The secret to effective nonviolent resistance | Jamila Raqib

167,123 views ใƒป 2016-07-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
War has been a part of my life since I can remember.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
00:16
I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืœืฉื•,
00:21
and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™.
00:29
Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.
00:35
I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช,
00:38
for most of them,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:39
giving in is not an option.
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ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
00:41
For these types conflicts --
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ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
00:43
when people's rights are violated,
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ื›ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช,
00:45
when their countries are occupied,
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ื›ืฉืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
00:47
when they're oppressed and humiliated --
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื --
00:49
they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.
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ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืจื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:53
Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืจืื”,
00:57
if people see it as their only choice,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
01:00
they will use it.
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ื”ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื”.
01:02
Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืžืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช
01:06
But we're not going to end war
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01:07
by telling people that violence is morally wrong.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
01:10
Instead, we must offer them a tool
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™
01:13
that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.
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ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
01:17
This is the work I do.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:19
For the past 13 years,
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ืžื–ื” 13 ืฉื ื” ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
01:21
I've been teaching people
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01:22
in some of the most difficult situations around the world
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:25
how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ืืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš.
01:30
Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืขื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’.
01:35
But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืกืงื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”.
01:39
In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช --
01:44
as women,
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ื›ื ืฉื™ื,
01:45
as minorities,
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ื›ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:46
as workers,
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ื›ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
01:47
as people of different sexual orientations
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ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:50
and citizens concerned with the environment --
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ื•ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
01:52
these rights weren't handed to us.
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื•.
01:55
They were won by people who fought for them
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืื‘ืงื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
01:57
and who sacrificed for them.
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ื•ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืœืžืขื ืŸ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
01:59
But because we haven't learned from this history,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:01
nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.
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ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืœืฃ.
02:06
I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,
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ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื,
02:09
and they told me something that I hear a lot.
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
02:12
They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืœื™ืžื”,
02:15
and it hadn't worked.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
02:16
Years ago they held a protest.
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ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืžื—ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:18
The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฆืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ.
02:23
The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ืืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘
02:27
is a real problem.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
02:29
Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
02:33
on their own, they don't actually create change --
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ื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• --
02:36
at least change that is fundamental.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. [ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”!]
02:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:39
Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want
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ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
02:42
just because they asked nicely ...
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื™ืคื”...
02:45
or even not so nicely.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ืคื”.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:48
Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,
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ืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ืืœื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘,
02:52
not physically,
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™,
02:53
but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,
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ืืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
02:57
and then denying them those sources of power.
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ื•ืื– ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืืœื”.
03:00
Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื
03:03
by causing soldiers to defect.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืง.
03:05
They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ืจืžื•ืช
03:09
And they can challenge government propaganda
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช
03:11
by creating alternative media.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช.
03:13
There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
03:17
My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืค,
03:20
has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.
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ื–ื™ื”ื” 198 ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”.
03:26
And protest is only one.
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ื•ืžื—ืื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
03:28
Let me give you a recent example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.
03:30
Until a few months ago,
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
03:32
Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials
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ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ื ื™-ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
03:35
with ties to organized crime.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืคืฉืข ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ.
03:38
People were generally aware of this,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
03:39
but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ืฉื• ื—ืกืจื™-ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื–ื” --
03:44
until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,
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ืขื“ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, 12 ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
03:48
put out a call on Facebook to their friends
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ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื
03:51
to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:
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ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘:
"ืชืชืคื˜ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ!"
03:55
"Renuncia YA" --
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03:57
resign already.
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03:59
To their surprise,
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื,
04:00
30,000 people showed up.
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• 30,000 ืื™ืฉ.
04:03
They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:06
At one point,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
04:08
the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings
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ื”ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:12
with a message:
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[ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื] ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘:
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos" --
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"ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื 'ื•ื•ืื‘ื•ืก'," --
04:15
the balls --
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
04:17
"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,
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"ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:20
you can borrow ours."
