What You Can Do to Prevent Alzheimer's | Lisa Genova | TED

3,254,779 views ใƒป 2017-05-19

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Eriko T ๆ กๆญฃ: Reiko Bovee
00:12
How many people here would like to live to be at least 80 years old?
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ใ“ใฎไธญใง ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚80ๆ‰ใพใงใฏ ็”ŸใใŸใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–นใฏ๏ผŸ
00:17
Yeah.
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ใฏใ„
00:19
I think we all have this hopeful expectation
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ๆœซ้•ทใ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†
00:22
of living into old age.
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ๅธŒๆœ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใญ
00:24
Let's project out into the future,
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ๆœชๆฅใ‚’่ฆ—ใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:26
to your future "you's,"
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ๆœชๆฅใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŸใกใงใ™
00:28
and let's imagine that we're all 85.
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็งใŸใกใŒ็š†85ๆ‰ใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:31
Now, everyone look at two people.
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ไธก้šฃใซใ„ใ‚‹ไบบ๏ผ’ไบบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:34
One of you probably has Alzheimer's disease.
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ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ๏ผ‘ไบบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใ‚’ๆ‚ฃใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:39
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
00:42
Alright, alright.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใƒฉใ‚ค
00:44
And maybe you're thinking, "Well, it won't be me."
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:49
Then, OK. You are a caregiver.
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ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไป‹่ญทใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:53
So --
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ใ•ใฆโ€”
00:54
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
00:57
so in some way,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎใ‹ใŸใกใง
00:58
this terrifying disease is likely to affect us all.
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ใ“ใฎๆใ‚ใ—ใ„็–พๆ‚ฃใฏ ็งใŸใก็š†ใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:02
Part of the fear around Alzheimer's stems from the sense
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎๆใ•ใฏ
01:05
that there's nothing we can do about it.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใชใ™ใ™ในใŒใชใ„ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:08
Despite decades of research, we still have no disease-modifying treatment
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ไฝ•ๅๅนดใซใ‚‚ๅŠใถ็ ”็ฉถใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใชๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใฏ
01:13
and no cure.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:15
So if we're lucky enough to live long enough,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใŒ ๅนธใ„้•ท็”Ÿใใ—ใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
01:17
Alzheimer's appears to be our brain's destiny.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใซ ไพตใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้‹ๅ‘ฝใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™
01:21
But maybe it doesn't have to be.
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ใงใ‚‚ใใ†ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:23
What if I told you we could change these statistics,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๅŒปๅญฆใฎ้€ฒๆญฉใ‚„็‰นๅŠน่–ฌใซ้ ผใ‚‰ใšใซ
01:26
literally change our brain's destiny,
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ใ“ใฎ็ขบ็Ž‡ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆ ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฎ้‹ๅ‘ฝใ‚’
01:29
without relying on a cure or advancements in medicine?
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ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
01:33
Let's begin by looking at what we currently understand
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผใ‚’ ็พๅœจๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
01:36
about the neuroscience of Alzheimer's.
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„่ฆ–็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:39
Here's a picture of two neurons connecting.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ๏ผ’ใคใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใŒ ็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆง˜ๅญใงใ™
01:42
The point of connection, this space circled in red,
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่ตคใงๅ›ฒใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๏ผ’ใคใ‚’็น‹ใ็‚นใฏ
01:45
is called the synapse.
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ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™
01:47
The synapse is where neurotransmitters are released.
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใงใฏ ็ฅž็ตŒไผ้”็‰ฉ่ณชใŒๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
01:50
This is where signals are transmitted, where communication happens.
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใŒไผ้”ใ•ใ‚Œ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:55
This is where we think, feel, see, hear, desire ...
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใฏ่€ƒใˆใ€ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€่žใ„ใฆใ€ๆฌฒใ—
02:00
and remember.
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใพใ™
02:01
And the synapse is where Alzheimer's happens.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฏ ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใง่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:04
Let's zoom in on the synapse
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ‚’ๆ‹กๅคงใ—ใฆ
02:06
and look at a cartoon representation of what's going on.
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ใฉใ†ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ ใ‚คใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใง่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:10
During the business of communicating information,
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไผ้”ใ™ใ‚‹้š›ใซใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใฏ
02:12
in addition to releasing neurotransmitters like glutamate into the synapse,
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ใ‚ฐใƒซใ‚ฟใƒŸใƒณ้…ธใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็ฅž็ตŒไผ้”็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใซๆ”พๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚Š
02:16
neurons also release a small peptide called amyloid beta.
