Let’s Help Refugees Thrive, Not Just Survive | Melissa Fleming | TED Talks

Translator: Jana McCuskey Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

So I started working

Pracovať s utečencami

with refugees because I wanted

som začala,

to make a difference,

lebo som chcela robiť niečo zmysluplné

and making a difference starts

a zmysluplná práca sa začína

with telling their stories.

rozprávaním ich príbehov.

So when I meet refugees,

Pri našich stretnutiach

I always ask them questions.

sa utečencov vždy pýtam:

Who bombed your house?

Kto vám zbombardoval dom?

Who killed your son?

Kto vám zabil syna?

Did the rest of your family make it out alive?

Prežili to ostatní členovia vašej rodiny?

How are you coping

Ako sa vyrovnávate

in your life in exile?

so životom v exile?

But there's one question that always seems to me

Ale zdá sa mi, že jedna otázka

to be most revealing, and that is:

odhaľuje vždy najviac, a to:

What did you take?

Čo ste si vzali so sebou?

What was that most important thing

Čo bolo to najdôležitejšie,

that you had to take with you

čo ste si museli vziať so sebou,

when the bombs were exploding in your town,

keď vo vašom meste vybuchovali bomby

and the armed gangs were approaching your house?

a keď sa ozbrojenci blížili k vášmu domu?

A Syrian refugee boy I know

Jeden sýrsky chlapec, utečenec,

told me that he didn't hesitate

mi povedal, ze neváhal,

when his life was in imminent danger.

keď mu hrozila smrť,

He took his high school diploma,

a vzal si maturitné vysvedčenie.

and later he told me why.

Neskôr mi povedal, prečo.

He said, "I took my high school diploma

Povedal: „Vzal som si maturitné vysvedčenie,

because my life depended on it."

lebo od neho závisí môj život.“

And he would risk his life to get that diploma.

Navyše riskoval svoj život, aby ho získal.

On his way to school, he would dodge snipers.

Cestou do školy sa vyhýbal ostreľovačom.

His classroom sometimes shook

Jeho trieda sa neraz chvela

with the sound of bombs and shelling,

burácaním bômb a granátov

and his mother told me,

a jeho mama mi povedala:

"Every day, I would say to him every morning,

„Každé ráno som mu vravela:

'Honey, please don't go to school.'"

'Hany, prosím ťa, nechoď do školy.'

And when he insisted, she said,

A keď na tom trval,“ povedala,

"I would hug him as if it were for the last time."

„objala som ho, akoby to malo byť naposledy.“

But he said to his mother,

Ale on svojej mame hovoril:

"We're all afraid,

„Všetci sa bojíme,

but our determination to graduate

ale naše odhodlanie dokončiť školu

is stronger than our fear."

je silnejšie ako strach.“

But one day, the family got terrible news.

Jedného dňa sa rodina dozvedela strašné správy.

Hany's aunt, his uncle and his cousin

Hanyho tetu, strýka a ich dieťa

were murdered in their homes for refusing

zavraždili v ich vlastnom dome,

to leave their house.

lebo odmietli odísť.

Their throats were slit.

Podrezali im hrdlá.

It was time to flee.

Bol čas utiecť.

They left that day, right away, in their car,

Odišli ešte v ten deň autom,

Hany hidden in the back because they were facing

Hany schovaný v kufri, lebo čelili

checkpoints of menacing soldiers.

kontrolám hrozivými vojakmi.

And they would cross the border into Lebanon,

Podarilo sa im prejsť cez hranice do Libanonu,

where they would find peace.

kde našli mier.

But they would begin a life of grueling hardship

Ale začal sa pre nich život plný vyčerpávajúcej biedy

and monotony.

a monotónnosti.

They had no choice but to build a shack

Nemali inú možnosť, ako si postaviť chatrč

on the side of a muddy field,

na kraji blatistého poľa.

and this is Hany's brother Ashraf,

Toto je Hanyho brat Ašraf

who plays outside.

hrajúci sa vonku.

And that day, they joined

V ten deň sa stali súčasťou

the biggest population of refugees in the world,

najväčšej populácie utečencov na svete

in a country, Lebanon, that is tiny.

v krajine, ktorá je maličká, v Libanone.

It only has four million citizens,

Má iba štyri milióny obyvateľov

and there are one million Syrian refugees living there.

a žije tu jeden milión sýrskych utečencov.

