The secret to effective nonviolent resistance | Jamila Raqib

翻译人员: Jia Li 校对人员: Silvia Song

War has been a part of my life since I can remember.

自从我记事以来 战争就成了我生活的一部分

I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,

我出生在阿富汗 就在六个月之后苏维埃便入侵了

and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,

尽管当时我还十分年幼 并不知道发生了什么

I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.

但我深深的感觉到有种灾难和恐惧萦绕着我

Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.

这些早期的经历给我对战争和冲突的看法产生了很大影响

I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,

我了解到人们在遭遇危险之时

for most of them,

对他们大部分人而言

giving in is not an option.

屈服并非唯一选择

For these types conflicts --

对于这些冲突而言

when people's rights are violated,

当人们的权利受到侵犯之时

when their countries are occupied,

当他们的祖国被占领之时

when they're oppressed and humiliated --

当他们受尽压迫和羞辱之时

they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.

他们迫切需要一种强大的力量去抵抗 去战斗

Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,

这也意味着 无论暴力多么凶残可怕

if people see it as their only choice,

只要人们把这当作是他们唯一的退路

they will use it.

他们便会使用暴力

Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.

我们大多数都与这个世界的暴力水平有着丝丝缕缕的联系

But we're not going to end war

但我们不会通过告诉人们

by telling people that violence is morally wrong.

暴力与道德相悖 这样来终结战争

Instead, we must offer them a tool

相反 我们必须给他们工具

that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.

至少和暴力一样有力 一样有效的工具

This is the work I do.

这就是我所做的

For the past 13 years,

过去的13年里

I've been teaching people

我一直在教导

in some of the most difficult situations around the world

全世界某些身陷苦难境地的人们

how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.

告诉他们如何使用非暴力手段与冲突对抗

Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

多数人会将这种行动与甘地或马丁▪ 路德▪ 金联系在一起

But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.

但自从人们开始使用非暴力手段已经有足足几千年了

In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --

事实上 我们在这个国家所拥有的大多数权利

as women,

作为女性

as minorities,

作为少数人群

as workers,

作为工人

as people of different sexual orientations

作为有着不同性取向的人们

and citizens concerned with the environment --

以及关心环境的普通公民

these rights weren't handed to us.

这些权利并非直接交到我们手中

They were won by people who fought for them

而是靠为权利而战的人们赢得的

and who sacrificed for them.

也是他们的牺牲所换来的

But because we haven't learned from this history,

但是由于我们并没有从历史中了解到

nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.

因而 很多人误解了非暴力抗争这种方法

I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,

最近 我认识了一些埃塞俄比亚的行动家

and they told me something that I hear a lot.

他们告诉了我很多我曾经听说过很多的事情

They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,

他们说 他们已经试过非暴力行动了

and it hadn't worked.

但它并不奏效

Years ago they held a protest.

多年前 他们举行过一次抗议

The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.

政府把他们都逮捕了 而这次抗议也就这样结束了

The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests

这种认为非暴力抗争等同于街头抗议的观点

is a real problem.

这才是真正的问题

Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,

因为虽然抗议很好地表达了人们想要改变的想法

on their own, they don't actually create change --

但是对于他们自身来说 他们并没有真正的在创造改变

at least change that is fundamental.

至少 改变这个是最基础的

(Laughter)

(笑声）

Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want

强大的对手也并不会给人们他们想要的

just because they asked nicely ...

仅仅因为他们要的太温柔了

or even not so nicely.

或许也不那么温柔

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,

非暴力抗争要通过摧毁对手才能奏效

not physically,

不仅仅是肉体上的

but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,

而且要确定对手需要存活下去的机制

and then denying them those sources of power.

然后否认他们的权利之源

Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military

非暴力行动主义者能扰乱军心

by causing soldiers to defect.

引起士兵的抵抗心理

They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.

他们可以罢工 抵制 来破坏经济发展

And they can challenge government propaganda

他们还可以

by creating alternative media.

通过创造其他的媒体方式 挑战政府宣传活动

There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.

要达到这些目的 有各种各样的办法

My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,

吉恩▪夏普 我的同事 亦是我的导师

has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.

已经找到了198种非暴力行动的方式

And protest is only one.

而抗议是唯一的那一个

Let me give you a recent example.

让我向大家举一个最近的例子吧

Until a few months ago,

直到几个月前

Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials

危地马拉还由腐败的前军事官员统治着

with ties to organized crime.

他们还与团伙犯罪有关

People were generally aware of this,

人们已经普遍意识到了这一点

but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --

但是他们大多数觉得无能为力

until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,

直到由12个普通人组成的市民小组

put out a call on Facebook to their friends

在脸书上号召他们的朋友

to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:

在中央广场聚集 举着牌子 上面写着

"Renuncia YA" --

下台

resign already.

尽管已经下台了

To their surprise,

但令他们惊讶的是

30,000 people showed up.

这得到了3万多人的支援

They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.

他们在广场上呆了几个月 随后抗议蔓延至全国

At one point,

某天

the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings

组织者给政府大楼送了很多鸡蛋

with a message:

附信：

"If you don't have the huevos" --

如果您们差这些鸡蛋

the balls --

（胆量）

"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,

去阻止贪官污吏腐蚀国家的话

you can borrow ours."

