Can a computer write poetry? | Oscar Schwartz

Prevoditelj: Leona Grujić Recezent: Gordan Prakiš

I have a question.

Imam pitanje.

Can a computer write poetry?

Može li računalo pisati poeziju?

This is a provocative question.

To je provokativno pitanje.

You think about it for a minute,

Razmislite minutu

and you suddenly have a bunch of other questions like:

i odjednom imate hrpu drugih pitanja, kao:

What is a computer?

Što je računalo?

What is poetry?

Što je poezija?

What is creativity?

Što je kreativnost?

But these are questions

Ali to su pitanja

that people spend their entire lifetime trying to answer,

kojima ljudi posvete cijeli život u potrazi za odgovorom,

not in a single TED Talk.

a ne samo jedan TED Talk.

So we're going to have to try a different approach.

Pa ćemo morati promijeniti pristup.

So up here, we have two poems.

Dakle, ovdje imamo dvije pjesme.

One of them is written by a human,

Jednu je napisalo ljudsko biće,

and the other one's written by a computer.

a drugu je napisalo računalo.

I'm going to ask you to tell me which one's which.

Pitam vas koja je koja.

Have a go:

Pokušajte:

Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, / My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.

Pjesma 1: Mušice/tvoju igru ljetnu,/ moja slijepa ruka/smetnu.

Am I not / A fly like thee? / Or art not thou / A man like me?

Jesam li/muha kao ti?/ Ili smo oboje/ljudi mi?

Poem 2: We can feel / Activist through your life's / morning /

Pjesma 2: Osjećamo/aktivist kroz tvog života/jutro/

Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)

Zastaje da vidi, papa mrzim to/Ne svu noć da počne jedno/veliko inače (...)

U redu, vrijeme je isteklo.

Alright, time's up.

Hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.

Dignite ruku ako mislite da je pjesmu 1 napisalo ljudsko biće.

OK, most of you.

Ok, većina vas.

Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.

Dignite ruku ako mislite da je pjesmu 2 napisalo ljudsko biće.

Very brave of you,

Vrlo hrabar izbor,

because the first one was written by the human poet William Blake.

jer je prvu pjesmu napisao pjesnik William Blake.

The second one was written by an algorithm

Drugu je napisao algoritam

that took all the language from my Facebook feed on one day

koji je uzeo sav jezik iz mojeg jednodnevog Facebook feeda

and then regenerated it algorithmically,

i algoritmički ga ponovno generirao

according to methods that I'll describe a little bit later on.

prema metodama koje ću malo kasnije opisati.

So let's try another test.

Pokušajmo s još jednim testom.

Again, you haven't got ages to read this,

Ponovno, nemate mnogo vremena za čitanje

so just trust your gut.

pa samo vjerujte instinktu.

Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks. It is interesting / and fascinating

Pjesma 1: Lav riče i pas laje. Zanimljivo je/i fascinantno

that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark. Enthralling stories about animals

da ptica leti i ne/riče niti laje. Očaravajuće priče o životinjama

are in my dreams and I will sing them all if I / am not exhausted or weary.

su u mojim snovima i pjevat ću o svima ako ne/budem iscrpljen ili umoran.

Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate sodas! / You are really beautiful!

Pjesma 2: Oh! klokani, šljokice, čokoladne sode! Prelijepa si!

Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins! All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)

Biseri,/harmonike, žižule, aspirini! Sve/o čemu su uvijek pričali (...)

Alright, time's up.

Ok, vrijeme je isteklo.

So if you think the first poem was written by a human,

Dakle, ako mislite da je prvu pjesmu napisalo ljudsko biće,

put your hand up.

dignite ruku.

OK.

Ok.

And if you think the second poem was written by a human,

A ako mislite da je drugu pjesmu napisalo ljudsko biće,

put your hand up.

dignite ruku.

We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.

Sada je omjer više-manje pola-pola.

It was much harder.

To je bilo mnogo teže.

The answer is,

Odgovor je,

the first poem was generated by an algorithm called Racter,

prvu pjesmu generirao je algoritam zvan RACTER,

that was created back in the 1970s,

koji je stvoren u 1970-ima,

and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O'Hara,

a drugu je napisao tip zvan Franck O'Hara,

who happens to be one of my favorite human poets.

koji je jedan od meni najdražih ljudskih pjesnika.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So what we've just done now is a Turing test for poetry.

