The secret to effective nonviolent resistance | Jamila Raqib

Prevoditelj: Ines Sedlar Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

War has been a part of my life since I can remember.

Rat je dio mog života od kad znam za sebe.

I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,

Rođena sam u Afganistanu, tek šest mjeseci kasnije, Rusi su napali.

and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,

Iako sam bila premlada da bih shvatila što se događa,

I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.

duboko sam osjećala patnju i strah oko sebe.

Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.

Ta rana iskustva su imala veliki utjecaj na to kako razmišljam o ratu i sukobu.

I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,

Naučila sam da kada ljudi imaju ugroženo osnovno pitanje,

for most of them,

za većinu njih,

giving in is not an option.

predaja nije opcija.

For these types conflicts --

Za takve vrste sukoba --

when people's rights are violated,

kada su ljudska prava ugrožena,

when their countries are occupied,

kada su njihove države okupirane,

when they're oppressed and humiliated --

kada su potlačeni i poniženi --

they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.

trebaju moćan način da se odupru i uzvrate udarac.

Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,

To znači da bez obzira koliko je nasilje destruktivno i strašno,

if people see it as their only choice,

ako ga ljudi vide kao svoj jedini izbor,

they will use it.

oni će ga iskoristiti.

Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.

Većina nas je zabrinuta zbog razine nasilja u svijetu.

But we're not going to end war

Ali mi nećemo zaustaviti rat

by telling people that violence is morally wrong.

tako da kažemo ljudima da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.

Instead, we must offer them a tool

Umjesto toga, moramo im ponuditi oruđe

that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.

koje je barem jednako snažno i učinkovito kao nasilje.

This is the work I do.

To je ono što ja radim

For the past 13 years,

Zadnjih 13 godina,

I've been teaching people

učim ljude

in some of the most difficult situations around the world

u nekim od najtežih situacija diljem svijeta

how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.

kako koristiti nenasilnu borbu u upravljanju sukobom.

Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

Većina ljudi povezuje ovu vrstu djelovanja s Gandhijem i Martinom Lutherom Kingom.

But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.

Ali ljudi koriste nenasilno djelovanje već tisućama godina.

In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --

Zapravo, većina prava koja mi imamo danas u ovoj državi --

as women,

kao žene,

as minorities,

kao manjine,

as workers,

kao radnici,

as people of different sexual orientations

kao ljudi različitih spolnih orijentacija

and citizens concerned with the environment --

i građani zabrinuti za okoliš --

these rights weren't handed to us.

ova prava nam nisu dodijeljena.

They were won by people who fought for them

Stekli su ih ljudi koji su se borili za njih

and who sacrificed for them.

i koji su se žrtvovali za njih.

But because we haven't learned from this history,

Ali s obzirom da nismo naučili iz ove povijesti,

nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.

nenasilna borba je kao tehnika općenito pogrešno shvaćena.

I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,

Nedavno sam upoznala grupu Etijopijskih aktivista,

and they told me something that I hear a lot.

i oni su mi rekli nešto što često čujem.

They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,

Rekli su mi da su već pokušali nenasilno djelovanje,

and it hadn't worked.

ali nije uspjelo.

Years ago they held a protest.

Godinama ranije su održali prosvijed.

The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.

Vlada je uhitila sve, i to je bio kraj tome.

The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests

Ideja da je nenasilna borba isto što i ulični protest

is a real problem.

je pravi problem.

Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,

Jer iako protesti mogu biti odličan način da ljudi pokažu kako žele promjenu,

on their own, they don't actually create change --

oni sami po sebi, ne čine promjenu --

at least change that is fundamental.

barem ne promjenu koja je temeljna.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want

Moćni protivnici neće dati ljudima ono što oni žele

just because they asked nicely ...

samo zato jer su pristojno pitali...

or even not so nicely.

ili čak ne tako pristojno.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,

Nenasilna borba funkcionira na način da uništava protivnika,

not physically,

ne fizički,

but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,

već identificirajući institucije koje protivniku trebaju kako bi opstao,

and then denying them those sources of power.

a potom im uskraćujući te izvore moći.

Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military

Nenasilni aktivisti mogu neutralizirati vojsku

by causing soldiers to defect.

potičući vojnike na dezerterstvo.

