3 moons and a planet that could have alien life | James Green

356,700 views ใƒป 2016-09-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ejay kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Is there life beyond Earth in our solar system?
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ– ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:17
Wow, what a powerful question.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:20
You know, as a scientist --
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์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
00:22
planetary scientist --
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์ฆ‰, ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
00:23
we really didn't take that very seriously until recently.
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Carl Sagan always said,
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์นผ ์„ธ์ด๊ฑด์ด ๋Š˜ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:30
"It takes extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims."
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"์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค."
00:36
And the claims of having life beyond Earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
00:41
need to be definitive,
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ 
00:43
they need to be loud
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:45
and they need to be everywhere for us to be able to believe it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
So how do we make this journey?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:54
What we decided to do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ €
00:55
is first look for those ingredients for life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
The ingredients of life are:
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋Š”
01:02
liquid water --
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์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
we have to have a solvent,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์šฉ๋งค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
01:05
can't be ice, has to be liquid.
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์–ผ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ก์ฒด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
We also have to have energy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:10
We also have to have organic material --
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
things that make us up,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:16
but also things that we need to consume.
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
So we have to have these elements
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด
01:22
in environments for long periods of time
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
for us to be able to be confident that life,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
01:28
in that moment when it starts,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:31
can spark and then grow and evolve.
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:35
Well, I have to tell you that early in my career,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
01:39
when we looked at those three elements,
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉฐ
01:41
I didn't believe that they were beyond Earth
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์–ด๋Š ๋งŒํผ์ด๋“  ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋“ 
01:44
in any length of time and for any real quantity.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:48
Why? We look at the inner planets.
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:50
Venus is way too hot -- it's got no water.
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๊ธˆ์„ฑ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
01:53
Mars -- dry and arid.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
01:55
It's got no water.
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๋ฌผ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ์š”.
01:57
And beyond Mars,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”์„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—๋Š”
01:58
the water in the solar system is all frozen.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ผ์–ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
02:03
But recent observations have changed all that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ด€์ธก์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
It's now turning our attention to the right places
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ
02:11
for us to take a deeper look
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๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:13
and really start to answer our life question.
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
So when we look out into the solar system,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด
02:21
where are the possibilities?
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์–ด๋””์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:23
We're concentrating our attention on four locations.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
The planet Mars
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ํ™”์„ฑ๊ณผ
02:29
and then three moons of the outer planets:
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์™ธํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ
02:33
Titan, Europa and small Enceladus.
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์ฆ‰, ํƒ€์ดํƒ„, ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ, ์ž‘์€ ์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
So what about Mars?
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ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
02:40
Let's go through the evidence.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:43
Well, Mars we thought was initially moon-like:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ™”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
full of craters, arid and a dead world.
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์ง€์—๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
02:52
And so about 15 years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ฝ 15๋…„ ์ „์—
02:55
we started a series of missions to go to Mars
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:58
and see if water existed on Mars in its past
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ด์„œ
03:03
that changed its geology.
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์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
We ought to be able to notice that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:08
And indeed we started to be surprised right away.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Our higher resolution images show deltas and river valleys and gulleys
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๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜‘๊ณก์ด ์žˆ์–ด
03:16
that were there in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
And in fact,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค
03:20
Curiosity --
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ํ๋ฆฌ์–ด์‹œํ‹ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€
03:21
which has been roving on the surface now for about three years --
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์˜ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:26
has really shown us that it's sitting in an ancient river bed,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š”, ๊ณ ๋Œ€์— ๊ธ‰๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋˜
03:31
where water flowed rapidly.
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And not for a little while,
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์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:35
perhaps hundreds of millions of years.
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๋Œ€๋žต ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:39
And if everything was there,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:40
including organics,
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03:41
perhaps life had started.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Curiosity has also drilled in that red soil
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ํ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์‹œํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ถ‰์€ ํ† ์–‘์„ ํŒŒ์„œ
03:46
and brought up other material.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
And we were really excited when we saw that.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:51
Because it wasn't red Mars,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถ‰์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:53
it was gray material,
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03:54
it's gray Mars.
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:56
We brought it into the rover,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๊ฐ์‹ํ•ด ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
03:57
we tasted it,
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03:59
and guess what?
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์–ด๋• ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
04:00
We tasted organics --
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ‰์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:02
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
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ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ
04:05
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur --
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์งˆ์†Œ, ์ธ, ํ™ฉ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
they were all there.
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04:09
So Mars in its past,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ™”์„ฑ์—๋Š”
04:11
with a lot of water,
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๋ฌผ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ 
04:13
perhaps plenty of time,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ํ…Œ๊ณ 
04:15
could have had life,
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04:16
could have had that spark,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
could have grown.
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04:20
And is that life still there?
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:22
We don't know that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
But a few years ago
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „
04:26
we started to look at a number of craters.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
During the summer,
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:30
dark lines would appear down the sides of these craters.
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์ด ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
The more we looked,
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๋” ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜๋ก
04:36
the more craters we saw,
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:37
the more of these features.
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04:38
We now know more than a dozen of them.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์—ด ๋‘๊ฐœ๋„ ๋” ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
A few months ago the fairy tale came true.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „, ๊ทธ ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
We announced to the world that we know what these streaks are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ค„์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
It's liquid water.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
These craters are weeping during the summer.
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์ด ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Liquid water is flowing down these craters.
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์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์— ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
So what are we going to do now --
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ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:02
now that we see the water?
