3 moons and a planet that could have alien life | James Green

356,928 views ใƒป 2016-09-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yulia Koutikov ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Is there life beyond Earth in our solar system?
0
12880
3720
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•?
00:17
Wow, what a powerful question.
1
17280
2320
ื•ื•ืื•, ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืืœื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช.
00:20
You know, as a scientist --
2
20960
1696
ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ -
00:22
planetary scientist --
3
22680
1216
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ -
00:23
we really didn't take that very seriously until recently.
4
23920
3560
ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืœื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
00:28
Carl Sagan always said,
5
28400
2096
ืงืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ:
00:30
"It takes extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims."
6
30520
5400
"ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ."
00:36
And the claims of having life beyond Earth
7
36960
3520
ื•ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:41
need to be definitive,
8
41240
2296
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช,
00:43
they need to be loud
9
43560
1616
ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขืฉื•ืช
00:45
and they need to be everywhere for us to be able to believe it.
10
45200
4560
ื•ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
00:50
So how do we make this journey?
11
50760
2600
ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”?
00:54
What we decided to do
12
54040
1656
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:55
is first look for those ingredients for life.
13
55720
4200
ื”ื•ื, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:00
The ingredients of life are:
14
60680
2256
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื:
01:02
liquid water --
15
62960
1216
ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื -
01:04
we have to have a solvent,
16
64200
1696
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ืกื”,
01:05
can't be ice, has to be liquid.
17
65920
2080
ืœื ืงืจื—, ืืœื ื ื•ื–ืœ.
01:08
We also have to have energy.
18
68800
1936
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:10
We also have to have organic material --
19
70760
3016
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ -
01:13
things that make us up,
20
73800
2296
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:16
but also things that we need to consume.
21
76120
2520
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
01:19
So we have to have these elements
22
79600
2816
ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:22
in environments for long periods of time
23
82440
2816
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช
01:25
for us to be able to be confident that life,
24
85280
3536
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:28
in that moment when it starts,
25
88840
2296
ืžืจื’ืข ื”ืชื—ืœืชื,
01:31
can spark and then grow and evolve.
26
91160
2880
ื™ื•ืฆืชื•, ื™ืฆืžื—ื• ื•ื™ืชืคืชื—ื•.
01:35
Well, I have to tell you that early in my career,
27
95080
3680
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
01:39
when we looked at those three elements,
28
99520
2256
ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:41
I didn't believe that they were beyond Earth
29
101800
2256
ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:44
in any length of time and for any real quantity.
30
104080
4096
ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืžืฉื™.
01:48
Why? We look at the inner planets.
31
108200
2256
ืžื“ื•ืข? ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:50
Venus is way too hot -- it's got no water.
32
110480
2976
ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™ - ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื™ื.
01:53
Mars -- dry and arid.
33
113480
2016
ืžืื“ื™ื - ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ื™ื—.
01:55
It's got no water.
34
115520
1536
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื™ื.
01:57
And beyond Mars,
35
117080
1776
ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
01:58
the water in the solar system is all frozen.
36
118880
2960
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
02:03
But recent observations have changed all that.
37
123120
4136
ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:07
It's now turning our attention to the right places
38
127280
3896
ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
02:11
for us to take a deeper look
39
131200
2536
ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:13
and really start to answer our life question.
40
133760
3560
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:18
So when we look out into the solar system,
41
138160
2936
ืื– ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:21
where are the possibilities?
42
141120
1639
ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช?
02:23
We're concentrating our attention on four locations.
43
143200
3400
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
02:27
The planet Mars
44
147320
1360
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืื“ื™ื
02:29
and then three moons of the outer planets:
45
149440
3200
ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื:
02:33
Titan, Europa and small Enceladus.
46
153240
4240
ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:38
So what about Mars?
47
158880
1736
ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื?
02:40
Let's go through the evidence.
48
160640
1800
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช.
02:43
Well, Mars we thought was initially moon-like:
49
163880
3576
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ื™ืจื—:
02:47
full of craters, arid and a dead world.
50
167480
4360
ืžืœื ื‘ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื, ืฆื—ื™ื— ื•ืขื•ืœื ืžืช.