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ฟ๏ผˆ Aฮฒ ๏ผ‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ† ๅฐใ•ใชใƒšใƒ—ใƒใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆ”พๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™
02:22
Normally, amyloid beta is cleared away metabolized by microglia,
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใฏ ่„ณใฎๆธ…ๆŽƒ็ดฐ่ƒžใƒŸใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š
02:27
the janitor cells of our brains.
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ไปฃ่ฌใ•ใ‚Œ้™คๅŽปใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
02:30
While the molecular causes of Alzheimer's are still debated,
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ๅˆ†ๅญ็š„ใชใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใพใ ่ญฐ่ซ–ใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
02:34
most neuroscientists believe that the disease begins
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏใ“ใฎ็–พๆ‚ฃใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใฏ
02:37
when amyloid beta begins to accumulate.
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใŒ่“„็ฉใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ ใจ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:40
Too much is released, or not enough is cleared away,
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ๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้‡ใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใŸใ‹ ๅๅˆ†ใช้‡ใŒ้™คๅŽปใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹
02:43
and the synapse begins to pile up with amyloid beta.
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใงใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใŒๅข—ใˆ
02:46
And when this happens, it binds to itself,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฃใคใใ‚ใฃใฆ
02:49
forming sticky aggregates called amyloid plaques.
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใจใ„ใ†ๅกŠใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:53
How many people here are 40 years old or older?
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใฎไธญใง40ๆ‰ไปฅไธŠใฎๆ–นใฏ๏ผŸ
02:57
You're afraid to admit it now.
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ใใ‚ใใ‚ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ ๆ€–ใใชใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใญ
02:59
This initial step into the disease,
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ใ“ใฎ็–พๆ‚ฃใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎไธ€ๆญฉ
03:01
this presence of amyloid plaques accumulating,
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใฎ่“„็ฉใฏ
03:04
can already be found in your brains.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๆ—ขใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่„ณๅ†…ใซใ‚ใ‚Š
03:08
The only way we could be sure of this would be through a PET scan,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŽข็Ÿฅใงใใ‚‹ใฎใฏ PETใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ ใ‘ใงใ™
03:11
because at this point, you are blissfully unaware.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงใฏๅนธใ„ใซใ‚‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„ใฆใŠใ‚‰ใš
03:15
You're not showing any impairments in memory, language, or cognition ...
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ใพใ ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„่ช็ŸฅๆฉŸ่ƒฝใซ ไธ่‡ช็”ฑใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“โ€”
03:19
yet.
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ใ€Œใพใ ใ€ใงใ™
03:21
We think it takes at least 15 to 20 years of amyloid plaque accumulation
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใŒ่“„็ฉใ— ่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ่‡ณใ‚‹ใพใงใซใฏ
03:25
before it reaches a tipping point,
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚15ใ€œ20ๅนดใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:28
then triggering a molecular cascade
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ใใ—ใฆๅˆ†ๅญใ‚ซใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ‰ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š
03:30
that causes the clinical symptoms of the disease.
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็–พๆ‚ฃใฎ็—‡็ŠถใŒ็พใ‚Œใพใ™
03:33
Prior to the tipping point,
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่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฎ
03:35
your lapses in memory might include things like,
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็‰ฉๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:39
"Why did I come in this room?"
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ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใธๅ…ฅใฃใŸใ‚“ใ ใฃใ‘๏ผŸใ€
03:41
or "Oh ... what's his name?"
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎไบบใฎๅๅ‰ไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸใ€
03:44
or "Where did I put my keys?"
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใซ่ปŠใฎใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใŸใ‹ใช๏ผŸใ€
03:47
Now, before you all start freaking out again,
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ใ“ใ“ใง ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆ…Œใฆๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซโ€”
03:49
because I know half of you did at least one of those in the last 24 hours --
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅŠๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽป24ๆ™‚้–“ไปฅๅ†…ใซ ใฉใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญ
03:55
these are all normal kinds of forgetting.
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ใ”ใๆ™ฎ้€šใฎใฉๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใงใ™
03:58
In fact, I would argue that these examples
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ๅฎŸ้š› ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฏ
04:00
might not even involve your memory,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‰ ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:02
because you didn't pay attention to where you put your keys
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ใ ใฃใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ“ใซ้ตใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใŸใ‹ใซ ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
04:05
in the first place.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญ
04:07
After the tipping point,
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่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ใจ
04:08
the glitches in memory, language and cognition are different.