There's not a town, a city or a village

Nenájdete tu mesto, či dedinu,

that is not host to Syrian refugees.

ktoré neprichýlili sýrskych utečencov.

This is generosity and humanity

To je veľkorysosť a ľudskosť

that is remarkable.

hodná uznania.

Think about it this way, proportionately.

Predstavte si toto prirovnanie.

It would be as if

Bolo by to,

the entire population of Germany,

akoby celé obyvateľstvo Nemecka,

80 million people,

80 miliónov ľudí,

would flee to the United States in just three years.

utieklo do Spojených štátov len v priebehu troch rokov.

Half of the entire population of Syria

Polovica všetkých obyvateľov Sýrie

is now uprooted,

opustila svoje domovy, pričom

most of them inside the country.

vačšina zostala v rámci krajiny.

Six and a half million people

Šesť a pol milióna ľudí

have fled for their lives.

utieklo, aby si zachránili život.

Over and well over three million people

Viac, podstatne viac ako tri milióny ľudí

have crossed the borders

prekročili hranice

and have found sanctuary in the neighboring countries,

a našli útočisko v susedných krajinách,

and only a small proportion, as you see,

a len malá časť, ako vidíte,

have moved on to Europe.

sa pohla ďalej do Európy.

What I find most worrying

Najznepokojujúcejšie je,

is that half of all Syrian refugees are children.

že polovica všetkých sýrskych utečencov sú deti.

I took this picture of this little girl.

Odfotila som si toto dievčatko.

It was just two hours after she had arrived

Bolo to len dve hodiny po ich príchode

after a long trek from Syria into Jordan.

po dlhom putovaní zo Sýrie do Jordánska.

And most troubling of all

A najznepokojivejšie zo všetkého je,

is that only 20 percent of Syrian refugee children

že len 20 % detských utečencov zo Sýrie

are in school in Lebanon.

chodí v Libanone do školy.

And yet, Syrian refugee children,

A napriek tomu detskí utečenci zo Sýrie,

all refugee children tell us

vlastne všetci detskí utečenci, nám hovoria,

education is the most important thing in their lives.

že vzdelanie je v ich živote to najdôležitejšie.

Why? Because it allows them to think of their future

Prečo? Lebo im pomáha myslieť na budúcnosť,

rather than the nightmare of their past.

a nie na nočné mory z minulosti.

It allows them to think of hope rather than hatred.

Pomáha im myslieť na nádej, a nie na nenávisť.

I'm reminded of a recent visit I took

Spomínam si, ako som nedávno navštívila

to a Syrian refugee camp in northern Iraq,

sýrsky utečenecký tábor v severnom Iraku,

and I met this girl,

kde som stretla toto dievča

and I thought, "She's beautiful,"

a pomyslela som si, aká je krásna.

and I went up to her and asked her,

Prišla som za ňou a opýtala som sa:

"Can I take your picture?"

„Môžem si ťa odfotografovať?“

And she said yes,

A ona súhlasila,

but she refused to smile.

ale odmietla sa usmievať.

I think she couldn't,

Myslím si, že nemohla,

because I think she must realize that she represents

lebo si podľa mňa musela uvedomovať, že predstavuje

a lost generation of Syrian refugee children,

stratenú generáciu detí utekajúcich zo Sýrie,

a generation isolated and frustrated.

generáciu izolovanú a frustrovanú.

And yet, look at what they fled:

A predsa, pozrite sa, pred čím utiekli:

utter destruction,

totálna skaza,

buildings, industries, schools, roads, homes.

budovy, podniky, školy, cesty, domy.

Hany's home was also destroyed.

Aj Hanyho dom zničili.

This will need to be rebuilt

To všetko budú musieť znovu postaviť

by architects, by engineers, by electricians.

architekti, inžinieri, elektrikári.

Communities will need teachers and lawyers

Spoločnosť bude potrebovať učiteľov a právnikov

and politicians interested in reconciliation

a politikov, ktorí majú záujem o zmier,

and not revenge.

a nie o pomstu.

Shouldn't this be rebuilt

Nemali by to znova vybudovať

by the people with the largest stake,

ľudia, ktorí stratili najviac,

the societies in exile, the refugees?

spoločnosti v exile, utečenci?

Refugees have a lot of time

Utečenci majú veľa času

to prepare for their return.

pripraviť sa na svoj návrat.