02:52
And so about 15 years ago,
51
172880
2216
ื•ื›ืš, ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”,
02:55
we started a series of missions to go to Mars
52
175120
3616
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืกื“ืจืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื
02:58
and see if water existed on Mars in its past
53
178760
4616
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
03:03
that changed its geology.
54
183400
2256
ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
03:05
We ought to be able to notice that.
55
185680
1720
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:08
And indeed we started to be surprised right away.
56
188040
3456
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื ื“ื”ืžื ื• ืžื™ื“.
03:11
Our higher resolution images show deltas and river valleys and gulleys
57
191520
5136
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื“ืœืชืื•ืช ื•ืขืžืงื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืจื•ืฆื•ื ื™ื
03:16
that were there in the past.
58
196680
1680
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:19
And in fact,
59
199320
1216
ืœืžืขืฉื”,
03:20
Curiosity --
60
200560
1216
ืงื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ -
03:21
which has been roving on the surface now for about three years --
61
201800
4296
ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื -
03:26
has really shown us that it's sitting in an ancient river bed,
62
206120
5176
ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคื™ืง ืงื“ื•ื,
03:31
where water flowed rapidly.
63
211320
2400
ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:34
And not for a little while,
64
214280
1456
ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื”,
03:35
perhaps hundreds of millions of years.
65
215760
2480
ืืœื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:39
And if everything was there,
66
219000
1416
ื•ืื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื,
03:40
including organics,
67
220440
1336
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
03:41
perhaps life had started.
68
221800
1856
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•.
03:43
Curiosity has also drilled in that red soil
69
223680
2896
ืงื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื ืงื“ื—ื” ื‘ืื“ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
03:46
and brought up other material.
70
226600
1976
ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:48
And we were really excited when we saw that.
71
228600
2656
ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื ื• ื›ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:51
Because it wasn't red Mars,
72
231280
2016
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื,
03:53
it was gray material,
73
233320
1616
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคื•ืจ,
03:54
it's gray Mars.
74
234960
1296
ืžืื“ื™ื ืืคื•ืจ.
03:56
We brought it into the rover,
75
236280
1456
ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช,
03:57
we tasted it,
76
237760
1616
ื˜ืขืžื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
03:59
and guess what?
77
239400
1456
ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
04:00
We tasted organics --
78
240880
2016
ื˜ืขืžื ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื -
04:02
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
79
242920
2376
ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
04:05
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur --
80
245320
2496
ื—ื ืงืŸ, ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช -
04:07
they were all there.
81
247840
1376
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
04:09
So Mars in its past,
82
249240
2496
ื›ืš ืฉืžืื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื•,
04:11
with a lot of water,
83
251760
1336
ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื,
04:13
perhaps plenty of time,
84
253120
1976
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš,
04:15
could have had life,
85
255120
1416
ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:16
could have had that spark,
86
256560
1240
ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื”,
04:18
could have grown.
87
258560
1736
ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
04:20
And is that life still there?
88
260320
2296
ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืขืช?
04:22
We don't know that.
89
262640
1976
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
04:24
But a few years ago
90
264640
1416
ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
04:26
we started to look at a number of craters.
91
266080
3336
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
04:29
During the summer,
92
269440
1216
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
04:30
dark lines would appear down the sides of these craters.
93
270680
4016
ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:34
The more we looked,
94
274720
1256
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:36
the more craters we saw,
95
276000
1456
ืจืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื,
04:37
the more of these features.
96
277480
1336
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื.
04:38
We now know more than a dozen of them.
97
278840
1880
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:42
A few months ago the fairy tale came true.
98
282200
4336
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
04:46
We announced to the world that we know what these streaks are.
99
286560
4096
ื”ืฆื”ืจื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:50
It's liquid water.
100
290680
1600
ืืœื” ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
04:53
These craters are weeping during the summer.
101
293040
3536
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ืžื™ื.
04:56
Liquid water is flowing down these craters.
102
296600
3936
ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:00
So what are we going to do now --
103
300560
1736
ืื– ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืขืช -
05:02
now that we see the water?
104
302320
1440
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื?
05:04
Well, it tells us that Mars has all the ingredients necessary for life.