They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.

Mogu poremetiti ekonomiju kroz štrajkove i bojkote.

And they can challenge government propaganda

Mogu izazvati vladinu propagandu

by creating alternative media.

stvarajući alternativne medije.

There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.

Postoje različite metode koje se mogu koristiti kako bi se to postiglo.

My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,

Moja kolegica i mentorica, Gene Sharp,

has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.

je identificirala 198 metoda nenasilnoga djelovanja.

And protest is only one.

Prosvjed je tek jedna.

Let me give you a recent example.

Dopustite mi da vam dam nedavni primjer.

Until a few months ago,

Do prije nekoliko mjeseci,

Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials

Guatemalom su vladali korumpirani bivši vojni dužnosnici

with ties to organized crime.

s vezama s organiziranim kriminalom.

People were generally aware of this,

Ljudi su bili općenito svjesni toga,

but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --

ali ih se većina osjećala nemoćnima da nešto učine po tom pitanju --

until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,

sve dok jedna grupa građana, tek 12 običnih ljudi,

put out a call on Facebook to their friends

nisu poslali poziv na Facebooku svojim prijateljima

to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:

da se nađu na centralnom trgu, držeći znakove s porukom:

"Renuncia YA" --

"Renuncia YA" --

resign already.

daj više ostavku.

To their surprise,

Na njihovo iznenađenje,

30,000 people showed up.

pojavilo se 30 000 ljudi.

They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.

Ostali su tu mjesecima jer se prosvjed proširio na cijelu zemlju.

At one point,

U jednom trenutku,

the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings

organizatori su donijeli tisuće jaja ispred različitih vladinih zgrada

with a message:

s porukom:

"If you don't have the huevos" --

"Ako vi nemate huevos" --

the balls --

jaja

"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,

"da zaustavite korumpirane u kandidaturi za ministarstva,

you can borrow ours."

možete posuditi naša."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

President Molina responded

Predsjednik Molina je odgovorio

by vowing that he would never step down.

zaklinjući se da se nikad neće povući.

And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting

Aktivisti su shvatili da ne mogu samo nastaviti prosvjedovati

and ask the president to resign.

i tražiti od predsjednika ostavku.

They needed to leave him no choice.

Trebali su ga ostaviti bez izbora.

So they organized a general strike,

Stoga su organizirali opći štrajk,

in which people throughout the country refused to work.

u kojem su ljudi diljem zemlje odbili raditi.

In Guatemala City alone,

Samo u Guatemala Cityju,

over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.

preko 400 tvrtki i škola su zatvorili svoja vrata.

Meanwhile,

U međuvremenu,

farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.

farmeri diljem zemlje su blokirali glavne ceste.

Within five days,

Kroz pet dana,

the president,

predsjednik,

along with dozens of other government officials,

zajedno s desetcima ostalih vladinih dužnosnika,

resigned already.

su napokon dali ostavku.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

I've been greatly inspired

Inspirirana sam

by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action

kreativnošću i hrabrošću ljudi koji koriste nenasilno djelovanje

in nearly every country in the world.

u gotovo svakoj državi u svijetu.

For example,

Primjerice,

recently a group of activists in Uganda

nedavno je grupa aktivista u Ugandi

released a crate of pigs in the streets.

pustila sanduk svinja na ulice.

You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.

Možete vidjeti ovdje kako je policija zbunjena jer ne znaju što učiniti s njima.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.

Svinje su obojene u boju vladajuće stranke.

One pig was even wearing a hat,

Jedna svinja je čak nosila šešir,

a hat that people recognized.

šešir kojeg ljudi prepoznaju.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,

Aktivisti diljem svijeta su sve bolji u osvajanju naslovnica,

but these isolated actions do very little

ali te izolirane akcije ne čine mnogo

if they're not part of a larger strategy.

ako nisu dio veće strategije.

A general wouldn't march his troops into battle

Vojskovođa ne vodi svoje trupe u bitku

unless he had a plan to win the war.

ako nema plan kako dobiti rat.

Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.

Ipak, to je način na koji većina nenasilnih pokreta djeluje.

Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,

Nenasilna borba je jednako kompleksna kao i vojno ratovanje,

if not more.

ako ne i više.

Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,

Njeni sudionici moraju biti dobro obučeni i imati jasne ciljeve,

and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.

a njeni vođe moraju imati strategiju kako doći do tih ciljeva.

The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years

Tehnika ratovanja je razvijana tisućama godina

with massive resources

s ogromnim resursima

and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding

i nekima od najvećih umova odlučnih u razumijevanju

and improving how it works.

i unaprjeđivanju njenog djelovanja.

Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,

U međuvremenu, nenasilna borba je rijetko sistematično proučavana,

and even though the number is growing,

i iako broj raste,

there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.

još uvijek tek nekoliko desetaka ljudi u svijetu je podučavaju.

This is dangerous,

To je opasno,

because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict

jer znamo da naši stari načini suočavanja sa sukobom

are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.

nisu adekvatni novim izazovima s kojima smo suočeni.

The US government recently admitted

Vlada SAD-a je nedavno priznala

that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.

da je u pat poziciji u ratu protiv ISISa.

But what most people don't know

No ono što većina ljudi ne zna

is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.

je da su se ljudi suprotstavili ISISu koristeći nenasilno djelovanje.

When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,

Kad je ISIS okupirao Mosul u lipnju 2014. godine,

they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,

najavili su da će uvesti u škole novi kurikulum za državno obrazovanje,

based on their own extremist ideology.

koji se temelji na njihovoj ekstremističkoj ideologiji.

But on the first day of school,

Ali za prvi dan nastave,

not a single child showed up.

ni jedno dijete se nije pojavilo.

Parents simply refused to send them.

Roditelji su jednostavno odbili poslati ih u školu.

They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children

Rekli su novinarima da će radije podučavati svoju djecu kod kuće

than to have them brainwashed.

nego da im se ispire mozak.

This is an example of just one act of defiance

To je primjer samo jednog čina neposluha

in just one city.

u samo jednom gradu.

But what if it was coordinated

Ali što da je koordiniran

with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance

s desecima drugih činova nenasilnog otpora

that have taken place against ISIS?

koji se vode protiv ISISa?

What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy

Što da je bojkot roditelja bio dio veće strategije

to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;

kako bi identificirali i odsjekli resurse koje ISIS treba kako bi djelovao;

the skilled labor needed to produce food;

radne snage koje su potrebne za proizvodnju hrane

the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;

inženjeri koji su potrebni za izdvajanje i pročišćavanje nafte;

the media infrastructure and communications networks

medijska infrastruktura i komunikacijske mreže

and transportation systems,

prijevozni sustavi,

and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?

i lokalne tvrtke na koje se ISIS oslanja?

It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS

Može biti teško zamisliti pobjedu nad ISISom

with action that is nonviolent.

s djelovanjem koje nije nasilno.

But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict

Ali, vrijeme je da dovedemo u pitanje način razmišljanja o sukobu

and the choices we have in facing it.

i izborima koje imamo u suočavanju s njim.

Here's an idea worth spreading:

Evo ideja koja je vrijedna širenja:

let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked

idemo naučiti o tome gdje je nenasilno djelovanje uspjelo

and how we can make it more powerful,

i kako ga možemo učiniti moćnijim,

just like we do with other systems and technologies

kao što činimo s ostalim sustavima i tehnologijama

that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.

koje se stalno prerađuju kako bi bolje odgovarale ljudskim potrebama.

It may be that we can improve nonviolent action

Možda možemo poboljšati nenasilno djelovanje

to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.

do točke gdje se češće koriste umjesto rata.

Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned

Nasilje kao oruđe konflikta bi moglo biti posve napušteno

in the same way that bows and arrows were,

na isti način kao što su luk i strijele,

because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.

jer smo ih zamijenili oružjem koje je mnogo efikasnije.

With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful

S ljudskim inovacijama, možemo učiniti nenasilnu borbu još moćnijom

than the newest and latest technologies of war.

od najnovijih i posljednjih tehnologija ratovanja.

The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence

Najveća nada za čovječanstvo ne leži u osudi nasilja

but in making violence obsolete.

već čineći nasilje zastarjelim.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)