请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Kai Lu
校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
Is there life beyond Earth
in our solar system?
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在地球以外,太阳系里还有生命吗?
00:17
Wow, what a powerful question.
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哇,多么掷地有声的问题!
00:20
You know, as a scientist --
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作为一名科学家——
00:22
planetary scientist --
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行星科学家——
00:23
we really didn't take that
very seriously until recently.
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我们很久以来都没有认真的
考虑过这个问题。
00:28
Carl Sagan always said,
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卡尔·萨根
(译注:美国天文学家)常说,
00:30
"It takes extraordinary evidence
for extraordinary claims."
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”非凡的断言需要有非凡的证据”。
00:36
And the claims of having life beyond Earth
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地球之外有生命的断言
00:41
need to be definitive,
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必须是明确的,
00:43
they need to be loud
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必须是响亮的,
00:45
and they need to be everywhere
for us to be able to believe it.
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还需要证据充分,这样我们才会相信。
00:50
So how do we make this journey?
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那么,我们要如何开始这段旅行呢?
00:54
What we decided to do
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我们决定
00:55
is first look for
those ingredients for life.
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首先去寻找生命的基本要素。
01:00
The ingredients of life are:
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生命的基本要素是:
01:02
liquid water --
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液态水——
01:04
we have to have a solvent,
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我们需要溶剂,
01:05
can't be ice, has to be liquid.
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不能是冰,必须是液态的。
01:08
We also have to have energy.
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我们还需要能量。
01:10
We also have to have organic material --
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有机物质也是必不可少的——
01:13
things that make us up,
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这些都是组成我们的生命体,
01:16
but also things that we need to consume.
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以及供我们消耗的东西。
01:19
So we have to have these elements
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环境中必须长期存在
01:22
in environments for long periods of time
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这些元素
01:25
for us to be able
to be confident that life,
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才会让我们相信:
01:28
in that moment when it starts,
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生命在诞生的那一刻,
01:31
can spark and then grow and evolve.
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能够迸发出火花,
并且能够成长和演变。
01:35
Well, I have to tell you
that early in my career,
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我必须坦白,
在我职业生涯早期,
01:39
when we looked at those three elements,
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当我们研究这三个要素时,
01:41
I didn't believe
that they were beyond Earth
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我并不相信它们能在地球之外
01:44
in any length of time
and for any real quantity.
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存在足够长的时间,或达到足够的规模。
01:48
Why? We look at the inner planets.
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为什么?让我们看看太阳系的行星:
01:50
Venus is way too hot -- it's got no water.
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金星太热——所以没水。
01:53
Mars -- dry and arid.
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火星——干旱贫瘠,
01:55
It's got no water.
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也不会有水。
在太阳系中比火星更远的地方,
01:57
And beyond Mars,
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01:58
the water in the solar system
is all frozen.
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水全部冻成了固态的冰。
02:03
But recent observations
have changed all that.
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但是最近的观测改变了这一切。
02:07
It's now turning our attention
to the right places
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现在它把我们的注意力
带到了正确的地方,
02:11
for us to take a deeper look
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让我们去进一步观察,
02:13
and really start to answer
our life question.
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并且真正开始回答生命的问题。
02:18
So when we look out into the solar system,
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那么,当我们探索太阳系时,
02:21
where are the possibilities?
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生命可能存在于哪里呢?
02:23
We're concentrating our attention
on four locations.
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我们将注意力集中在以下四处:
02:27
The planet Mars
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火星
02:29
and then three moons of the outer planets:
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和更远的三个卫星:
02:33
Titan, Europa and small Enceladus.
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泰坦(土卫六),欧罗巴(木卫二)
和小小的恩赛拉多斯(土卫二)。
02:38
So what about Mars?
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火星到底是什么情况呢?
02:40
Let's go through the evidence.
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让我们看看证据。
02:43
Well, Mars we thought
was initially moon-like:
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起初我们以为火星像月亮一样:
02:47
full of craters, arid and a dead world.
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布满陨石坑,荒凉,没有生命。
02:52
And so about 15 years ago,
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大约在15年前,
02:55
we started a series
of missions to go to Mars
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我们开始了一系列登陆火星的任务,
02:58
and see if water existed
on Mars in its past
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去查看那里过去是否有水存在过,
03:03
that changed its geology.
