ํ”„๋žญํฌ ์˜คํ•˜๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
who happens to be one of my favorite human poets.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” '์ธ๊ฐ„' ์‹œ์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์ฃ .
02:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:48
So what we've just done now is a Turing test for poetry.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 'ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
The Turing test was first proposed by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
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'ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'๋Š” 1950๋…„์— ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด
02:56
in order to answer the question,
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์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
can computers think?
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'์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?'
03:00
Alan Turing believed that if a computer was able
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์•จ๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋ง์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
03:03
to have a to have a text-based conversation with a human,
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
03:06
with such proficiency such that the human couldn't tell
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„์˜
03:08
whether they are talking to a computer or a human,
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์–ธ์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:11
then the computer can be said to have intelligence.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
So in 2013, my friend Benjamin Laird and I,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 2013๋…„, ์ €์™€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ๋Ÿด๋“œ๋Š”
03:18
we created a Turing test for poetry online.
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์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ '์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ' ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
It's called bot or not,
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์ด๋ฆ„์€ bot or not ์ด๊ณ 
03:22
and you can go and play it for yourselves.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํ˜ผ์ž ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
But basically, it's the game we just played.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „ ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
You're presented with a poem,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
03:28
you don't know whether it was written by a human or a computer
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:31
and you have to guess.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
So thousands and thousands of people have taken this test online,
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03:36
so we have results.
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
03:37
And what are the results?
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:39
Well, Turing said that if a computer could fool a human
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ํŠœ๋ง์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ 30% ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ
03:42
30 percent of the time that it was a human,
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:45
then it passes the Turing test for intelligence.
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๊ทธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠœ๋งํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
We have poems on the bot or not database
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'bot or not' ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—๋Š”
03:51
that have fooled 65 percent of human readers into thinking
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65% ์ •๋„์˜ ํ™•๋ฃฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์†์ธ
03:54
it was written by a human.
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์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
So, I think we have an answer to our question.
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์ž, ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
03:59
According to the logic of the Turing test,
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'ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
04:01
can a computer write poetry?
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:03
Well, yes, absolutely it can.
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๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
But if you're feeling a little bit uncomfortable
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข€ ๋‚˜์˜์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:10
with this answer, that's OK.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:12
If you're having a bunch of gut reactions to it,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:14
that's also OK because this isn't the end of the story.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:18
Let's play our third and final test.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์ž๋ง‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:22
Again, you're going to have to read
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ์‹œ๊ณ 
04:23
and tell me which you think is human.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ์‹œ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
04:25
Poem 1: Red flags the reason for pretty flags. / And ribbons.
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์‹œ 1 : ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์€ ์˜ˆ์œ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ. / ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋“ค.
04:29
Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material. (...)
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๊นƒ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋“ค/ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด/ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์ธ ์ด์œ . (...)
04:33
Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest, / I've heard the daffodil
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์‹œ 2 : ๋‹ค์นœ ์‚ฌ์Šด์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์ด ๋›ด๋‹ค, / ์ˆ˜์„ ํ™”์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
04:37
I've heard the flag to-day / I've heard the hunter tell; /
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค / ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค.
04:41
'Tis but the ecstasy of death, / And then the brake is almost done (...)
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํ™ฉํ™€ํ•จ, / ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค.
04:44
OK, time is up.
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์ข‹์•„์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
04:46
So hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.
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1๋ฒˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:51
Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์† ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
04:55
Whoa, that's a lot more people.
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์˜ค, ์†์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ์…จ๋„ค์š”
04:58
So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ฐ€
05:01
was written by the very human poet Gertrude Stein.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‹œ์ธ์ธ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ฉด ๋†€๋ผ์‹œ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
05:06
And Poem 2 was generated by an algorithm called RKCP.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋Š” RKCP๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Now before we go on, let me describe very quickly and simply,
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์งง๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ
05:14
how RKCP works.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ RKCP๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
So RKCP is an algorithm designed by Ray Kurzweil,
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RKCP๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด ์ปค์ฆˆ์™€์ผ์ด ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
who's a director of engineering at Google
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:22
and a firm believer in artificial intelligence.
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์ธ๊ณต ์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:25
So, you give RKCP a source text,
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RKCP์— ์›์‹œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฉด
05:29
it analyzes the source text in order to find out how it uses language,
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RKCP๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ํ›„
05:34
and then it regenerates language
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์›์‹œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:36
that emulates that first text.
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์ƒˆ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
So in the poem we just saw before,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
Poem 2, the one that you all thought was human,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ ๋˜ํ•œ
05:43
it was fed a bunch of poems
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์‹œ์ธ ์—๋ฐ€์ด ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋“ค์ด
05:45
by a poet called Emily Dickinson
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ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
it looked at the way she used language,
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RKCP๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
05:49
learned the model,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ
05:50
and then it regenerated a model according to that same structure.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
But the important thing to know about RKCP
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ RKCP์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:58
is that it doesn't know the meaning of the words it's using.
