Let’s Help Refugees Thrive, Not Just Survive | Melissa Fleming | TED Talks

譯者: FBC GLOBAL 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

So I started working

我開始

跟難民一起工作，

with refugees because I wanted

因為我想改變現狀。

to make a difference,

and making a difference starts

改變現狀要從

with telling their stories.

述說他們的故事開始。

So when I meet refugees,

所以當我見到難民時，

I always ask them questions.

我經常會問他們一些問題。

Who bombed your house?

誰炸毀了你的房子？

Who killed your son?

誰殺死了你的兒子？

Did the rest of your family make it out alive?

你的其他家人生存下來了嗎？

How are you coping

你怎麼應對

in your life in exile?

流亡的日子？

But there's one question that always seems to me

但是有一個問題

總是讓我有所啟示。那就是：

to be most revealing, and that is:

What did you take?

你拿了什麽？

What was that most important thing

你身邊哪一件最重要的東西

that you had to take with you

是你必須帶走的？

when the bombs were exploding in your town,

當炸彈正在摧毀你的村莊，

and the armed gangs were approaching your house?

武裝分子向你的房間一步步靠近時， 你會選擇帶走什麼？

A Syrian refugee boy I know

我認識的一個敘利亞男孩

told me that he didn't hesitate

告訴我，他毫不猶豫地

when his life was in imminent danger.

在他生命最危急的時刻，

He took his high school diploma,

拿起了他的高中畢業證書。

and later he told me why.

然後他告訴我原因：

He said, "I took my high school diploma

「我之所以去拿證書，

because my life depended on it."

是因為我的生活 都要依靠這份高中畢業證書。」

And he would risk his life to get that diploma.

他願意冒著生命危險去拿證書。

On his way to school, he would dodge snipers.

在他去學校的路上， 要躲避狙擊手的視線，

His classroom sometimes shook

他的教室時常

with the sound of bombs and shelling,

會被炸彈聲波所撼動。

and his mother told me,

他的母親曾對我說：

"Every day, I would say to him every morning,

「每天早晨我都會對他說：

'Honey, please don't go to school.'"

『寶貝，求你不要去學校了。』」

And when he insisted, she said,

但當他依然堅持時，她說：

"I would hug him as if it were for the last time."

「我會緊緊的擁抱他， 猶如這是最後一次機會。」

But he said to his mother,

但他對他的母親說：

"We're all afraid,

「我們都會害怕，

but our determination to graduate

但我們完成學業的決心

is stronger than our fear."

會戰勝這種恐懼。」

But one day, the family got terrible news.

然而有一天，他的家庭得到噩耗。

Hany's aunt, his uncle and his cousin

翰尼的舅舅、舅媽和表兄妹

were murdered in their homes for refusing

在自己家裡被謀殺了，

因為他們拒絕離開自己的家園。

to leave their house.

Their throats were slit.

他們的喉嚨被割斷了。

It was time to flee.

逃亡從那時開始了。

They left that day, right away, in their car,

那天他們開著車離開，

Hany hidden in the back because they were facing

漢尼藏在後車廂中，

checkpoints of menacing soldiers.

因為前方就是兇殘士兵的檢查站。

And they would cross the border into Lebanon,

他們需要穿過邊境去黎巴嫩，

where they would find peace.

在那裡，他們能過上平靜的生活。

But they would begin a life of grueling hardship

但是他們也會開始一段充滿了艱辛

and monotony.

與乏味的生活。

They had no choice but to build a shack

他們唯一的選擇就是

在泥地旁建一個棚屋。

on the side of a muddy field,

and this is Hany's brother Ashraf,

照片中在玩耍的小孩

who plays outside.

是漢尼的弟弟艾許哈夫。

And that day, they joined

也就是在那天，他們加入了

the biggest population of refugees in the world,

全球最大的難民群體。

in a country, Lebanon, that is tiny.

在小國黎巴嫩，

It only has four million citizens,

只有四百萬公民，

and there are one million Syrian refugees living there.

然而卻有一百萬敘利亞難民居住於此。

There's not a town, a city or a village

那裡的每一個城鎮、城市和村莊

that is not host to Syrian refugees.

都向叙利亞難民敞開大門。

This is generosity and humanity

這種慷慨與人性

that is remarkable.

是何等的驚人！

Think about it this way, proportionately.

我們可以換一種方式描述。

It would be as if

這猶如

the entire population of Germany,

德國的全部人口，

80 million people,

八千萬人，

would flee to the United States in just three years.

在三年內全部逃離到美國。

Half of the entire population of Syria

敘利亞一半的人口

is now uprooted,

現在無家可歸，

most of them inside the country.

大部分都還在敘利亞國境內。

Six and a half million people

六百五十萬人

have fled for their lives.