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还因此改变了它的地质。
03:05
We ought to be able to notice that.
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我们应该可以观察得到。
03:08
And indeed we started
to be surprised right away.
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而实际上,我们一开始就很惊讶。
03:11
Our higher resolution images
show deltas and river valleys and gulleys
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高清图片显示,
那里有三角洲,河谷和沟渠,
03:16
that were there in the past.
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它们过去都曾存在过。
事实上,
03:19
And in fact,
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03:20
Curiosity --
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好奇号探测车
03:21
which has been roving on the surface
now for about three years --
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在火星表面上漫游已经有三年了——
03:26
has really shown us that it's sitting
in an ancient river bed,
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我们看到它停在一条古老的河床上,
03:31
where water flowed rapidly.
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那里曾有过湍急的水流。
03:34
And not for a little while,
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时间还不短,
03:35
perhaps hundreds of millions of years.
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可能曾持续过数亿年之久。
03:39
And if everything was there,
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如果所有要素都存在,
03:40
including organics,
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包括有机物在内,
03:41
perhaps life had started.
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也许生命曾在那里诞生过。
03:43
Curiosity has also
drilled in that red soil
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好奇号还在红土上打了洞,
03:46
and brought up other material.
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并且发现了其他物质。
03:48
And we were really excited
when we saw that.
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我们看到后非常兴奋,
03:51
Because it wasn't red Mars,
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因为那不是红色的物质,
03:53
it was gray material,
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而是灰色的,
03:54
it's gray Mars.
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火星地表下面是灰色的。
03:56
We brought it into the rover,
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我们把挖出来的东西带回探测车,
03:57
we tasted it,
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仔细地分析了它,
03:59
and guess what?
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你们猜怎么着?
04:00
We tasted organics --
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我们分析出了有机物——
04:02
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
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碳,氢,氧,
04:05
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur --
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氮,磷,硫——
04:07
they were all there.
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统统都有。
04:09
So Mars in its past,
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所以过去的火星
04:11
with a lot of water,
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曾有很多的水,
04:13
perhaps plenty of time,
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也许存在过很长时间,
04:15
could have had life,
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可能有过生命,
04:16
could have had that spark,
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可能有过生命的火花,
04:18
could have grown.
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还可能繁衍过一段时间。
04:20
And is that life still there?
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那时候的生命还在么?
04:22
We don't know that.
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我们不知道。
04:24
But a few years ago
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但是几年前,
04:26
we started to look at a number of craters.
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我们开始观察一些陨石坑。
04:29
During the summer,
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在夏季,
04:30
dark lines would appear
down the sides of these craters.
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陨石坑的边沿会出现深色的线条。
04:34
The more we looked,
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随着我们观察得越多,
看到的陨石坑越多,
04:36
the more craters we saw,
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04:37
the more of these features.
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这样的特征也越多。
04:38
We now know more than a dozen of them.
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现在已知的已经超过十二个了。
04:42
A few months ago the fairy tale came true.
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几个月前,童话故事成真了!
04:46
We announced to the world
that we know what these streaks are.
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我们向世界宣布,
我们已经知道这些条纹是什么了。
04:50
It's liquid water.
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是液态水。
04:53
These craters are weeping
during the summer.
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这些陨石坑在夏天浸出水分。
04:56
Liquid water is flowing
down these craters.
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这些液态水顺着陨石坑向下流。
05:00
So what are we going to do now --
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我们接下来要做什么——
05:02
now that we see the water?
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在发现了液态水之后?
05:04
Well, it tells us that Mars has
all the ingredients necessary for life.
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这说明火星拥有生命的所有必需成分。
05:09
In its past it had perhaps
two-thirds of its northern hemisphere --
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在过去,可能它的北半球有三分之二
05:14
there was an ocean.
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都曾是海洋。
05:15
It has weeping water right now.
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现在它有冒出的水流。
05:17
Liquid water on its surface.
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星球表面有液态水。
05:19
It has organics.
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它有有机物。
05:21
It has all the right conditions.
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它有一切合适(孕育生命)的条件。
05:24
So what are we going to do next?