Ono što smo ovdje izveli je Turingov test za poeziju.

The Turing test was first proposed by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,

Turingov test je prvi put predložio ovaj tip, Alan Turing, u 1950-ima

in order to answer the question,

kao odgovor na pitanje

can computers think?

mogu li računala razmišljati?

Alan Turing believed that if a computer was able

Alan Turing je vjerovao da ako računalo može

to have a to have a text-based conversation with a human,

pismeno komunicirati s ljudskim bićem

with such proficiency such that the human couldn't tell

tako spretno da ljudsko biće ne bi moglo procijeniti

whether they are talking to a computer or a human,

priča li s računalom ili s drugim ljudskim bićem,

then the computer can be said to have intelligence.

tada bi se za računalo moglo reći da je inteligentno.

So in 2013, my friend Benjamin Laird and I,

Godine 2013. moj prijatelj Benjamin Laird i ja

we created a Turing test for poetry online.

stvorili smo online Turingov test za poeziju.

It's called bot or not,

Zove se "Bot or not"

and you can go and play it for yourselves.

i možete otići i sami ga isprobati.

But basically, it's the game we just played.

Ali svodi se na igru koju smo upravo igrali.

You're presented with a poem,

Dana vam je pjesma,

you don't know whether it was written by a human or a computer

ne znate je li ju napisalo ljudsko biće ili računalo

and you have to guess.

i morate pogoditi.

So thousands and thousands of people have taken this test online,

Tisuće ljudi su isprobale ovaj test online,

so we have results.

pa imamo rezultate.

And what are the results?

A što kažu rezultati?

Well, Turing said that if a computer could fool a human

Turing je rekao da, ako računalo može zavarati ljudsko biće

30 percent of the time that it was a human,

da misli da priča s drugim ljudskim bićem 30 % vremena,

then it passes the Turing test for intelligence.

računalo prolazi Turingov test inteligencije.

We have poems on the bot or not database

Imamo pjesme u našoj bazi

that have fooled 65 percent of human readers into thinking

koje su zavarale 65 % ljudskih čitatelja, koji su mislili

it was written by a human.

da su ih napisala ljudska bića.

So, I think we have an answer to our question.

Dakle, mislim da imamo odgovor na naše pitanje.

According to the logic of the Turing test,

Prema logici Turingova testa,

can a computer write poetry?

može li računalo pisati poeziju?

Well, yes, absolutely it can.

Pa, da, apsolutno može.

But if you're feeling a little bit uncomfortable

Ali ako osjećate blagu neugodu

with this answer, that's OK.

zbog ovog odgovora, to je u redu.

If you're having a bunch of gut reactions to it,

Ako instinktivno reagirate na njega,

that's also OK because this isn't the end of the story.

i to je u redu, jer to nije kraj priče.

Let's play our third and final test.

Odigrajmo treći i posljednji test.

Again, you're going to have to read

Ponovno ćete morati pročitati

and tell me which you think is human.

i reći mi koje je ljudsko.

Poem 1: Red flags the reason for pretty flags. / And ribbons.

Pjesma 1: Crvene zastave razlog za ljupke zastave/I vrpce.

Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material. (...)

Vrpce zastavi/i tkanine za nošenje/ Razlozi za nošenje tkanina. (...)

Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest, / I've heard the daffodil

Pjesma 2: Ranjeni jelen skače najviše/ Čuh sunovrat

I've heard the flag to-day / I've heard the hunter tell; /

Čuh zastavu da-nas/ Čuh lovca kako kaže;/

'Tis but the ecstasy of death, / And then the brake is almost done (...)

Da to tek je zanos smrti/ A onda uzde otkažu (...)

OK, time is up.

Ok, vrijeme je isteklo.

So hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.

Dignite ruke ako mislite da je pjesmu 1 napisalo ljudsko biće.

Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.

Dignite ruke ako mislite da je pjesmu 2 napisalo ljudsko biće.

Whoa, that's a lot more people.

Vau, to je puno više ljudi.

So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1

Pa, iznenadit će vas da je pjesmu 1

was written by the very human poet Gertrude Stein.

napisala vrlo ljudska pjesnikinja Gertrude Stein.

And Poem 2 was generated by an algorithm called RKCP.

A pjesmu 2 je generirao algoritam zvan RKCP.

Now before we go on, let me describe very quickly and simply,

Prije nego nastavim, dajte da ukratko opišem

how RKCP works.

kako RKCP radi.