105
304400
5336
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื ื• ืฉืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:09
In its past it had perhaps two-thirds of its northern hemisphere --
106
309760
4576
ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•
05:14
there was an ocean.
107
314360
1496
ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:15
It has weeping water right now.
108
315880
1896
ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื.
05:17
Liquid water on its surface.
109
317800
1776
ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:19
It has organics.
110
319600
1616
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
05:21
It has all the right conditions.
111
321240
2240
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
05:24
So what are we going to do next?
112
324103
1913
ืื– ืžื” ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื•?
05:26
We're going to launch a series of missions
113
326040
2416
ื ืฉื’ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
05:28
to begin that search for life on Mars.
114
328480
3776
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:32
And now it's more appealing than ever before.
115
332280
2480
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืชืง ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
05:35
As we move out into the solar system,
116
335680
2616
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
05:38
here's the tiny moon Enceladus.
117
338320
2976
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
05:41
This is not in what we call the traditional habitable zone,
118
341320
3376
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘",
05:44
this area around the sun.
119
344720
2216
ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉ.
05:46
This is much further out.
120
346960
1856
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง.
05:48
This object should be ice over a silicate core.
121
348840
4680
ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืงืจื—.
05:54
But what did we find?
122
354200
1616
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
05:55
Cassini was there since 2006,
123
355840
2936
ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืื– 2006,
05:58
and after a couple years looked back after it flew by Enceladus
124
358800
4376
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ื—ื–ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืกื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก
06:03
and surprised us all.
125
363200
1696
ื•ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:04
Enceladus is blasting sheets of water out into the solar system
126
364920
5776
ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
06:10
and sloshing back down onto the moon.
127
370720
2280
ื•ืžื•ืขืคื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
06:13
What a fabulous environment.
128
373680
2256
ืื™ื–ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
06:15
Cassini just a few months ago also flew through the plume,
129
375960
4816
ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ืคืœื•ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื,
06:20
and it measured silicate particles.
130
380800
2400
ื•ืžื“ื“ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื˜.
06:23
Where does the silica come from?
131
383720
1936
ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื”?
06:25
It must come from the ocean floor.
132
385680
2360
ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:28
The tidal energy is generated by Saturn,
133
388800
3136
ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
06:31
pulling and squeezing this moon --
134
391960
2136
ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”,
06:34
is melting that ice,
135
394120
1656
ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื—
06:35
creating an ocean.
136
395800
1456
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:37
But it's also doing that to the core.
137
397280
2320
ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
06:40
Now, the only thing that we can think of
138
400280
2176
ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืœื›ืš
06:42
that does that here on Earth as an analogy ...
139
402480
2840
ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” -
06:46
are hydrothermal vents.
140
406040
2200
ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช.
06:49
Hydrothermal vents deep in our ocean were discovered in 1977.
141
409000
6056
ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘-1977.
06:55
Oceanographers were completely surprised.
142
415080
2760
ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:58
And now there are thousands of these below the ocean.
143
418560
3280
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
07:03
What do we find?
144
423200
1256
ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•?
07:04
The oceanographers, when they go and look at these hydrothermal vents,
145
424480
3336
ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช,
07:07
they're teeming with life,
146
427840
1296
ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:09
regardless of whether the water is acidic or alkaline --
147
429160
4536
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืื• ืืœืงืœื™ื™ื -
07:13
doesn't matter.
148
433720
1536
ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
07:15
So hydrothermal vents are a fabulous abode for life here on Earth.
149
435280
4720
ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:20
So what about Enceladus?
150
440760
1680
ืื– ืžื” ืขื ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก?
07:23
Well, we believe because it has water
151
443080
2976
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื
07:26
and has had it for a significant period of time,
152
446080
2760
ื•ื”ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš,
07:29
and we believe it has hydrothermal vents
153
449560
3816
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช,
07:33
with perhaps the right organic material,
154
453400
2360
ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืชืื™ื,
07:36
it is a place where life could exist.
155
456480
4136
ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:40
And not just microbial --
156
460640
1896
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื -
07:42
maybe more complex because it's had time to evolve.
157
462560
4720
ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
07:47
Another moon, very similar,
158
467920
2696
ื™ืจื— ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“,
07:50
is Europa.