You might imagine that being a refugee

Možno si myslíte, že byť utečencom

is just a temporary state.

je len dočasný stav.

Well far from it.

To má však ďaleko od pravdy.

With wars going on and on,

Kvôli neutíchajúcim vojnám

the average time a refugee will spend in exile

je priemerný čas, ktorý utečenec prežije v exile,

is 17 years.

17 rokov.

Hany was into his second year in limbo

Pre Hanyho sa začal druhý rok v ničote,

when I went to visit him recently,

keď som ho prednedávnom bola navštíviť.

and we conducted our entire conversation in English,

Náš rozhovor sme celý viedli v angličtine,

which he confessed to me he learned

ktorú, ako mi prezradil, sa naučil

from reading all of Dan Brown's novels

prečítaním všetkých románov Dana Browna

and from listening to American rap.

a počúvaním amerického rapu.

We also spent some nice moments of laughter

Zažili sme aj pár veselých chvíľ

and fun with his beloved brother Ashraf.

a zábavy s jeho milovaným bratom Ašrafom.

But I'll never forget what he told me

Ale nezabudnem, čo mi povedal,

when we ended our conversation that day.

keď sme v ten deň končili náš rozhovor.

He said to me,

Povedal mi:

"If I am not a student, I am nothing."

„Ak nie som študentom, som ničím.“

Hany is one of 50 million people

Hany je jeden z 50 miliónov ľudí na svete,

uprooted in this world today.

ktorí museli opustiť domov.

Never since World War II

Od druhej svetovej vojny

have so many people been forcibly displaced.

ide o najväčší počet násilne vysídlených ľudí.

So while we're making sweeping progress

Takže zatiaľ čo robíme obrovské pokroky

in human health,

v oblasti ľudského zdravia,

in technology, in education and design,

v technológii, vzdelaní a dizajne,

we are doing dangerously little

robíme nebezpečne málo,

to help the victims

aby sme pomohli obetiam,

and we are doing far too little

a robíme priliš málo,

to stop and prevent

aby sme zastavili a predišli

the wars that are driving them from their homes.

vojnám, ktoré ich vyháňajú z domova.

And there are more and more victims.

A obetí je stále viac.

Every day, on average,

Každý deň, v priemere,

by the end of this day,

teda aj do konca dnešného dňa,

32,000 people will be forcibly displaced

32 000 ľudí bude násilne vysídlených

from their homes —

z domova.

32,000 people.

32 000 ľudí.

They flee across borders like this one.

Utekajú cez hranice, ako je táto.

We captured this on the Syrian border to Jordan,

Toto sme nafilmovali na sýrsko-jordánskej hranici.

and this is a typical day.

A to je bežný deň.

Or they flee on unseaworthy and overcrowded boats,

Alebo utekajú na preplnených člnoch nevhodných na plavbu po mori,

risking their lives in this case

pričom riskujú svoj život,

just to reach safety in Europe.

len aby došli do bezpečia v Európe.

This Syrian young man

Tento sýrsky mladík

survived one of these boats that capsized —

prežil plavbu na takom člne, ktorý sa prevrátil.

most of the people drowned —

Väčšina ľudí sa utopila.

and he told us,

Povedal nám:

"Syrians are just looking for a quiet place

„Sýrčania len hľadajú pokojné miesto,

where nobody hurts you,

kde vám nikto neubližuje,

where nobody humiliates you,

kde vás nikto neponižuje,

and where nobody kills you."

a kde vás nikto nezabije.“

Well, I think that should be the minimum.

Ja si myslím, že to by malo byť minimum.

How about a place of healing,

Čo tak miesto pre uzdravenie,

of learning,

vzdelávanie,

and even opportunity?

či dokonca príležitosti?

Americans and Europeans

Američania a Európania

have the impression that proportionally

majú dojem, že do ich krajín

huge numbers of refugees are coming

prichádza percentuálne

to their country,

obrovský počet utečencov,

but the reality is

ale v skutočnosti

that 86 percent, the vast majority of refugees,

86 %, teda veľká väčšina utečencov,

are living in the developing world,

žije v rozvojovom svete,

in countries struggling with their own insecurity,

v krajinách, ktoré zápasia s vlastnou neistotou,

with their own issues of helping their own populations

s problémami, ako pomôcť vlastnému obyvateľstvu,

and poverty.

a s chudobou.