為了生存而流亡。

Over and well over three million people

超過三百萬人

have crossed the borders

越過了邊境，

and have found sanctuary in the neighboring countries,

在鄰國找到了避難所；

and only a small proportion, as you see,

只有一小部分人

have moved on to Europe.

逃離到了歐洲。

What I find most worrying

最令我擔憂的一件事是，

is that half of all Syrian refugees are children.

敘利亞難民中一半都是兒童。

I took this picture of this little girl.

我為這個小女孩拍了一張照。

It was just two hours after she had arrived

當時她剛經歷了

after a long trek from Syria into Jordan.

從叙利亞到約旦兩小時的長途跋涉。

And most troubling of all

最令人困擾的事是，

is that only 20 percent of Syrian refugee children

只有五分之一的叙利亞難民兒童

are in school in Lebanon.

在黎巴嫩的學校中讀書。

And yet, Syrian refugee children,

然而，所有的敘利亞難民兒童，

all refugee children tell us

所有難民兒童都告訴我們

education is the most important thing in their lives.

教育是他們生命中最重要的事。

Why? Because it allows them to think of their future

為什麼？ 因為教育可以讓他們展望未來，

rather than the nightmare of their past.

而不是他們所歷經的噩夢；

It allows them to think of hope rather than hatred.

教育能讓他們充滿希望，摒棄憎恨。

I'm reminded of a recent visit I took

我想起我最近在伊拉克北部

to a Syrian refugee camp in northern Iraq,

拜訪過的一個敘利亞難民營地。

and I met this girl,

當時我遇到這個女孩，

and I thought, "She's beautiful,"

我心想，「她很漂亮。」

and I went up to her and asked her,

我走近問她，

"Can I take your picture?"

「我能不能幫你拍照？」

And she said yes,

她說好，

but she refused to smile.

但拒絕微笑。

I think she couldn't,

我覺得是她做不到，

because I think she must realize that she represents

因為我認為她應該意識到， 她所代表的是

a lost generation of Syrian refugee children,

叙利亞兒童難民中迷失的一代。

a generation isolated and frustrated.

這是沮喪的，被隔離的一代。

And yet, look at what they fled:

看看他們所逃離的地方：

utter destruction,

完全毀滅。

buildings, industries, schools, roads, homes.

建築、工廠、學校、公路、住宅。

Hany's home was also destroyed.

漢尼的家也被摧毀了。

This will need to be rebuilt

這些都需要由

by architects, by engineers, by electricians.

建築師、工程師、電氣工人重建。

Communities will need teachers and lawyers

社區需要老師、律師

and politicians interested in reconciliation

和希望調解衝突，

and not revenge.

而不是那些一心要報復的政治家。

Shouldn't this be rebuilt

這些難道不應該由

by the people with the largest stake,

身處危急中的人

the societies in exile, the refugees?

和流離失所的難民來完成嗎？

Refugees have a lot of time

難民有充分的時間

to prepare for their return.

來為回歸祖國做準備。

You might imagine that being a refugee

你可能認為難民的現狀

is just a temporary state.

只是短暫的，

Well far from it.

遠遠不止於此。

With wars going on and on,

戰爭依舊繼續。

the average time a refugee will spend in exile

難民流亡的平均時間是

is 17 years.

十七年。

Hany was into his second year in limbo

這是漢尼處在地獄邊緣的第二年。

when I went to visit him recently,

我當時去看過他，

and we conducted our entire conversation in English,

我們整個交談過程都用英語。

which he confessed to me he learned

他跟我說他的英文

是從閱讀丹•布朗所有的小說

from reading all of Dan Brown's novels

and from listening to American rap.

和聽美國饒舌樂學來的。

We also spent some nice moments of laughter

我們和他摯愛的弟弟艾許哈夫

and fun with his beloved brother Ashraf.

度過了快樂的時光。

But I'll never forget what he told me

但我永遠不能忘記

when we ended our conversation that day.

他在談話結束時跟我說的話。

He said to me,

他跟我說：

"If I am not a student, I am nothing."

「如果沒機會學習，我真的一無所有了。」

Hany is one of 50 million people

漢尼是當今五千萬

uprooted in this world today.

無家可歸的人當中的一個。

Never since World War II

自從第二次世界大戰後，

have so many people been forcibly displaced.

再也沒有哪個時期有這麽多人背井離鄉。

So while we're making sweeping progress

當我們在

in human health,

健康、

in technology, in education and design,

科技、教育和設計領域取得巨大進步時，

we are doing dangerously little

我們對受迫害者的幫助

to help the victims

卻很少。

and we are doing far too little

為阻止讓他們

to stop and prevent

背井離鄉的戰爭，

the wars that are driving them from their homes.

我們所做的也太微不足道了。

And there are more and more victims.