159
470640
1536
ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
07:52
Galileo visited Jupiter's system in 1996
160
472200
5816
ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996
07:58
and made fabulous observations of Europa.
161
478040
2840
ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
08:01
Europa, we also know, has an under-the-ice crust ocean.
162
481600
5256
ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื—.
08:06
Galileo mission told us that, but we never saw any plumes.
163
486880
4376
ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช.
08:11
But we didn't look for them.
164
491280
1720
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•.
08:13
Hubble,
165
493720
1216
ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ึธืื‘ึถึผืœ,
08:14
just a couple years ago,
166
494960
1816
ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
08:16
observing Europa,
167
496800
2976
ืฆืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
08:19
saw plumes of water
168
499800
1536
ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื
08:21
spraying from the cracks in the southern hemisphere,
169
501360
2976
ื ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
08:24
just exactly like Enceladus.
170
504360
3760
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื ืงืœื“ื•ืก.
08:29
These moons,
171
509520
1936
ืœื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:31
which are not in what we call a traditional habitable zone,
172
511480
3776
ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘",
08:35
that are out in the solar system,
173
515280
1976
ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
08:37
have liquid water.
174
517280
1776
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื,
08:39
And if there are organics there,
175
519080
1976
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื,
08:41
there may be life.
176
521080
1200
ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:43
This is a fabulous set of discoveries
177
523000
2775
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”
08:45
because these moons have been in this environment like that
178
525799
4216
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:50
for billions of years.
179
530039
2201
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
08:53
Life started here on Earth, we believe, after about the first 500 million,
180
533120
5240
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•, ืœื”ืฉืขืจืชื™ื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
08:58
and look where we are.
181
538920
1200
ื•ืชืจืื• ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:01
These moons are fabulous moons.
182
541280
2520
ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื.
09:04
Another moon that we're looking at is Titan.
183
544600
3280
ื™ืจื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
09:08
Titan is a huge moon of Saturn.
184
548640
2096
ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื— ืขื ืงื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
09:10
It perhaps is much larger than the planet Mercury.
185
550760
3520
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื”.
09:14
It has an extensive atmosphere.
186
554920
2056
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื”.
09:17
It's so extensive --
187
557000
1616
ื›ื” ืขื‘ื” -
09:18
and it's mostly nitrogen with a little methane and ethane --
188
558640
4576
ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืืชืืŸ -
09:23
that you have to peer through it with radar.
189
563240
2416
ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžื›"ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
09:25
And on the surface, Cassini has found liquid.
190
565680
3480
ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืื” ื ื•ื–ืœ.
09:29
We see lakes ...
191
569880
1480
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื’ืžื™ื...
09:32
actually almost the size of our Black Sea in some places.
192
572200
4096
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
09:36
And this area is not liquid water;
193
576320
3096
ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
09:39
it's methane.
194
579440
1240
ืืœื ืžืชืืŸ.
09:41
If there's any place in the solar system where life is not like us,
195
581920
5160
ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•,
09:47
where the substitute of water is another solvent --
196
587760
2856
ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ืกื” ืื—ืจืช -
09:50
and it could be methane --
197
590640
1376
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืŸ -
09:52
it could be Titan.
198
592040
1280
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
09:54
Well, is there life beyond Earth in the solar system?
199
594560
4336
ืื–, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ?
09:58
We don't know yet,
200
598920
1256
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
10:00
but we're hot on the pursuit.
201
600200
2056
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ื—ื.
10:02
The data that we're receiving is really exciting
202
602280
2616
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื
10:04
and telling us --
203
604920
1376
ื•ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื• -
10:06
forcing us to think about this in new and exciting ways.
204
606320
3960
ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
10:10
I believe we're on the right track.
205
610800
2456
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:13
That in the next 10 years, we will answer that question.
206
613280
3856
ืฉื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
10:17
And if we answer it,
207
617160
1936
ื•ืื ื ืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื”,
10:19
and it's positive,
208
619120
1856
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
10:21
then life is everywhere in the solar system.
209
621000
3760
ืื– ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
10:25
Just think about that.
210
625720
1856
ืจืง ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:27
We may not be alone.
211
627600
1600
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
10:30
Thank you.
212
630240
1216
ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:31
(Applause)
213
631480
7157
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7