So RKCP is an algorithm designed by Ray Kurzweil,

Dakle, RKCP je algoritam koji je dizajnirao Ray Kurzweil,

who's a director of engineering at Google

direktor inženjeringa u Googleu

and a firm believer in artificial intelligence.

i veliki pobornik umjetne inteligencije.

So, you give RKCP a source text,

Dakle, date RKCP-u izvorni tekst,

it analyzes the source text in order to find out how it uses language,

on analizira izvorni tekst kako bi shvatio kako tekst koristi jezik,

and then it regenerates language

i onda ponovno generira jezik

that emulates that first text.

koji oponaša izvorni tekst.

So in the poem we just saw before,

Za pjesmu koju smo upravo vidjeli,

Poem 2, the one that you all thought was human,

pjesmu 2, onu za koju ste svi mislili da je ljudska,

it was fed a bunch of poems

nahranili smo ga hrpom pjesama

by a poet called Emily Dickinson

pjesnikinje Emily Dickinson,

it looked at the way she used language,

RKCP je vidio kako ona koristi jezik,

learned the model,

naučio model

and then it regenerated a model according to that same structure.

i regenerirao model koristeći iste strukture.

But the important thing to know about RKCP

Ali ono što morate znati o RKCP-u

is that it doesn't know the meaning of the words it's using.

je da ne zna značenja riječi koje koristi.

The language is just raw material,

Jezik je samo sirovi materijal,

it could be Chinese, it could be in Swedish,

može biti kineski, švedski,

it could be the collected language from your Facebook feed for one day.

može biti jezik vašeg jednodnevnog Facebook feeda.

It's just raw material.

To je samo sirovi materijal.

And nevertheless, it's able to create a poem

A unatoč tome, može stvoriti pjesmu

that seems more human than Gertrude Stein's poem,

koja se čini ljudskijom od pjesme Gertrude Stein,

and Gertrude Stein is a human.

a Gertrude Stein je ljudsko biće.

So what we've done here is, more or less, a reverse Turing test.

Dakle, ono što smo ovdje napravili je više-manje obrnuti Turingov test.

So Gertrude Stein, who's a human, is able to write a poem

Gertrude Stein, ljudsko biće, sposobna je napisati pjesmu

that fools a majority of human judges into thinking

koja zavara većinu ljudi da misle

that it was written by a computer.

da je pjesmu napisalo računalo.

Therefore, according to the logic of the reverse Turing test,

Stoga, prema logici obrnutog Turingova testa,

Gertrude Stein is a computer.

Gertrude Stein je računalo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Feeling confused?

Jeste li zbunjeni?

I think that's fair enough.

Mislim da je to u redu.

So far we've had humans that write like humans,

Dosad smo imali ljude koji pišu kao ljudi,

we have computers that write like computers,

računala koja pišu kao računala,

we have computers that write like humans,

računala koja pišu kao ljudi,

but we also have, perhaps most confusingly,

ali imamo i, što možda najviše zbunjuje,

humans that write like computers.

ljude koji pišu kao računala.

So what do we take from all of this?

Što možemo zaključiti?

Do we take that William Blake is somehow more of a human

Trebamo li misliti da je William Blake nekako više ljudsko biće

than Gertrude Stein?

od Gertrude Stein?

Or that Gertrude Stein is more of a computer than William Blake?

Ili da je Gertrude Stein više računalo od Williama Blakea?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

These are questions I've been asking myself

To su pitanja koja postavljam samom sebi

for around two years now,

već dvije godine,

and I don't have any answers.

i još uvijek nemam nikakav odgovor.

But what I do have are a bunch of insights

Ali imam nekoliko uvida

about our relationship with technology.

o našoj vezi s tehnologijom.

So my first insight is that, for some reason,

Prvi uvid je da, iz nekog razloga,

we associate poetry with being human.

poeziju asociramo s ljudskošću.

So that when we ask, "Can a computer write poetry?"

Pa kad pitamo može li računalo pisati poeziju,

we're also asking,

također pitamo i

"What does it mean to be human

što znači biti ljudsko biće

and how do we put boundaries around this category?

i gdje ljudskost prestaje?

How do we say who or what can be part of this category?"

Kako da kažemo tko ili što treba pripadati kategoriji ljudskog?

This is an essentially philosophical question, I believe,

Vjerujem da je ovo jedno od temeljnih filozofskih pitanja

and it can't be answered with a yes or no test,

na koje se ne može odgovoriti s da ili ne,

like the Turing test.

kao na Turingov test.

