The secret to effective nonviolent resistance | Jamila Raqib

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

War has been a part of my life since I can remember.

Rat je deo mog života otkad pamtim.

I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,

Rođena sam u Avganistanu, samo šest meseci nakon sovjetske invazije

and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,

i iako sam bila suviše mala da razumem šta se dešavalo,

I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.

duboko sam bila svesna patnje i straha koji su me okruživali.

Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.

Ta rana iskustva su imala velik uticaj na to kako razmišljam o ratu i konfliktu.

I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,

Naučila sam da kad se radi o ključnim pitanjima za ljude,

for most of them,

za većinu

giving in is not an option.

predaja ne dolazi u obzir.

For these types conflicts --

Kod ovog vida konflikta -

when people's rights are violated,

kad su ljudska prava ugrožena,

when their countries are occupied,

kad su im države pod okupacijom,

when they're oppressed and humiliated --

kad su ugnjetavani i ponižavani -

they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.

potreban im je moćan oblik otpora i borbe.

Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,

Što znači da bez obzira na to koliko je destruktivno i užasno nasilje,

if people see it as their only choice,

ako ljudi gledaju na njega kao na jedini izbor,

they will use it.

koristiće ga.

Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.

Većina nas je zabrinuta zbog stepena nasilja u svetu.

But we're not going to end war

Ali nećemo okončati rat,

by telling people that violence is morally wrong.

govoreći ljudima da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.

Instead, we must offer them a tool

Umesto toga, moramo da im ponudimo oruđe

that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.

koje je bar podjednako moćno i delotovorno kao i nasilje.

This is the work I do.

Ovo je moj posao.

For the past 13 years,

Proteklih 13 godina

I've been teaching people

podučavam ljude

in some of the most difficult situations around the world

u najtežim situacijama širom sveta

how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.

kako mogu da koriste nenasilnu borbu da upravljaju konfliktom.

Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

Većina ljudi povezuje ovaj vid delanja sa Gandijem i Martinom Luterom Kingom.

But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.

Ali ljudi koriste nenasilno delanje već hiljadama godina.

In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --

Zapravo, većina prava koja danas imamo u ovoj državi -

as women,

kao žene,

as minorities,

kao manjine,

as workers,

kao radnici,

as people of different sexual orientations

kao ljudi različitih seksualnih orijentacija

and citizens concerned with the environment --

i građani zabrinuti za okolinu -

these rights weren't handed to us.

ta prava nam nisu dodeljena.

They were won by people who fought for them

Stekli su ih ljudi koji su se borili za njih

and who sacrificed for them.

i koji su se žrtvovali za njih.

But because we haven't learned from this history,

Ali kako nismo naučili iz ove istorije,

nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.

nenasilna borba kao veština je na široko pogrešno shvaćena.

I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,

Nedavno sam upoznala grupu aktivista iz Etiopije

and they told me something that I hear a lot.

i rekli su mi nešto što često čujem.

They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,

Rekli su mi da su već isprobali nenasilno delanje

and it hadn't worked.

i da nije delovalo.

Years ago they held a protest.

Pre nekoliko godina su imali protest.

The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.

Vlada je pohapsila sve i tu je bio kraj tome.

The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests

Zamisao da je nenasilna borba jednaka uličnim protestima

is a real problem.

je istinski problem.

Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,

Jer iako protesti mogu da budu sjajan način da se pokaže da ljudi žele promene,

on their own, they don't actually create change --

sami za sebe, neće zapravo stvoriti promene -

at least change that is fundamental.

bar ne temeljne promene.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want

Moćni protivnici neće dati ljudima to što žele

just because they asked nicely ...

samo zato što lepo pitaju...

or even not so nicely.

ili čak ne tako lepo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,

Nenasilna borba deluje uništavajući protivnika,

not physically,

ne fizički,

but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,

već prepoznavanjem institucija koje su nužne za opstanak protivnika,

and then denying them those sources of power.

a potom uskraćivanjem tih izvora moći.

Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military

Nenasilni aktivisti mogu da neutrališu vojsku

by causing soldiers to defect.

tako što teraju vojnike na dezerterstvo.