你可以向我们借

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

President Molina responded

莫利纳总统回应道

by vowing that he would never step down.

我发誓 我们绝不下台

And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting

活动家们意识到 要让总统下台

and ask the president to resign.

他们绝不能只是抗议

They needed to leave him no choice.

他们需要让总统无路可走

So they organized a general strike,

于是 他们组织了全体罢工

in which people throughout the country refused to work.

全国上下 人们纷纷拒绝工作

In Guatemala City alone,

仅仅在瓜地马拉市

over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.

就有400多家商店和学校关门

Meanwhile,

与此同时

farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.

全国的农民封锁了主要道路

Within five days,

就在五天之内

the president,

总统

along with dozens of other government officials,

携十多位其他政府官员

resigned already.

宣布卸任

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

I've been greatly inspired

我受到了深深的鼓舞

by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action

人们的创造力和勇气被运用在了非暴力行动中

in nearly every country in the world.

这几乎发生在了世界上的每一个国家

For example,

举例来说

recently a group of activists in Uganda

最近 乌干达的一些活动家

released a crate of pigs in the streets.

在街上放出了一群猪

You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.

你们可以看到 警察对它们手足无措

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.

猪身上涂着执政党的颜色

One pig was even wearing a hat,

其中一头猪甚至还带着顶帽子

a hat that people recognized.

这顶帽子人们都认识

(Laughter)

（笑声)

Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,

全世界的活动家都越来越会抢头条了

but these isolated actions do very little

但要是他们没有大计划支撑

if they're not part of a larger strategy.

这些孤立无援的运动则收效甚微

A general wouldn't march his troops into battle

一位将军要是没有打胜仗的计划

unless he had a plan to win the war.

绝不会出动军队

Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.

而世界上大多数非暴力运动就是这样做的

Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,

非暴力抗争就如同军事战争一般复杂

if not more.

甚至不亚于军事战争

Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,

参与者必须训练有素 有一个清晰的目标

and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.

而且领导者必须要有如何实现这些目标的战略和计划

The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years

几千年以来 战争的技术不断发展

with massive resources

资源也愈发丰富多样

and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding

我们的某些想法也致力于理解

and improving how it works.

和提升它的效果

Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,

然而与此同时 非暴力抗争几乎没有系统地学习

and even though the number is growing,

尽管次数也在不断增多

there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.

但世界上仍旧只有小部分人在教我们怎么做

This is dangerous,

这很危险

because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict

因为我们现在知道以往处理矛盾的方法

are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.

不足以我们去迎接新的挑战

The US government recently admitted

美国政府最近承认

that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.

在对抗ISIS的战争中 他们身陷僵局

But what most people don't know

但很多人不知道的却是

is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.

人们使用了非暴力运动来对抗ISIS

When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,

当ISIS在2014年七月逮捕摩苏尔

they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,

他们宣称 他们正在建立一个新的公立学校课程

based on their own extremist ideology.

基于他们自己的极端主义思想

But on the first day of school,

但在开学第一天

not a single child showed up.

没有一个孩子来上课

Parents simply refused to send them.

家长就是不愿意送孩子上学

They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children

他们告诉记者 他们情愿让孩子在家学习

than to have them brainwashed.

也不愿孩子去洗脑

This is an example of just one act of defiance

这仅仅是反抗运动中的一例

in just one city.

也只是一个城市中的一例

But what if it was coordinated

但如果大家将众多非暴力对抗运动

with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance

联合起来

that have taken place against ISIS?

去抵抗ISIS呢？

What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy

如果家长的童子军是整个大计划的一部分呢？

to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;

他们可以找寻和切断ISIS需要运作的资源

the skilled labor needed to produce food;

阻断生产食物的技术工人

the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;

破坏提取和炼油的机器

the media infrastructure and communications networks

损坏媒体设施和通信网络

and transportation systems,

及交通系统

and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?

摧毁ISIS赖以生存的公司

It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS

以非暴力行动

with action that is nonviolent.

对抗ISIS 可能很难想象

But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict

但现在正是我们挑战看待冲突的方式

and the choices we have in facing it.

和面对做出选择的时刻了

Here's an idea worth spreading:

这一思想 值得我们广而告之

let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked

让我们来了解更多有关非暴力运动已经在什么地方奏效

and how we can make it more powerful,

以及我们如何让它更加有力的方法吧

just like we do with other systems and technologies

就像我们处理其他系统和科技一样

that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.

让它们不断更新以满足人们需求

It may be that we can improve nonviolent action

我们可能而且可以改善非暴力运动

to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.

让非暴力运动越来越多的走向战地

Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned

暴力作为冲突的工具便可以抛弃

in the same way that bows and arrows were,

弓箭亦是如此

because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.

因为我们已经用更有效的武器将它们代替

With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful

有人类的创新 我们可以让非暴力抗争

than the newest and latest technologies of war.

比最新的战争技术还要有力

The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence

人性最伟大的希望并不在于谴责暴力

but in making violence obsolete.

而是抛弃暴力

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

（鼓掌）