So wealthy countries in the world should recognize

Takže bohaté štáty sveta by mali uznať

the humanity and the generosity of the countries

ľudskosť a veľkorysosť krajín,

that are hosting so many refugees.

ktoré poskytli útočisko takému množstvu utečencov.

And all countries should make sure that no one

A všetky krajiny by mali zabezpečiť,

fleeing war and persecution

aby ľudia utekajúci pred vojnou a prenasledovaním

arrives at a closed border.

nedošli na zatvorené hranice.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

But there is something more that we can do

Ale môžeme pre utečencov urobiť viac,

than just simply helping refugees survive.

ako len pomôcť im prežiť.

We can help them thrive.

Môžme im pomôcť napredovať.

We should think of refugee camps and communities

Utečenecké tábory a komunity by mali byť viac

as more than just temporary population centers

ako len centrá dočasného umiestnenia,

where people languish

kde ľudia chradnú,

waiting for the war to end.

čakajúc na koniec vojny.

Rather, as centers of excellence,

Mali by byť centrami excelentnosti,

where refugees can triumph over their trauma

kde utečenci môžu prekonať vlastnú traumu

and train for the day that they can go home

a pripraviť sa na deň, keď sa budú môcť vrátiť domov

as agents of positive change

ako strojcovia pozitívnej zmeny

and social transformation.

a transformácie spoločnosti.

It makes so much sense,

Dáva to predsa zmysel,

but I'm reminded of the terrible war in Somalia

ale prichádza mi na myseľ strašná vojna v Somálsku,

that has been raging on for 22 years.

ktorá zúri už 22 rokov.

And imagine living in this camp.

Predstavte si, že žijete v tomto tábore.

I visited this camp.

Bola som sa tam pozrieť.

It's in Djibouti, neighboring Somalia,

Je v Džibutsku susediacom so Somálskom

and it was so remote

a je tak ďaleko od civilizácie,

that we had to take a helicopter to fly there.

že sme sa tam dostali len helikoptérou.

It was dusty and it was terribly hot.

Bolo tam prašno a strašne horúco.

And we went to visit a school

Navštívili sme tam školu

and started talking to the children,

a začali sa rozprávať s deťmi.

and then I saw this girl across the room

Zbadala som dievča na druhom konci miestnosti,

who looked to me to be the same age

ktoré vyzeralo asi tak vo veku mojej dcéry.

as my own daughter, and I went up and talked to her.

Prišla som za ňou a oslovila ju.

And I asked her the questions

Kládla som sa jej otázky,

that grown-ups ask kids,

ktoré dospelí kladú deťom,

like, "What is your favorite subject?"

ako: „Čo je tvoj obľúbený predmet?“

and, "What do you want to be when you grow up?"

a „Čím chceš byť, keď vyrastieš?“

And this is when her face turned blank,

Vtedy sa na jej tvári objavil prázdny výraz

and she said to me,

a povedala:

"I have no future.

„Ja nemám budúcnosť.

My schooling days are over."

Pre mňa sa škola skončila.“

And I thought, there must be some misunderstanding,

Myslela som, že som zle rozumela,

so I turned to my colleague

tak som sa otočila na svoju kolegyňu

and she confirmed to me

a tá mi potvrdila,

there is no funding for secondary education

že na výučbu detí nad 12 rokov v tomto tábore

in this camp.

nie sú financie.

And how I wished at that moment

Tak veľmi som jej v tej chvíli

that I could say to her,

chcela môcť povedať:

"We will build you a school."

„Postavíme ti školu.“

And I also thought, what a waste.

Pomyslela som si tiež, koľká škoda.

She should be and she is

Veď ona by mala byť, a je,

the future of Somalia.

budúcnosťou Somálska.

A boy named Jacob Atem

Chlapec menom Jacob Atem

had a different chance, but not before he experienced

mal odlišný osud, ale až po tom, čo bol svedkom

terribly tragedy.

strašnej tragédie.

He watched — this is in Sudan —

Mal len sedem rokov,

as his village — he was only seven years old —

keď sa v Sudáne pozeral na to, ako jeho dedinu

burned to the ground, and he learned

vypálili do tla, a keď sa dozvedel,

that his mother and his father

že jeho matku a otca

and his entire family

a celú jeho rodinu

were killed that day.

v ten deň zabili.

