3 moons and a planet that could have alien life | James Green

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Is there life beyond Earth in our solar system?

Ima li života van Zemlje u našem solarnom sistemu?

Wow, what a powerful question.

Ala je to moćno pitanje.

You know, as a scientist --

Znate, kao naučnici -

planetary scientist --

planetarni naučnici -

we really didn't take that very seriously until recently.

do skoro to zaista nismo shvatali naročito ozbiljno.

Carl Sagan always said,

Karl Sagan je uvek govorio:

"It takes extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims."

"Potrebni su izvanredni dokazi za izvanredne tvrdnje."

And the claims of having life beyond Earth

A tvrdnje da postoji život van Zemlje

need to be definitive,

moraju da budu definitivne,

they need to be loud

moraju da budu očite

and they need to be everywhere for us to be able to believe it.

i moraju da budu sveprisutne da bismo mogli u njih da verujemo.

So how do we make this journey?

Pa, kako da se otisnemo na to putovanje?

What we decided to do

Odlučili smo

is first look for those ingredients for life.

da prvo tražimo sastojke za život.

The ingredients of life are:

Sastojci za život su:

liquid water --

tečna voda -

we have to have a solvent,

moramo da imamo rastvor,

can't be ice, has to be liquid.

ne može da bude led, mora da bude tečnost.

We also have to have energy.

Takođe moramo da imamo energiju.

We also have to have organic material --

Takođe moramo da imamo organske materije -

things that make us up,

stvari od kojih smo sačinjeni,

but also things that we need to consume.

ali i stvari koje moramo da konzumiramo.

So we have to have these elements

Te moramo da imamo ove elemente

in environments for long periods of time

duži vremenski period u okruženju

for us to be able to be confident that life,

kako bismo pouzdano znali da život,

in that moment when it starts,

u momentu kad nastane,

can spark and then grow and evolve.

može da se primi, a potom da raste i razvija se.

Well, I have to tell you that early in my career,

Pa, moram da vam kažem da na samom početku moje karijere,

when we looked at those three elements,

kad smo tražili ta tri elementa,

I didn't believe that they were beyond Earth

nisam verovao da oni postoje van Zemlje

in any length of time and for any real quantity.

dovoljno dugo i u dovoljnim količinama.

Why? We look at the inner planets.

Zašto? Posmatrali smo unutrašnjost planeta.

Venus is way too hot -- it's got no water.

Venera je suviše vrela - nema vodu.

Mars -- dry and arid.

Mars - suv i pust.

It's got no water.

Nema vodu.

And beyond Mars,

A dalje od Marsa,

the water in the solar system is all frozen.

sva voda u solarnom sistemu je zaleđena.

But recent observations have changed all that.

Ali skorašnje opservacije su izmenile sve to.

It's now turning our attention to the right places

Trenutno je naša pažnja usmerena na prava mesta

for us to take a deeper look

kako bismo podrobnije pratili

and really start to answer our life question.

i zaista počeli da odgovaramo na naša pitanja o životu.

So when we look out into the solar system,

Pa, kad pogledamo u solarni sistem,

where are the possibilities?

gde su mogućnosti?

We're concentrating our attention on four locations.

Usmeravamo našu pažnju na četiri lokacije.

The planet Mars

Na planetu Mars

and then three moons of the outer planets:

i zatim na tri meseca na spoljnim planetama:

Titan, Europa and small Enceladus.

Titan, Evropu i maleni Enceladus.

So what about Mars?

Šta se dešava s Marsom?

Let's go through the evidence.

Pređimo kroz dokaze.

Well, Mars we thought was initially moon-like:

Pa, prvobitno smo mislili da je Mars nalik mesecu:

full of craters, arid and a dead world.

pun kratera, suv i mrtav svet.

And so about 15 years ago,

Te smo pre otprilike 15 godina

we started a series of missions to go to Mars

započeli niz misija da bismo stigli na Mars

and see if water existed on Mars in its past

i videli da li je u prošlosti postojala voda na Marsu

that changed its geology.

koja je izmenila njegovu geologiju.

We ought to be able to notice that.

Morali bismo to da primetimo.

And indeed we started to be surprised right away.

I zaista odmah smo bili zatečeni.

Our higher resolution images show deltas and river valleys and gulleys

Naši snimci u visokoj rezoluciji prikazuju delte i rečne doline i useke

that were there in the past.

koji su postojali u prošlosti.

And in fact,

I zapravo,

Curiosity --

Kjuriositi -

which has been roving on the surface now for about three years --

koji luta po površini sad već oko tri godine -

has really shown us that it's sitting in an ancient river bed,

nam je zaista pokazao da počiva na drevnom rečnom koritu,

where water flowed rapidly.

na kom je reka silovito proticala.

And not for a little while,

I ne za kratko,

perhaps hundreds of millions of years.

možda tokom stotina miliona godina.

And if everything was there,

A ako je sve postojalo tu,

including organics,

uključujući i organske materije,

perhaps life had started.

možda se i život začeo.

Curiosity has also drilled in that red soil

Kjuriositi je takođe bušio to crveno tlo

and brought up other material.

i doneo je druge materijale.