They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.

Mogu da poremete ekonomiju preko štrajkova i bojkota.

And they can challenge government propaganda

I mogu da izazovu vladinu propagandu

by creating alternative media.

stvarajući alternativne medije.

There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.

Postoji više metoda koje se mogu koristiti za to.

My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,

Moja koleginica i mentorka, Džin Šarp,

has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.

identifikovala je 198 metoda nenasilnog delovanja.

And protest is only one.

A protesti su samo jedan od njih.

Let me give you a recent example.

Navešću vam skorašnji primer.

Until a few months ago,

Do pre nekoliko meseci,

Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials

Gvatemalom su vladali korumpirani bivši vojni zvaničnici

with ties to organized crime.

sa vezama s organizovanim kriminalom.

People were generally aware of this,

Ljudi su uopšteno bili svesni toga,

but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --

ali se većina osećala nemoćno da bilo šta uradi po tom pitanju -

until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,

sve dok jedna grupa građana, prosto običnih 12 ljudi,

put out a call on Facebook to their friends

nije objavila poziv prijateljima na Fejsbuku

to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:

da se okupe na centralnom trgu, držeći znakove s porukom:

"Renuncia YA" --

"Renuncia YA" --

resign already.

dajte ostavke već jednom.

To their surprise,

Na njihovo iznenađenje,

30,000 people showed up.

pojavilo se 30,000 ljudi.

They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.

Ostali su tu mesecima dok su se protesti širili zemljom.

At one point,

U jednom momentu,

the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings

organizatori su isporučili stotine jaja različitim vladinim zgradama

with a message:

s porukom:

"If you don't have the huevos" --

"Ako nemate 'huevos'" -

the balls --

jaja -

"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,

"da sprečite korumpirane kandidate da se kandiduju za ministarstva,

you can borrow ours."

možete da pozajmite naša."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

President Molina responded

Predsednik Molina je odgovorio,

by vowing that he would never step down.

zaklinjući se da se nikad neće povući.

And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting

I aktivisti su shvatili da ne mogu prosto da nastave s protestima

and ask the president to resign.

i da traže ostavku od predsednika.

They needed to leave him no choice.

Moraju da mu ukinu izbor.

So they organized a general strike,

Pa su organizovali generalni štrajk,

in which people throughout the country refused to work.

u kom su ljudi širom zemlje odbili da rade.

In Guatemala City alone,

Samo u gradu Gvatemala,

over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.

preko 400 firmi i škola je zatvorilo svoja vrata.

Meanwhile,

U međuvremenu

farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.

su zemljoradnici širom zemlje blokirali važnije puteve.

Within five days,

Za pet dana

the president,

predsednik

along with dozens of other government officials,

zajedno sa desetinama drugih vladinih zvaničnika

resigned already.

je dao ostavku.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I've been greatly inspired

Veoma me inspirišu

by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action

kreativnost i hrabrost ljudi koji nenasilno delaju

in nearly every country in the world.

u skoro svim zemljama sveta.

For example,

Na primer,

recently a group of activists in Uganda

nedavno je grupa aktivista u Ugandi

released a crate of pigs in the streets.

oslobodila kavez svinja na ulice.

You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.

Ovde vidite zbunjenost policije jer ne zna šta da radi s njima.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.

Svinje su obojene bojama vladajuće stranke.

One pig was even wearing a hat,

Jedna svinja je čak nosila šešir,

a hat that people recognized.

šešir koji je ljudima prepoznatljiv.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,

Aktivisti širom sveta su sve bolji u pridobijanju naslova,

but these isolated actions do very little

ali ove izolovane delatnosti malo pomažu,

if they're not part of a larger strategy.

ako nisu deo veće strategije.

A general wouldn't march his troops into battle

General ne bi marširao sa svojim trupama u bitku,

unless he had a plan to win the war.

ako nema plan za dobijanje rata.

Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.

Ipak, ovako većina svetskih nenasilnih pokreta radi.

Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,

Nenasilna borba je jednako složena kao i vojno ratovanje,

if not more.

ako ne i više.

Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,

Učesnici moraju da budu dobro obučeni i da imaju jasne ciljeve,

and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.

a njihove vođe moraju da imaju strategiju kako da postignu te ciljeve.

The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years

Tehnika ratovanja je razvijana tokom hiljada godina

with massive resources

uz ogromne resurse

and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding

i neki od naših najvećih umova su bili posvećeni razumevanju

and improving how it works.

i unapređenju ratne delatnosti.

Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,

U međuvremenu, nenasilna borba je retko kad sistematski izučavana,

and even though the number is growing,

pa iako su brojevi sve veći,

there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.

svega imamo nekoliko desetina ljudi u svetu koji to predaju.

This is dangerous,

Ovo je opasno

because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict

jer sad znamo da su naši stari pristupi bavljenju konfliktima

are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.

neadekvatni za nove izazove s kojima se suočavamo.

The US government recently admitted

Vlada SAD-a je nedavno priznala

that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.

da je u pat poziciji u ratu sa ISIS-om.

But what most people don't know

Ali većina ljudi ne zna

is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.

da se ljudi suprotstavljaju ISIS-u putem nenasilnog delovanja.

When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,

Kad je ISIS zauzeo Mosul u junu 2014,

they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,

objavili su da uvode novi plan rada u javne škole

based on their own extremist ideology.

zasnovan na njihovoj ekstremističkoj ideologiji.

But on the first day of school,

Ali prvog dana škole,

not a single child showed up.

nijedno dete se nije pojavilo.

Parents simply refused to send them.

Roditelji su prosto odbili da ih pošalju.

They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children

Rekli su novinarima da će radije da kući obrazuju svoju decu

than to have them brainwashed.

nego da im ispiraju mozgove.

This is an example of just one act of defiance

Ovo je primer samo jednog čina otpora

in just one city.

u samo jednom gradu.

But what if it was coordinated

Ali šta kad bi bio koordinisan

with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance

sa desetinama drugih činova nenasilnog otpora

that have taken place against ISIS?

koji se vode protiv ISIS-a?

What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy

Šta kad bi bojkot roditelja bio deo šire strategije

to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;

da bi se prepoznali i osporili resursi koji su potrebni ISIS-u da bi delovao;

the skilled labor needed to produce food;

kvalifikovani radnici koji proizvode hranu;

the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;

inženjeri neophodni za vađenje i preradu nafte;

the media infrastructure and communications networks

medijska infrastruktura i komunikacijske mreže

and transportation systems,

i transportni sistem

and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?

i lokalne firme na koje se ISIS oslanja?

It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS

Možda je teško zamisliti pobedu nad ISIS-om

with action that is nonviolent.

putem nenasilnog delovanja.

But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict

Ali je vreme da dovedemo u pitanje način razmišljanja o ratu

and the choices we have in facing it.

i koje izbore imamo kad smo suočeni s njim.

Here's an idea worth spreading:

Evo ideje vredne širenja:

let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked

saznajmo što više o tome gde je nenasilno delanje delovalo

and how we can make it more powerful,

i kako možemo da ga učinimo moćnijim,

just like we do with other systems and technologies

baš kao što radimo s drugim sistemima i tehnologijama

that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.

koje se stalno prerađuju kako bi bolje zadovoljile ljudske potrebe.

It may be that we can improve nonviolent action

Možda možemo da poboljšamo nenasilno delovanje

to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.

do tačke gde bi se sve češće koristilo umesto rata.

Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned

Nasilje kao oruđe konflikta bi onda moglo da bude napušteno

in the same way that bows and arrows were,

na isti način kao lukovi i strele

because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.

jer smo ih zamenili delotvornijim oružjem.

With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful

Ljudskim inovacijama možemo učiniti nenasilnu borbu moćnijom

than the newest and latest technologies of war.

od najnovijih i poslednjih tehnologija rata.

The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence

Najveća nada za čovečanstvo ne leži u osudi nasilja,

but in making violence obsolete.

već u njegovom prevazilaženju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Apaluz)