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RKCP๋Š” ์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋œป์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
The language is just raw material,
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์›์ž์žฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
it could be Chinese, it could be in Swedish,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„, ์Šค์›จ๋ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„,
06:06
it could be the collected language from your Facebook feed for one day.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํ”ผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์–ธ์–ด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
It's just raw material.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์›์ž์žฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
06:13
And nevertheless, it's able to create a poem
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , RKCP๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
06:16
that seems more human than Gertrude Stein's poem,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€
06:19
and Gertrude Stein is a human.
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์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
So what we've done here is, more or less, a reverse Turing test.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 'ํŠœ๋งํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'๋ฅผ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
So Gertrude Stein, who's a human, is able to write a poem
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€
06:33
that fools a majority of human judges into thinking
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ
06:36
that it was written by a computer.
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์†์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
Therefore, according to the logic of the reverse Turing test,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, 'ํŠœ๋งํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'๋ฅผ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”,
06:43
Gertrude Stein is a computer.
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๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋„ค์š”.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:47
Feeling confused?
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šฐ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
06:49
I think that's fair enough.
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์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
So far we've had humans that write like humans,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„
06:55
we have computers that write like computers,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„
06:58
we have computers that write like humans,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„
07:01
but we also have, perhaps most confusingly,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šฐ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
07:05
humans that write like computers.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So what do we take from all of this?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
07:11
Do we take that William Blake is somehow more of a human
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์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:14
than Gertrude Stein?
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๋” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
07:16
Or that Gertrude Stein is more of a computer than William Blake?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”?
07:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:20
These are questions I've been asking myself
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ
07:23
for around two years now,
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๋ฌป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
and I don't have any answers.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
But what I do have are a bunch of insights
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜
07:29
about our relationship with technology.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
So my first insight is that, for some reason,
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์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์€, ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ์—์„ ์ง€
07:36
we associate poetry with being human.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฅผ '์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
So that when we ask, "Can a computer write poetry?"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ '์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:43
we're also asking,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
"What does it mean to be human
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'์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?'
07:46
and how do we put boundaries around this category?
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'์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?'
07:50
How do we say who or what can be part of this category?"
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡'์ด ์ด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? '
07:54
This is an essentially philosophical question, I believe,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
and it can't be answered with a yes or no test,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ 'ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ' ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ '์˜ˆ' ๋˜๋Š” '์•„๋‹ˆ์š”' ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:00
like the Turing test.
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๋‹ตํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
I also believe that Alan Turing understood this,
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์ €๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋ง์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:04
and that when he devised his test back in 1950,
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1950๋…„, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋„๋ฐœ'๋กœ์จ ์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
08:08
he was doing it as a philosophical provocation.
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์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
So my second insight is that, when we take the Turing test for poetry,
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์ œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠœ๋งํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
08:18
we're not really testing the capacity of the computers
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
because poetry-generating algorithms,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ - ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์€
08:25
they're pretty simple and have existed, more or less, since the 1950s.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ •๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:31
What we are doing with the Turing test for poetry, rather,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 'ํŠœ๋ง ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ'๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:34
is collecting opinions about what constitutes humanness.
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'๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
So, what I've figured out,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:43
we've seen this when earlier today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ „์— ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
we say that William Blake is more of a human
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:48
than Gertrude Stein.
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๋” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Of course, this doesn't mean that William Blake
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€
08:52
was actually more human
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๋” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
or that Gertrude Stein was more of a computer.
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๋˜๋Š”, ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ๋” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‹ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
It simply means that the category of the human is unstable.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ '์ธ๊ฐ„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
This has led me to understand
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ '์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ' ์ด
09:05
that the human is not a cold, hard fact.
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์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ , ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
09:08
Rather, it is something that's constructed with our opinions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
09:11
and something that changes over time.
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๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
So my final insight is that the computer, more or less,
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์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์€ '์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” '๊ฑฐ์šธ' ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:21
works like a mirror that reflects any idea of a human
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09:25
that we show it.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
We show it Emily Dickinson,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
09:28
it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
We show it William Blake,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
09:33
that's what it reflects back to us.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
We show it Gertrude Stein,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
09:37
what we get back is Gertrude Stein.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋ฃจ๋“œ ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
More than any other bit of technology,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
09:43
the computer is a mirror that reflects any idea of the human we teach it.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด
09:52
a lot about artificial intelligence recently.
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
And much of the conversation is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”
10:00
can we build it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:02
Can we build an intelligent computer?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:05
Can we build a creative computer?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:08
What we seem to be asking over and over
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋์—†์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?'
10:10
is can we build a human-like computer?
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
But what we've seen just now
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ
10:15
is that the human is not a scientific fact,
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'์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
10:18
that it's an ever-shifting, concatenating idea
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์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š”
10:22
and one that changes over time.
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์‚ฌ์Šฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
So that when we begin to grapple with the ideas
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:27
of artificial intelligence in the future,
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๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:30
we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?'
10:32
"Can we build it?"
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
But we should also be asking ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
"What idea of the human do we want to have reflected back to us?"
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? '
10:39
This is an essentially philosophical idea,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ
10:42
and it's one that can't be answered with software alone,
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
but I think requires a moment of species-wide, existential reflection.
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์ €๋Š” '์ธ๊ฐ„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…์˜ ์กด์žฌ์  ๋ฐ˜์˜์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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