And we were really excited when we saw that.

I bili smo zaista uzbuđeni kad smo to videli.

Because it wasn't red Mars,

Jer Mars nije bio crven,

it was gray material,

radilo se o sivom materijalu,

it's gray Mars.

Mars je siv.

We brought it into the rover,

Stavili smo to u rover,

we tasted it,

okusili ga

and guess what?

i znate šta?

We tasted organics --

Okusili smo organske materije -

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

ugljenik, vodonik, kiseonik,

nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur --

azot, fosfor, sumpor -

they were all there.

sve je bilo tu.

So Mars in its past,

Dakle, Mars je u prošlosti,

with a lot of water,

s mnogo vode,

perhaps plenty of time,

možda uz dovoljno vremena,

could have had life,

mogao da sadrži život,

could have had that spark,

mogao je da ima tu iskru,

could have grown.

mogao je da raste.

And is that life still there?

A da li je taj život i dalje tamo?

We don't know that.

To ne znamo.

But a few years ago

No pre nekoliko godina

we started to look at a number of craters.

smo počeli da posmatramo niz kratera.

During the summer,

Tokom leta,

dark lines would appear down the sides of these craters.

tamne linije bi se pojavljivale duž strana tih kratera.

The more we looked,

Što smo više gledali,

the more craters we saw,

više smo kratera videli,

the more of these features.

više ovih osobina.

We now know more than a dozen of them.

Sada znamo za preko desetak njih.

A few months ago the fairy tale came true.

Pre nekoliko meseci bajka se ostvarila.

We announced to the world that we know what these streaks are.

Obznanili smo svetu da znamo šta su te pruge.

It's liquid water.

To je tečna voda.

These craters are weeping during the summer.

Ovi krateri plaču tokom leta.

Liquid water is flowing down these craters.

Tečna voda teče niz ove kratere.

So what are we going to do now --

Pa, šta ćemo sad da radimo -

now that we see the water?

sad kad vidimo vodu?

Well, it tells us that Mars has all the ingredients necessary for life.

Pa, to nam kaže da Mars ima sve potrebne sastojke za život.

In its past it had perhaps two-thirds of its northern hemisphere --

U prošlosti je možda dve trećine njegove severne hemisfere -

there was an ocean.

bio okean.

It has weeping water right now.

Trenutno sadrži cureću vodu.

Liquid water on its surface.

Tečnu vodu na njegovoj površini.

It has organics.

Ima organske materije.

It has all the right conditions.

Ima sve odgovarajuće uslove.

So what are we going to do next?

Pa šta ćemo sledeće da uradimo?

We're going to launch a series of missions

Pokrenućemo niz misija

to begin that search for life on Mars.

kako bismo započeli potragu za životom na Marsu.

And now it's more appealing than ever before.

I trenutno je to privlačnije nego ikad pre.

As we move out into the solar system,

Kako idemo sve dublje u solarni sistem,

here's the tiny moon Enceladus.

imamo sićušni mesec Enceladus.

This is not in what we call the traditional habitable zone,

On se ne nalazi u onome što nazivamo tradicionalnom nastanjivom zonom,

this area around the sun.

ovom oblasti oko sunca.

This is much further out.

Ovo je mnogo dalje.

This object should be ice over a silicate core.

Ovaj objekat bi trebalo da bude led preko silikatskog jezgra.

But what did we find?

Međutim, šta smo otkrili?

Cassini was there since 2006,

Kasini je tamo od 2006,

and after a couple years looked back after it flew by Enceladus

i nakon nekoliko godina brige o njemu, preleteo je Enceladus

and surprised us all.

i sve nas iznenadio.

Enceladus is blasting sheets of water out into the solar system

Enceladus ispaljuje snopove vode u solarni sistem,

and sloshing back down onto the moon.

koji se prskajući vraćaju na mesec.

What a fabulous environment.

Kakvo izvanredno okruženje.

Cassini just a few months ago also flew through the plume,

Kasini je takođe pre nekoliko meseci proleteo kroz isparenja

and it measured silicate particles.

i izmerio je silikatske čestice.

Where does the silica come from?

Odakle potiče silicijum-dioksid?

It must come from the ocean floor.

Mora da potiče s morskog dna.

The tidal energy is generated by Saturn,

Energiju za plimu dobija od Saturna,

pulling and squeezing this moon --

koja razvlači i sabija ovaj mesec -

is melting that ice,

topi led,

creating an ocean.

stvarajući okean.

But it's also doing that to the core.

Međutim, isto to radi i sa jezgrom.

Now, the only thing that we can think of

Sad, jedino što nam pada na pamet,

that does that here on Earth as an analogy ...

što se slično dešava ovde na Zemlji, kao analogija...

are hydrothermal vents.

su hidrotermalni izvori.

Hydrothermal vents deep in our ocean were discovered in 1977.

Hidrotermalni izvori duboko u našem okeanu su otkriveni 1977.

Oceanographers were completely surprised.

Okeanografi su bili potpuno iznenađeni.

And now there are thousands of these below the ocean.

A sada imamo na hiljade sličnih ispod okeana.

What do we find?