這樣的受害者正變得越來越多。

Every day, on average,

到今日為止，

by the end of this day,

平均每一天有

32,000 people will be forcibly displaced

32,000 人被迫

from their homes —

遠走他鄉。

32,000 people.

32,000 人啊！

They flee across borders like this one.

他們穿過這樣的邊境，

We captured this on the Syrian border to Jordan,

我們在敘利亞和約旦的邊境 拍攝下這個片段。

and this is a typical day.

這是很典型的一天。

Or they flee on unseaworthy and overcrowded boats,

他們坐上超載的危船，

risking their lives in this case

冒著生命危險，

just to reach safety in Europe.

只為逃離到歐洲。

This Syrian young man

這個敘利亞年輕人

survived one of these boats that capsized —

從傾覆的船中逃了出來，

most of the people drowned —

而船上大部分人都淹死了。

and he told us,

他告訴我們：

"Syrians are just looking for a quiet place

「叙利亞人只是想到一個寧靜的地方，

where nobody hurts you,

那裡沒有傷害，

where nobody humiliates you,

沒有羞辱，

and where nobody kills you."

沒有殺戮。」

Well, I think that should be the minimum.

我認為這是最基本的要求。

How about a place of healing,

更不要說一個提供治療、

of learning,

學習、

and even opportunity?

甚至機會的地方。

Americans and Europeans

美國人和歐洲人

have the impression that proportionally

都有這種感覺，

huge numbers of refugees are coming

大量的難民

to their country,

正逃往他們的國家。

but the reality is

事實上是，

that 86 percent, the vast majority of refugees,

86% 的難民，即大部分的難民

are living in the developing world,

正生活在發展中國家，

in countries struggling with their own insecurity,

那些自身也不安全的國家，

with their own issues of helping their own populations

那些對處理自己的人口和窮人有困難

and poverty.

的國家。

So wealthy countries in the world should recognize

所以富裕的國家需要認識到，

the humanity and the generosity of the countries

這些國家收留難民

that are hosting so many refugees.

的慷慨與人性。

And all countries should make sure that no one

所有國家都必須對那些

fleeing war and persecution

逃離戰事和迫害的人

arrives at a closed border.

敞開國門。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

But there is something more that we can do

然而我們可以做得更好。

than just simply helping refugees survive.

不僅僅是幫助難民們生存下來，

We can help them thrive.

而且要讓他們實現自我發展。

We should think of refugee camps and communities

我們需要建設更多的難民營和社區，

as more than just temporary population centers

而不是臨時的人口中心，

where people languish

讓人喪失活力，

waiting for the war to end.

在那兒無所事事地等待戰爭結束。

Rather, as centers of excellence,

如果建設卓越中心，

where refugees can triumph over their trauma

我們可以幫助難民戰勝過去陰影

and train for the day that they can go home

讓他們學習技能，

as agents of positive change

將來為祖國打一針強心劑，

and social transformation.

並且帶來社會改革。

It makes so much sense,

這樣做會很有意義。

but I'm reminded of the terrible war in Somalia

我想起了在索馬利亞爆發的一場戰爭。

that has been raging on for 22 years.

戰爭的怒火持續了二十二年，

And imagine living in this camp.

想像一下你住在這個營地。

I visited this camp.

我去過這個地方。

It's in Djibouti, neighboring Somalia,

它處在索馬利亞附近的吉布提，

and it was so remote

因為實在太偏遠，

that we had to take a helicopter to fly there.

我們當時必須搭直升機才能到達那裡。

It was dusty and it was terribly hot.

那裡到處彌漫著沙塵，十分炎熱。

And we went to visit a school

我們去參觀了一個學校，

and started talking to the children,

並且與那裡的孩子交談。

and then I saw this girl across the room

在房子的對面我看到了

who looked to me to be the same age

這個盯著我看的女孩， 她的年齡跟我女兒差不多。

as my own daughter, and I went up and talked to her.

我走近跟她聊天。

And I asked her the questions

我問了她一些

that grown-ups ask kids,

通常大人會問的問題，

like, "What is your favorite subject?"

比如「你最喜歡哪一門課？」

and, "What do you want to be when you grow up?"

「你長大後想做什麼？」

And this is when her face turned blank,

這時她的臉馬上垮了下來。

and she said to me,

她對我說：

"I have no future.

「我沒有未來。

My schooling days are over."

我上學的日子已經結束了。」

And I thought, there must be some misunderstanding,

我覺得這其中可能有些誤會，

so I turned to my colleague

我轉過頭詢問同事，

and she confirmed to me

她說這是真的。

there is no funding for secondary education

在這裡他們沒有足夠的資金支付

in this camp.

初中的費用。

And how I wished at that moment

我多麼希望當時

that I could say to her,

能夠跟她承諾：

"We will build you a school."

「我們會為你建造一所學校。」

And I also thought, what a waste.