I also believe that Alan Turing understood this,

Vjerujem i da je Alan Turing to shvaćao

and that when he devised his test back in 1950,

i da je osmislio test 1950.

he was doing it as a philosophical provocation.

kao filozofsku provokaciju.

So my second insight is that, when we take the Turing test for poetry,

Stoga je moj drugi uvid da, kad rješavamo Turingov test za poeziju,

we're not really testing the capacity of the computers

zapravo ne testiramo sposobnost računala,

because poetry-generating algorithms,

jer su algoritmi za generiranje poezije

they're pretty simple and have existed, more or less, since the 1950s.

prilično jednostavni i postoje više-manje od 1950-ih.

What we are doing with the Turing test for poetry, rather,

Ono što zapravo radimo s Turingovim testom za poeziju

is collecting opinions about what constitutes humanness.

jest skupljanje mišljenja o tome što to znači biti ljudsko biće.

So, what I've figured out,

Shvatio sam da,

we've seen this when earlier today,

to smo vidjeli ranije,

we say that William Blake is more of a human

kažemo da je William Blake ljudskiji

than Gertrude Stein.

od Gertrude Stein.

Of course, this doesn't mean that William Blake

Naravno, to ne znači da je William Blake

was actually more human

stvarno bio ljudskiji,

or that Gertrude Stein was more of a computer.

ili da je Gertrude Stein bila više računalo.

It simply means that the category of the human is unstable.

To naprosto znači da je kategorija ljudskog bića nestabilna.

This has led me to understand

To me navelo da shvatim

that the human is not a cold, hard fact.

da ljudskost nije jasna, neporeciva činjenica.

Rather, it is something that's constructed with our opinions

Radije, to je nešto što gradimo svojim mišljenjima,

and something that changes over time.

nešto što se tijekom vremena mijenja.

So my final insight is that the computer, more or less,

Moj posljednji uvid je da računala više-manje

works like a mirror that reflects any idea of a human

funkcioniraju kao ogledalo koje odražava ideju ljudskog bića

that we show it.

koju im pokažemo.

We show it Emily Dickinson,

Ako im pokažemo Emily Dickinson,

it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.

odraze Emily Dickinson.

We show it William Blake,

Ako im pokažemo Williama Blakea,

that's what it reflects back to us.

to nam i odraze.

We show it Gertrude Stein,

Ako im pokažemo Gertrude Stein,

what we get back is Gertrude Stein.

dobijemo natrag Gertrude Stein.

More than any other bit of technology,

Više od bilo koje druge tehnologije,

the computer is a mirror that reflects any idea of the human we teach it.

računalo je zrcalo koje odražava koju god ideju ljudskosti ga naučimo.

So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing

Siguran sam da su mnogi od vas slušali

a lot about artificial intelligence recently.

mnogo o umjetnoj inteligenciji.

And much of the conversation is,

Većina razgovora svodi se na pitanje

can we build it?

možemo li je izgraditi?

Can we build an intelligent computer?

Možemo li izgraditi inteligentno računalo?

Can we build a creative computer?

Možemo li napraviti kreativno računalo?

What we seem to be asking over and over

Čini se da zapravo neprestano pitamo

is can we build a human-like computer?

možemo li izgraditi računalo nalik ljudima?

But what we've seen just now

Ali upravo smo vidjeli

is that the human is not a scientific fact,

da ljudskost nije znanstvena činjenica,

that it's an ever-shifting, concatenating idea

već vječno neuhvatljivi splet ideja

and one that changes over time.

koji se mijenja s vremenom.

So that when we begin to grapple with the ideas

Kad se ubuduće uhvatimo u koštac s idejama

of artificial intelligence in the future,

o umjetnoj inteligenciji,

we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,

ne trebamo se pitati samo

"Can we build it?"

možemo li mi to izgraditi.

But we should also be asking ourselves,

Trebamo se zapitati i

"What idea of the human do we want to have reflected back to us?"

koju ideju ljudskosti želimo da odražava?

This is an essentially philosophical idea,

To je u biti filozofska ideja,

and it's one that can't be answered with software alone,

na koju se ne može odgovoriti samo softverom,

but I think requires a moment of species-wide, existential reflection.

već koja zahtijeva da se ljudska vrsta zamisli sama nad sobom.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)