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那么我们接下来要做什么呢?
我们将开展一系列任务
05:26
We're going to launch a series of missions
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05:28
to begin that search for life on Mars.
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开始寻找火星上的生命。
05:32
And now it's more appealing
than ever before.
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现在行动要比以往
任何时候都更有吸引力。
05:35
As we move out into the solar system,
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在离地球更远的太阳系里,
05:38
here's the tiny moon Enceladus.
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有一个小小的土卫二。
05:41
This is not in what we call
the traditional habitable zone,
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它不在我们以往公认的宜居区域内,
05:44
this area around the sun.
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也就是靠近太阳的区域。
05:46
This is much further out.
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这里离太阳很远。
05:48
This object should be
ice over a silicate core.
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这个星球应该像个
被冰层覆盖的硅酸盐核心。
05:54
But what did we find?
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但我们找到了什么?
05:55
Cassini was there since 2006,
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自2006年起,卡西尼太空船就在那里,
05:58
and after a couple years
looked back after it flew by Enceladus
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在飞过土卫二的几年后,再回过头看,
06:03
and surprised us all.
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我们都大吃一惊。
06:04
Enceladus is blasting sheets of water
out into the solar system
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土卫二在向太阳系喷出一片片的水,
06:10
and sloshing back down onto the moon.
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再回落到它的表面。
06:13
What a fabulous environment.
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多么美妙的环境啊。
06:15
Cassini just a few months ago
also flew through the plume,
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卡西尼太空船几个月前
又从这些飞溅的水流中穿过,
06:20
and it measured silicate particles.
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它检测到了硅酸盐颗粒。
06:23
Where does the silica come from?
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这些硅从哪来的?
06:25
It must come from the ocean floor.
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它肯定是从海底来的。
06:28
The tidal energy is generated by Saturn,
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土星产生的潮汐动能
06:31
pulling and squeezing this moon --
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拉扯,挤压着这个星球——
06:34
is melting that ice,
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正融化那里的冰,
06:35
creating an ocean.
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形成着海洋。
06:37
But it's also doing that to the core.
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这潮汐能同样
拉扯挤压着硅酸盐核心。
06:40
Now, the only thing that we can think of
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我们唯一能想到
06:42
that does that here on Earth
as an analogy ...
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地球上类似的现象是——
06:46
are hydrothermal vents.
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深海热泉。
06:49
Hydrothermal vents deep in our ocean
were discovered in 1977.
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深海热泉在1977年的时候
在海洋深处被发现。
06:55
Oceanographers were completely surprised.
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海洋学家们对此非常惊讶。
06:58
And now there are thousands
of these below the ocean.
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如今在海洋之下
有成千上万这样的深海热泉。
07:03
What do we find?
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我们找到了什么?
07:04
The oceanographers, when they go
and look at these hydrothermal vents,
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当海洋学家们研究这些深海热泉时发现
07:07
they're teeming with life,
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那里有富饶的生命,
07:09
regardless of whether the water
is acidic or alkaline --
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不管水是酸性的还是碱性的——
07:13
doesn't matter.
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这不重要。
07:15
So hydrothermal vents are
a fabulous abode for life here on Earth.
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地球上的深海热泉是生命的绝佳住所。
07:20
So what about Enceladus?
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那么土卫二呢?
07:23
Well, we believe because it has water
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我们相信因为它有水,
07:26
and has had it for
a significant period of time,
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并且在相当长的一段时间里拥有水,
07:29
and we believe it has hydrothermal vents
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加上我们认为它有深海热泉,
07:33
with perhaps the right organic material,
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以及适合的有机物质。
07:36
it is a place where life could exist.
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那是一个生命可能存在的地方。
07:40
And not just microbial --
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并且不仅仅是微生物——
07:42
maybe more complex
because it's had time to evolve.
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可能存在更复杂的生命,
因为它有足够的时间去进化。
07:47
Another moon, very similar,
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另一个非常相似的卫星,
07:50
is Europa.
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木卫二。
07:52
Galileo visited Jupiter's system in 1996
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伽利略号在1996年时探访了木星系统,
07:58
and made fabulous observations of Europa.