Šta smo otkrili?

The oceanographers, when they go and look at these hydrothermal vents,

Okeanografi kad odu i pogledaju ove hidrotermalne izvore,

they're teeming with life,

oni su prepuni života,

regardless of whether the water is acidic or alkaline --

bez obzira na to da li je voda kisela ili alkalna -

doesn't matter.

nije važno.

So hydrothermal vents are a fabulous abode for life here on Earth.

Stoga su hidrotermalni izvori bajkovita staništa života ovde na Zemlji.

So what about Enceladus?

Dakle, šta je s Enceladusom?

Well, we believe because it has water

Pa, verujemo da zato što ima vodu

and has had it for a significant period of time,

i ima je već značajno dugo vremena,

and we believe it has hydrothermal vents

i verujemo da ima hidrotermalne izvore

with perhaps the right organic material,

s možda odgovarajućim organskim materijalima,

it is a place where life could exist.

da je to mesto na kom bi život mogao da postoji.

And not just microbial --

I to ne samo mikropski -

maybe more complex because it's had time to evolve.

možda i složeniji jer je imao vremena za evoluciju.

Another moon, very similar,

Još jedan veoma sličan mesec

is Europa.

je Evropa.

Galileo visited Jupiter's system in 1996

Galileo je 1996. posetio Jupiterov sistem

and made fabulous observations of Europa.

i napravio fantastične opservacije Evrope.

Europa, we also know, has an under-the-ice crust ocean.

Takođe znamo da Evropa ima okean pod ledenom opnom.

Galileo mission told us that, but we never saw any plumes.

Galileova misija nam je to saopštila, ali nikad nismo videli isparenja.

But we didn't look for them.

Međutim, nismo ih ni tražili.

Hubble,

Habl,

just a couple years ago,

pre samo nekoliko godina,

observing Europa,

posmatrajući Evropu,

saw plumes of water

spazio je vodena isparenja

spraying from the cracks in the southern hemisphere,

kako izlaze iz pukotina na južnoj hemisferi,

just exactly like Enceladus.

identično kao kod Enceladusa.

These moons,

Ovi meseci,

which are not in what we call a traditional habitable zone,

koji nisu nešto što nazivamo tradicionalno nastanjivim zonama,

that are out in the solar system,

koji se nalaze u solarnom sistemu,

have liquid water.

imaju tečnu vodu.

And if there are organics there,

I ako tamo ima organskih materija,

there may be life.

možda ima i života.

This is a fabulous set of discoveries

Ovo je fantastičan skup otkrića

because these moons have been in this environment like that

jer su ovi meseci postojali kao takvi u ovom okruženju

for billions of years.

milijardama godina.

Life started here on Earth, we believe, after about the first 500 million,

Život je nastao ovde na Zemlji, verujemo, nakon prvih 500 miliona godina,

and look where we are.

i pogledajte gde smo.

These moons are fabulous moons.

Ovi meseci su fantastični meseci.

Another moon that we're looking at is Titan.

Drugi mesec koji posmatramo je Titan.

Titan is a huge moon of Saturn.

Titan je ogroman Saturnov mesec.

It perhaps is much larger than the planet Mercury.

Verovatno je znatno veći od planete Merkur.

It has an extensive atmosphere.

Ima prostranu atmosferu.

It's so extensive --

Toliko je prostrana -

and it's mostly nitrogen with a little methane and ethane --

i uglavnom se sastoji od azota uz nešto metana i etana -

that you have to peer through it with radar.

da morate da škiljite kroz nju uz pomoć radara.

And on the surface, Cassini has found liquid.

A Kasini je na površini otkrio tečnost.

We see lakes ...

Vidimo jezera...

actually almost the size of our Black Sea in some places.

zapravo su na nekim mestima veličine gotovo kao naše Crno more.

And this area is not liquid water;

A ova oblast nije od tečne vode;

it's methane.

od metana je.

If there's any place in the solar system where life is not like us,

Ako postoji neko mesto u našem solarnom sistemu gde život nije poput našeg,

where the substitute of water is another solvent --

gde je zamena za vodu drugi rastvor -

and it could be methane --

a mogao bi da bude metan -

it could be Titan.

to bi bio Titan.

Well, is there life beyond Earth in the solar system?

Pa, ima li života u solarnom sistemu, mimo Zemlje?

We don't know yet,

Još uvek ne znamo,

but we're hot on the pursuit.

ali željno tragamo za njim.

The data that we're receiving is really exciting

Podaci koje dobijamo su zaista uzbudljivi

and telling us --

i govore nam -

forcing us to think about this in new and exciting ways.

teraju nas da razmišljamo o ovome na nove i uzbudljive načine.

I believe we're on the right track.

Verujem da smo na pravom putu.

That in the next 10 years, we will answer that question.

Da ćemo u narednih 10 godina odgovoriti na to pitanje.

And if we answer it,

A ako odgovorimo na njega,

and it's positive,

i odgovor bude potvrdan,

then life is everywhere in the solar system.

onda je život svuda u solarnom sistemu.

Just think about that.

Samo razmislite o tome.

We may not be alone.

Možda nismo sami.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)