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05:04
Well, it tells us that Mars has all the ingredients necessary for life.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
In its past it had perhaps two-thirds of its northern hemisphere --
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ 2/3๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
there was an ocean.
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05:15
It has weeping water right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐฐ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
Liquid water on its surface.
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
It has organics.
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05:21
It has all the right conditions.
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์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:24
So what are we going to do next?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ๋ญ˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:26
We're going to launch a series of missions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
05:28
to begin that search for life on Mars.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
And now it's more appealing than ever before.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
As we move out into the solar system,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
05:38
here's the tiny moon Enceladus.
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
This is not in what we call the traditional habitable zone,
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์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
05:44
this area around the sun.
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
This is much further out.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:48
This object should be ice over a silicate core.
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค๋Š” ๊ทœ์‚ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ํ•ต์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
But what did we find?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:55
Cassini was there since 2006,
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2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นด์‹œ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:58
and after a couple years looked back after it flew by Enceladus
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค ์˜†์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ˆ
06:03
and surprised us all.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Enceladus is blasting sheets of water out into the solar system
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์—”์ผˆ๋ผ๋‘์Šค๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:10
and sloshing back down onto the moon.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
What a fabulous environment.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”.
06:15
Cassini just a few months ago also flew through the plume,
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์นด์‹œ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ์šด๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:20
and it measured silicate particles.
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๊ทœ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
Where does the silica come from?
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์ด ๊ทœ์†Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:25
It must come from the ocean floor.
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ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ์™”์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
The tidal energy is generated by Saturn,
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ํ† ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
06:31
pulling and squeezing this moon --
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:34
is melting that ice,
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๊ทธ ์–ผ์Œ์„ ๋…น์ด๊ณ 
06:35
creating an ocean.
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ํ•ด์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
06:37
But it's also doing that to the core.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ต์—๋„ ์ž‘์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Now, the only thing that we can think of
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:42
that does that here on Earth as an analogy ...
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06:46
are hydrothermal vents.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
Hydrothermal vents deep in our ocean were discovered in 1977.
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์‹ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต์€ 1977๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Oceanographers were completely surprised.
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ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž์ง€์š”.
06:58
And now there are thousands of these below the ocean.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
What do we find?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
07:04
The oceanographers, when they go and look at these hydrothermal vents,
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ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”
07:07
they're teeming with life,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
regardless of whether the water is acidic or alkaline --
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€๋Š”
07:13
doesn't matter.
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์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด์š”.
07:15
So hydrothermal vents are a fabulous abode for life here on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
So what about Enceladus?
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
07:23
Well, we believe because it has water
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:26
and has had it for a significant period of time,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:29
and we believe it has hydrothermal vents
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์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต์—๋Š”
07:33
with perhaps the right organic material,
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์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
07:36
it is a place where life could exist.
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And not just microbial --
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:42
maybe more complex because it's had time to evolve.
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์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๋งŒํผ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
Another moon, very similar,
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๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:50
is Europa.
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Galileo visited Jupiter's system in 1996
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1996๋…„์— ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์„ฑ๊ณ„์— ๊ฐ”๊ณ 
07:58
and made fabulous observations of Europa.
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
Europa, we also know, has an under-the-ice crust ocean.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์—๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
Galileo mission told us that, but we never saw any plumes.
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋ ˆ์˜ค ํƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
But we didn't look for them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
08:13
Hubble,
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ํ—ˆ๋ธ”์ด ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์—
08:14
just a couple years ago,
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08:16
observing Europa,
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
08:19
saw plumes of water
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๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ํ‹ˆ์—์„œ
08:21
spraying from the cracks in the southern hemisphere,
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๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
just exactly like Enceladus.
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์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
08:29
These moons,
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์€
08:31
which are not in what we call a traditional habitable zone,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
08:35
that are out in the solar system,
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๊ณณ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:37
have liquid water.
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์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And if there are organics there,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:41
there may be life.
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08:43
This is a fabulous set of discoveries
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์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
because these moons have been in this environment like that
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
08:50
for billions of years.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:53
Life started here on Earth, we believe, after about the first 500 million,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  5์–ต๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
and look where we are.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:01
These moons are fabulous moons.
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
Another moon that we're looking at is Titan.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ฌ์€ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Titan is a huge moon of Saturn.
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ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:10
It perhaps is much larger than the planet Mercury.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
It has an extensive atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
It's so extensive --
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„๊ณผ ์—ํƒ„์ด ์„ž์ธ ์งˆ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:18
and it's mostly nitrogen with a little methane and ethane --
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ
09:23
that you have to peer through it with radar.
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๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
And on the surface, Cassini has found liquid.
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์นด์‹œ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
We see lakes ...
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ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
09:32
actually almost the size of our Black Sea in some places.
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ํ‘ํ•ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:36
And this area is not liquid water;
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์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
it's methane.
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
If there's any place in the solar system where life is not like us,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:47
where the substitute of water is another solvent --
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๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:50
and it could be methane --
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:52
it could be Titan.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Well, is there life beyond Earth in the solar system?
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:58
We don't know yet,
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์•„์ง์€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
but we're hot on the pursuit.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:02
The data that we're receiving is really exciting
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ 
10:04
and telling us --
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๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
forcing us to think about this in new and exciting ways.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
10:10
I believe we're on the right track.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
That in the next 10 years, we will answer that question.
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10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
And if we answer it,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:19
and it's positive,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
then life is everywhere in the solar system.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:25
Just think about that.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:27
We may not be alone.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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