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对木卫二进行了详细的观察。
08:01
Europa, we also know,
has an under-the-ice crust ocean.
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我们知道木卫二拥有
存在于冰层下的海洋。
08:06
Galileo mission told us that,
but we never saw any plumes.
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伽利略号告诉了我们这些,
但我们从未看到过任何的片状水。
08:11
But we didn't look for them.
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因为我们从未找寻过它们。
08:13
Hubble,
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哈勃望远镜
08:14
just a couple years ago,
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就在几年前
08:16
observing Europa,
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观察木卫二时,
08:19
saw plumes of water
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看到了片状水,
08:21
spraying from the cracks
in the southern hemisphere,
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它们从南半球的裂缝中喷洒出来,
08:24
just exactly like Enceladus.
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就跟土卫二一模一样。
08:29
These moons,
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这些卫星
08:31
which are not in what we call
a traditional habitable zone,
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不在我们称作传统宜居地的区域,
08:35
that are out in the solar system,
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而在太阳系更远的地方,
08:37
have liquid water.
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却拥有着液态水。
08:39
And if there are organics there,
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如果那里有有机物的话,
08:41
there may be life.
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那里就可能有生命。
08:43
This is a fabulous set of discoveries
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这是一系列绝佳的发现,
08:45
because these moons
have been in this environment like that
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因为这些卫星已经在这样的环境中
存在了数十亿年。
08:50
for billions of years.
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08:53
Life started here on Earth, we believe,
after about the first 500 million,
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我们相信地球上的生命
开始于地球形成5亿年之后,
08:58
and look where we are.
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看看现在的我们(进化的程度)。
09:01
These moons are fabulous moons.
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这些卫星让人难以置信。
09:04
Another moon that we're
looking at is Titan.
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我们在研究的另一个卫星是土卫六。
09:08
Titan is a huge moon of Saturn.
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土卫六是土星的一个非常大的卫星。
09:10
It perhaps is much larger
than the planet Mercury.
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它可能比水星还要大很多。
09:14
It has an extensive atmosphere.
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它有着广阔的大气层。
非常的广阔——
09:17
It's so extensive --
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09:18
and it's mostly nitrogen
with a little methane and ethane --
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主要成分是氮气,
还有一点点甲烷和乙烷——
09:23
that you have to peer
through it with radar.
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所以你需要用雷达来观测它。
09:25
And on the surface,
Cassini has found liquid.
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在它的表面,
卡西尼号发现了液态水。
09:29
We see lakes ...
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我们看到了湖泊——
09:32
actually almost the size
of our Black Sea in some places.
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实际上,某些地方的湖几乎
跟我们的黑海一样大。
09:36
And this area is not liquid water;
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然而这块地方并不是液态水;
09:39
it's methane.
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它实际上是甲烷(译注:沼气)。
09:41
If there's any place in the solar system
where life is not like us,
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如果在太阳系里存在这样一个地方,
那里的生命与我们不同,
09:47
where the substitute of water
is another solvent --
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那里水的代替物是另一种溶剂——
09:50
and it could be methane --
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可以是甲烷——
09:52
it could be Titan.
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那个地方就可以是土卫六。
09:54
Well, is there life beyond Earth
in the solar system?
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回到这个问题:
在地球以外,在太阳系中有生命么?
09:58
We don't know yet,
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我们还不知道,
10:00
but we're hot on the pursuit.
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但我们正在努力寻求答案。
10:02
The data that we're receiving
is really exciting
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我们现在接收到的信息非常让人激动,
10:04
and telling us --
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它告诉我们——
10:06
forcing us to think about this
in new and exciting ways.
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并迫使我们以新的
令人激动的方式去思考这个问题。
10:10
I believe we're on the right track.
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我相信我们正朝着正确的方向努力。
10:13
That in the next 10 years,
we will answer that question.
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在接下来的10年内,
我们将能够回答这个问题。
10:17
And if we answer it,
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如果我们做出了解答,
10:19
and it's positive,
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并且结果是积极的,
那么太阳系中的生命将会无所不在。
10:21
then life is everywhere
in the solar system.
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10:25
Just think about that.
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想想看吧。
10:27
We may not be alone.
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我们也许并不孤单。
10:30
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:31
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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