Only his cousin survived, and the two of them

Prežil len jeho bratranec, s ktorým

walked for seven months —

potom putovali pešo sedem mesiacov,

this is boys like him —

tu sú chlapci ako on,

chased and pursued by wild animals and armed gangs,

prenasledovaní divou zverou a ozbrojenými gangami,

and they finally made it to refugee camps

až sa konečne dostali do utečeneckých táborov,

where they found safety,

kde našli bezpečie.

and he would spend the next seven years

Nasledujúcich sedem rokov prežil

in Kenya in a refugee camp.

v utečeneckom tábore v Keni.

But his life changed

Ale jeho život sa zmenil,

when he got the chance to be resettled

keď dostal možnosť presťahovať sa

to the United States,

do Spojených štátov,

and he found love in a foster family

kde našiel priazeň náhradnej rodiny

and he was able to go to school,

a kde mohol chodiť do školy.

and he wanted me to share with you

Chcel, aby som sa s vami podelila

this proud moment

o tento dôležitý moment,

when he graduated from university.

keď dokončil vysokú školu.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

I spoke to him on Skype the other day,

Pred pár dňami som s ním hovorila cez Skype.

and he was in his new university in Florida

Bol práve na univerzite na Floride,

pursuing his Ph.D. in public health,

kde si robí PhD. z verejného zdravotníctva,

and he proudly told me how he was able to raise

a hrdo mi povedal, že sa mu podarilo získať

enough funds from the American public

od americkej verejnosti dostatok peňazí

to establish a health clinic back in his village

na otvorenie kliniky v dedine,

back home.

odkliaľ pochádza.

So I want to take you back to Hany.

Vráťme sa teraz k Hanymu.

When I told him I was going to have the chance

Keď som mu povedala, že budem mať príležitosť

to speak to you here on the TED stage,

prehovoriť na pódiu TED,

he allowed me to read you a poem

dovolil mi prečítať vám báseň,

that he sent in an email to me.

ktorú mi poslal e-mailom.

He wrote:

Napísal:

"I miss myself,

„Chýba mi moje ja,

my friends,

moji priatelia,

times of reading novels or writing poems,

chvíle čítania románov a písania básní,

birds and tea in the morning.

vtáky a čaj po prebudení.

My room, my books, myself,

Moja izba, moje knihy, moje ja

and everything that was making me smile.

a všetko, čo ma robilo šťastným.

Oh, oh, I had so many dreams

Ach, mal som toľko snov,

that were about to be realized."

ktoré sa mali čoskoro splniť.“

So here is my point:

Čo chcem povedať:

Not investing in refugees

Ak nebudeme investovať do utečencov,

is a huge missed opportunity.

premárnime obrovskú príležitosť.

Leave them abandoned,

Nechajme ich bez pomoci,

and they risk exploitation and abuse,

a hrozí, že budú vykorisťovaní a zneužití.

and leave them unskilled and uneducated,

A nechajme ich bez zručností a vzdelania,

and delay by years the return

a mier a prosperita sa do ich krajín

to peace and prosperity in their countries.

vrátia s niekoľkoročným zdržaním.

I believe how we treat the uprooted

Verím, že to, ako sa postavíme k utečencom,

will shape the future of our world.

bude mať vplyv na budúcnosť nášho sveta.

The victims of war can hold the keys

Obete vojny možno držia kľúč

to lasting peace,

od trvalého mieru

and it's the refugees

a sú to práve utečenci,

who can stop the cycle of violence.

ktorí môžu zastaviť kolobeh násilia.

Hany is at a tipping point.

Hany je v bode zlomu.

We would love to help him go to university

Radi by sme mu pomohli ísť na vysokú školu

and to become an engineer,

a stať sa inžinierom,

but our funds are prioritized for the basics in life:

ale naše prostriedky idú prioritne na základné životné potreby:

tents and blankets and mattresses and kitchen sets,

stany, deky, matrace, kuchynský riad,

food rations and a bit of medicine.

prídel jedla a nejaké lieky.

University is a luxury.

Univerzita je luxus.

But leave him to languish in this muddy field,

Ale nechajme ho upadať v blate na poli

and he will become a member

a stane sa jedným

of a lost generation.

zo stratenej generácie.

Hany's story is a tragedy,

Hanyho príbeh je tragédia,

but it doesn't have to end that way.

ale nemusí sa tak aj skončiť.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(Applause)

(potlesk)