The secret to effective nonviolent resistance | Jamila Raqib

譯者: Jin Wu 審譯者: Zeathy Fu

War has been a part of my life since I can remember.

自我有記憶以來 戰爭就是我生活的一部分

I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,

就在蘇維埃入侵六個月之後 我出生於阿富汗

and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,

儘管當時我還年幼 並不知道發生了什麼

I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.

但我深深地感覺到 災難和恐懼在我周邊

Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.

這些早期的經歷

讓我現在對戰爭和衝突的看法 產生了重要的影響

I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,

我了解到人們在根本法則面臨危險時

for most of them,

對他們大部分人而言

giving in is not an option.

屈服不是一個選擇

For these types conflicts --

對於以下幾種類型的衝突

when people's rights are violated,

當人們的權利受到侵害時

when their countries are occupied,

當他們的國家被佔領時

when they're oppressed and humiliated --

當他們受到壓迫和受到羞辱時

they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.

他們需要一個強有力的方式 去抵制和反抗

Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,

這就意味著無論暴力有多麼兇殘可怕

if people see it as their only choice,

如果人們認為暴力是 他們唯一的選擇

they will use it.

他們就會使用暴力

Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.

我們絕大部分人都對 存在於世界上的暴力感到擔心

But we're not going to end war

但告訴人們戰爭是道德錯誤 並不能結束戰爭

by telling people that violence is morally wrong.

Instead, we must offer them a tool

取而代之的 我們必須 給他們一個工具

that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.

至少是一個與暴力 有相同效力的工具

This is the work I do.

這是我的工作

For the past 13 years,

在過去的十三年裡

I've been teaching people

我在一些有著最困難處境的地區

in some of the most difficult situations around the world

how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.

教導人們怎樣可以 用非暴力手段來結束分歧

Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

很多人使用這種手段 比如 甘地和馬丁路德金

But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.

人們已經使用非暴力手段近千年

In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --

事實上 今天在這個國家裡 大部分的權利

as women,

作為女性

as minorities,

作為少數族群

as workers,

作為工人

as people of different sexual orientations

作為性少數人群

and citizens concerned with the environment --

還有擔心環境的人們

these rights weren't handed to us.

這些權利沒有直接交給我們

They were won by people who fought for them

這些是經過人們奮鬥而來的

and who sacrificed for them.

還有為此犧牲的人們

But because we haven't learned from this history,

但是因為我們還沒有從 這歷史當中學到教訓

nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.

非暴力鬥爭被廣泛的誤解

I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,

我最近見了一個衣索比亞積極團體

and they told me something that I hear a lot.

然後他們跟我說了些我常聽到的事情

They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,

他們說他們已經嘗試過非暴力手段

and it hadn't worked.

但它沒有效果

Years ago they held a protest.

幾年前 他們發起了抗議活動

The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.

政府把他們全部都逮捕了 這就是故事的結果

The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests

非暴力鬥爭的想法 是跟街頭抗議一樣的

is a real problem.

這是一個問題

Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,

因為雖然抗議是一個很好的方式 來表達人們想要變革的意願

on their own, they don't actually create change --

然而靠人們自己 並不能改變任何事情

at least change that is fundamental.

尤其是改變一些基礎的東西

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want

太過強勢的對手不會給抗議者 帶來他們所想要的東西

just because they asked nicely ...

僅僅是因為他們抗議得太過禮貌

or even not so nicely.

或者太過火

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,

非暴力鬥爭通過非武力方式

not physically,

打擊對手來取勝

but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,

他們找出對手生存所需的機構

and then denying them those sources of power.

然後剝奪其權力的來源

Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military

非暴力積極人士可以 通過使士兵叛變來擊潰軍隊

by causing soldiers to defect.

They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.

他們可以通過 罷工和抵制來搗亂經濟

And they can challenge government propaganda

他們還可以通過其他媒體 來挑戰政府的宣傳

by creating alternative media.

There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.

有很多方法可以達成這樣的效果

My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,

我的同事和導師吉恩·夏普

has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.

已經發現了 198 種非暴力手段

And protest is only one.

而抗議只是其中一個

Let me give you a recent example.

讓我來給你們一個最近的例子

Until a few months ago,

直到幾個月以前

Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials

瓜地馬拉是被一個腐敗的前軍官統治

with ties to organized crime.

他與黑社會有染

People were generally aware of this,

人們普遍知曉此事

but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --

但是大部分人們都不敢有任何舉措

until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,

直到一個由 12 個普通人組成的團體

put out a call on Facebook to their friends

在臉書上告訴他們的朋友

to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:

在中心廣場舉牌

"Renuncia YA" --

牌上寫著

resign already.

立刻辭職

To their surprise,

讓他們驚喜的是

30,000 people showed up.

30000人出現在廣場

They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.

他們在那裡待了幾個月 抗議也擴散到了全國

At one point,

有一天

the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings

組織者給政府部門送了幾百個雞蛋

with a message:

帶著一條訊息

"If you don't have the huevos" --

如果你沒有雞蛋

the balls --

──膽量之意──

"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,

來阻止那些腐敗份子來糟蹋政府部門

you can borrow ours."

你可以借我們的

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

President Molina responded

莫里納總統回應

by vowing that he would never step down.