這是多麼可惜的一件事。

She should be and she is

她應該是，也的確是

the future of Somalia.

索馬利亞未來的希望。

A boy named Jacob Atem

有一個叫雅各·阿坦的男孩，

had a different chance, but not before he experienced

他在經歷一場災難後

terribly tragedy.

有了與這女孩不同的機會。

He watched — this is in Sudan —

他目睹在蘇丹的家園被付之一炬，

as his village — he was only seven years old —

化為廢墟，而那時他只有七歲。

burned to the ground, and he learned

他絕望地意識到，

that his mother and his father

母親、父親

and his entire family

和其他所有家人

were killed that day.

都已經離他而去。

Only his cousin survived, and the two of them

只有他和表弟僥幸逃過一劫。

walked for seven months —

兩人跋山涉水，歷經七月，

this is boys like him —

像他這樣的男孩，就這樣

chased and pursued by wild animals and armed gangs,

躲過饑腸轆轆的野獸和 窮追猛打的武裝分子，

and they finally made it to refugee camps

終於到達難民營，

where they found safety,

尋得暫時的安寧。

and he would spend the next seven years

他未來七年，

in Kenya in a refugee camp.

很可能在肯亞難民營度過。

But his life changed

但命運之神再次眷顧，

when he got the chance to be resettled

他後來被美國家庭收養，

to the United States,

到美國安頓、發展，

and he found love in a foster family

重新覓得愛與關懷，

and he was able to go to school,

也恢復了學業。

and he wanted me to share with you

他請我與各位分享

this proud moment

這個讓他倍感自豪的難忘時刻：

when he graduated from university.

他的大學畢業典禮。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I spoke to him on Skype the other day,

上次我在 Skype 上與他聊天，

and he was in his new university in Florida

他當時在佛羅里達州一所新大學

pursuing his Ph.D. in public health,

攻讀公共衛生學博士，

and he proudly told me how he was able to raise

他不無自豪地談到，他如何千方百計地

enough funds from the American public

從美國社會各界籌集到足夠資金，

to establish a health clinic back in his village

並計劃用這些錢為千里之外的家鄉

back home.

建設一所衛生所。

So I want to take you back to Hany.

讓我們再回到漢尼的故事。

When I told him I was going to have the chance

他得知我要到 TED 來

to speak to you here on the TED stage,

與各位分享我的經歷和感悟，

he allowed me to read you a poem

想請我朗誦他用電子郵件

that he sent in an email to me.

寄來的一首小詩。

He wrote:

他寫道，

"I miss myself,

「我懷念曾經的自己、

my friends,

朋友，

times of reading novels or writing poems,

沉迷小說和舞文弄墨的那段時光，

birds and tea in the morning.

以及清晨那第一聲鳥鳴和第一縷茶香。

My room, my books, myself,

小屋裡書籍成排，我悠然自在，

and everything that was making me smile.

那一切，曾讓我滿足和愜意。

Oh, oh, I had so many dreams

喔，我曾有無數的夢想，

that were about to be realized."

只是，未待實現，就已凋零。」

So here is my point:

最後，我想再强調一下我的觀點：

Not investing in refugees

如果現在不對難民的福利和發展進行投入，

is a huge missed opportunity.

錯失這一良機的損失將難以估量。

Leave them abandoned,

聽其自然，疏於管理，

and they risk exploitation and abuse,

他們可能面臨剝削和虐待；

and leave them unskilled and uneducated,

聽之任之，不施教導，

and delay by years the return

他們祖國重返安定與繁榮

to peace and prosperity in their countries.

就遙遙無期。

I believe how we treat the uprooted

我相信，如何對待 背井離鄉、流離失所的難民

will shape the future of our world.

决定了未來世界的發展和面貌。

The victims of war can hold the keys

因為，正是戰爭的受害者

to lasting peace,

手握著開啓和平之門的鑰匙，

and it's the refugees

也只有難民

who can stop the cycle of violence.

才能阻止暴力的惡性循環。

Hany is at a tipping point.

漢尼的故事給了我們深刻的啓發。

We would love to help him go to university

雖然，我們願意幫助他完成學業、

and to become an engineer,

實現工程師的夢想，

but our funds are prioritized for the basics in life:

但是我們的資金優先 用於保障生活的基本需求：

tents and blankets and mattresses and kitchen sets,

帳篷、毛毯、床墊、厨房用具、

food rations and a bit of medicine.

難民口糧和必備藥品。

University is a luxury.

大學深造不是當務之急。

But leave him to languish in this muddy field,

但是，放任他在泥淖中 淪落頽廢，一敗塗地，

and he will become a member

總有一天他也會成為

of a lost generation.

迷失一代中的一員。

Hany's story is a tragedy,

漢尼的故事聽來令人惋惜，

but it doesn't have to end that way.

但現在行動，也許為時未晚。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）