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"ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื ื•."
04:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:28
President Molina responded
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ.
04:30
by vowing that he would never step down.
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04:32
And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting
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ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ
04:36
and ask the president to resign.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ.
04:38
They needed to leave him no choice.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
04:40
So they organized a general strike,
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ืื– ื”ื ืืจื’ื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
04:42
in which people throughout the country refused to work.
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ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
04:45
In Guatemala City alone,
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ื‘ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื” ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื”,
04:46
over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื”ื.
04:50
Meanwhile,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
04:51
farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืกืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื.
04:54
Within five days,
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ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
04:55
the president,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
04:56
along with dozens of other government officials,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ,
04:59
resigned already.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ.
05:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:05
I've been greatly inspired
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
05:07
by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action
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ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:11
in nearly every country in the world.
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05:13
For example,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
05:14
recently a group of activists in Uganda
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”,
05:17
released a crate of pigs in the streets.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืœืื” ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘. [ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืข"ื— ืœืžื—ืื”]
05:20
You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืช-ืขืฆื•ืช.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:24
The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช.
05:27
One pig was even wearing a hat,
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ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ื‘ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื‘ืข,
05:29
a hat that people recognized.
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ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:34
Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช,
05:37
but these isolated actions do very little
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“
05:40
if they're not part of a larger strategy.
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ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื”.
05:42
A general wouldn't march his troops into battle
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ืืœื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืขื™ื“ ืืช ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงืจื‘
05:45
unless he had a plan to win the war.
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืš ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
05:47
Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:50
Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,
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ืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ืืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื,
05:55
if not more.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:56
Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,
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ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืขื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช,
06:00
and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.
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ื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื”.
06:05
The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื
06:08
with massive resources
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ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืชืžืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื” ื•ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจื”.
06:10
and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding
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06:13
and improving how it works.
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06:15
Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,
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ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™,
06:20
and even though the number is growing,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ,
06:22
there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:26
This is dangerous,
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ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
06:28
because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict
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ื›ื™ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
06:32
are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื ื•.
06:35
The US government recently admitted
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ืžืžืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
06:37
that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื• ื‘ื“ืืข"ืฉ.
06:41
But what most people don't know
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ ื“ืืข"ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
06:43
is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.
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06:47
When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,
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ื›ืฉื“ืืข"ืฉ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืžื•ืกื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014,
06:50
they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”,
06:54
based on their own extremist ideology.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:57
But on the first day of school,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื
06:59
not a single child showed up.
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ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“.
07:02
Parents simply refused to send them.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
07:05
They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
07:08
than to have them brainwashed.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉื˜ืคื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:10
This is an example of just one act of defiance
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืืงื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
07:13
in just one city.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:15
But what if it was coordinated
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืื
ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”,
07:17
with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance
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07:19
that have taken place against ISIS?
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ื ื’ื“ ื“ืืข"ืฉ?
07:21
What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื—ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:25
to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ืืข"ืฉ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“;
07:30
the skilled labor needed to produce food;
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ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ;
07:32
the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;
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ืืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืงืช ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื ืคื˜;
07:36
the media infrastructure and communications networks
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ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื”
07:38
and transportation systems,
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07:40
and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?
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ื•ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื“ืืข"ืฉ?
07:43
It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืืข"ืฉ
ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
07:47
with action that is nonviolent.
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07:49
But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
07:52
and the choices we have in facing it.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
07:56
Here's an idea worth spreading:
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ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฆื•:
07:58
let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืœืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
08:04
just like we do with other systems and technologies
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
08:07
that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื›ืžืขื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
08:11
It may be that we can improve nonviolent action
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
08:18
Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
08:22
in the same way that bows and arrows were,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื˜ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื•ื”ื—ืฅ,
08:25
because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:29
With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ื
ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:34
than the newest and latest technologies of war.
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08:38
The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
08:42
but in making violence obsolete.
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ืืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช.
08:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
08:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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