發誓說他絕不下台

And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting

然後抗議者意識到他們不能 僅僅停留在抗議上

and ask the president to resign.

要求總統下台

They needed to leave him no choice.

他們得讓總統別無他選

So they organized a general strike,

所以他們組織了大範圍的罷工

in which people throughout the country refused to work.

整個國家的人拒絕工作

In Guatemala City alone,

僅在瓜地馬拉市

over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.

超過 400 所公司和學校關門了

Meanwhile,

同時

farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.

全國的農民阻斷了公路

Within five days,

罷工持續了五天

the president,

總統

along with dozens of other government officials,

和其他數十個政府官員

resigned already.

下台了

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I've been greatly inspired

非暴力手段的抗議者 和其他勇敢的人們對我產生極大鼓舞

by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action

in nearly every country in the world.

他們存在於世界上所有的國家

For example,

舉個例子

recently a group of activists in Uganda

最近一組在烏干達的行動家

released a crate of pigs in the streets.

在街上放了一箱子的豬

You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.

你可以看到警察對於那些豬 顯得不知所措

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.

豬被劃上了執政黨的顏色

One pig was even wearing a hat,

有一頭豬甚至戴上了一頂帽子

a hat that people recognized.

一頂所有人都可以認出的帽子

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,

世界上的行動家變得 越來越能佔據頭條

but these isolated actions do very little

但是這些孤立的活動能做的卻很少

if they're not part of a larger strategy.

如果他們不能有更深遠的戰略

A general wouldn't march his troops into battle

一個將軍如果沒考慮過怎麼贏

unless he had a plan to win the war.

他不會帶著他的士兵進入戰場

Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.

事實上這是世界上大部分的 非暴力運動的工作方式

Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,

非暴力鬥爭就跟打仗一樣複雜

if not more.

甚至更複雜

Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,

參與者必須是受過良好培訓 並且條例清晰的人

and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.

領導人必須有一個戰略 來達到這些目標

The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years

戰爭的戰略已經經過幾千年的發展

with massive resources

伴隨著大量的資源

and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding

還有最聰明的人來致力於學習

and improving how it works.

以及它是怎樣工作的

Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,

同時 非暴力鬥爭基本上 沒有系統性地研究過

and even though the number is growing,

雖然現在使用的人越來越多

there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.

但是世界上也只有十幾人 真正地在教授它

This is dangerous,

這是很危險的

because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict

因為我們知道 以前用來解決爭端的方法

are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.

並不能應對這些新的挑戰

The US government recently admitted

美國政府最近承認

that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.

現在對於打擊伊斯蘭國 處在一個膠著的狀態

But what most people don't know

但是大部分人不知道

is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.

有些人在用非暴力手段 與伊斯蘭國抗爭

When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,

當伊斯蘭國在 2014 年 佔領摩蘇爾時

they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,

他們宣布要在公立學校裡實施新標準

based on their own extremist ideology.

建立在他們自己的極端主義形態上

But on the first day of school,

但是在開學的第一天

not a single child showed up.

沒有一個孩子出現

Parents simply refused to send them.

家長不讓他們的孩子去上學

They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children

家長們告訴記者 他們寧願在家裡教孩子

than to have them brainwashed.

也不希望他們被洗腦

This is an example of just one act of defiance

這是一個抗爭的例子

in just one city.

僅僅在摩蘇爾這一座城市裡

But what if it was coordinated

但 如果他們可以

with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance

與其他數十個抵抗伊斯蘭國的 非暴力抵抗團體合作會怎樣？

that have taken place against ISIS?

What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy

如果家長的抵制是大戰略的一部分

to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;

用來找出並切斷伊斯蘭國的資源：

the skilled labor needed to produce food;

伊斯蘭國需要有經驗的勞工來製造食物

the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;

需要工程師以提煉原油

the media infrastructure and communications networks

媒體基礎設施還有通訊網絡

and transportation systems,

還有運輸系統

and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?

還有伊斯蘭國仰賴的當地公司等等

It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS

也許很難想像通過非暴力手段 來擊潰伊斯蘭國

with action that is nonviolent.

But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict

但是這是挑戰我們 如何面對分歧的時機

and the choices we have in facing it.

我們選擇了去面對

Here's an idea worth spreading:

這裡是一個值得傳播的想法

let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked

讓我們學習更多 非暴力手段成功的事蹟

and how we can make it more powerful,

還有我們怎樣讓它變得更加有效

just like we do with other systems and technologies

就像我們對待其它系統和技術

that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.

他們總是可以隨著人類 需求來更新換代

It may be that we can improve nonviolent action

我們也可以讓非暴力行動昇華

to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.

達到替代戰爭的效果

Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned

用暴力解決紛爭的手段將被拋棄

in the same way that bows and arrows were,

就像弓箭一樣

because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.

因為我們用更加有效的 武器代替了它們

With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful

伴隨著人類的革新 我們可以讓非暴力手段更有力

than the newest and latest technologies of war.

比最新的戰爭技術更加有效

The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence

人性上最期望的不是對暴力的譴責

but in making violence obsolete.

而是讓暴力永遠停留在過去

Thank you.

（謝謝）

(Applause)

（掌聲）