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใซไธๅ…ทๅˆใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š ่จ€่‘‰ใ€่ช็Ÿฅใฎไป•ๆ–นใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:12
Instead of eventually finding your keys in your coat pocket
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ใ‚„ใŒใฆ้ตใฏ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚„
04:15
or on the table by the door,
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ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎๆจชใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใงใฏใชใ
04:17
you find them in the refrigerator,
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ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใฎไธญใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
04:20
or you find them and you think,
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ ้ตใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใพใ™
04:22
"What are these for?"
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใฃใ‘๏ผŸใ€
04:24
So what happens when amyloid plaques accumulate to this tipping point?
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใŒใ“ใฎ่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใพใง ่“„็ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
04:29
Our microglia janitor cells become hyper-activated,
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ใƒŸใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ขๆธ…ๆŽƒ็ดฐ่ƒžใฏ ่ถ…ๆดปๆ€งๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œ
04:33
releasing chemicals that cause inflammation and cellular damage.
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็‚Ž็—‡ใ‚„็ดฐ่ƒžใธใฎใƒ€ใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ๆ”พๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
04:37
We think they might actually start clearing away
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ใใ—ใฆๅฎŸ้š› ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚น่‡ชไฝ“ใ‚’้™คๅŽปใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ
04:40
the synapses themselves.
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่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:42
A crucial neural transport protein called "tau" becomes hyperphosphorylated
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้‡่ฆใชๅพฎๅฐ็ฎก็ตๅˆใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚ฏ่ณชใฎไธ€็จฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚ฆ่›‹็™ฝใ€ใŒ็•ฐๅธธใƒชใƒณ้…ธๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
04:46
and twists itself into something called "tangles,"
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใคใ‚Œใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ ็ฅž็ตŒๅŽŸ็ทš็ถญใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š
04:49
which choke off the neurons from the inside.
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใ‚’ๅ†…ๅดใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใพใ™
04:52
By mid-stage Alzheimer's, we have massive inflammation and tangles
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎไธญๆœŸใงใฏ ๅคง่ฆๆจกใช็‚Ž็—‡ใ‚„ใ€Œใ‚‚ใคใ‚Œใ€
04:56
and all-out war at the synapse
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใงใฎๅคงๆททไนฑ
04:58
and cell death.
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ใใ—ใฆ็ดฐ่ƒžๆญปใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:00
So if you were a scientist trying to cure this disease,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใฎ็–พๆ‚ฃใ‚’ ็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
05:03
at what point would you ideally want to intervene?
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ใฉใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ไป‹ๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:06
Many scientists are betting big on the simplest solution:
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ๅคšใใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ˜็ด”ใช่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใซ่ณญใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:10
keep amyloid plaques from reaching that tipping point,
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใŒ ่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ้”ใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:14
which means that drug discovery is largely focused on developing a compound
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ใคใพใ‚Šๅ‰ต่–ฌใฏไธปใซใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใฎ ่“„็ฉใ‚’้˜ปๅฎณใ—ใ€ๆถˆใ—ๅŽปใ‚Šใ€
05:18
that will prevent, eliminate, or reduce amyloid plaque accumulation.
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ๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:24
So the cure for Alzheimer's will likely be a preventative medicine.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎๆฒป็™‚ใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใไบˆ้˜ฒๅŒป็™‚ใจใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:29
We're going to have to take this pill before we reach that tipping point,
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ใ“ใฎ่–ฌใ‚’่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
05:33
before the cascade is triggered,
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ใ‚ซใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ‰ใŒๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
05:35
before we start leaving our keys in the refrigerator.
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ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใซ้ตใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ้ฃฒใ‚€ใ‚“ใงใ™
05:39
We think this is why, to date, these kinds of drugs have failed
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸ้กžใฎ่–ฌใฎ่‡จๅบŠ่ฉฆ้จ“ใŒ ไปŠใพใงๅคฑๆ•—ใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใฏ
05:42
in clinical trials --
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05:44
not because the science wasn't sound,
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็ง‘ๅญฆใซๆ‰‹่ฝใกใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใฏ็„กใ
05:46
but because the people in these trials were already symptomatic.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ๆฒป้จ“ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใŸใกใŒ ใใฎๆ™‚ๆ—ขใซ็™บ็—‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใง
05:50
It was too late.
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้…ใ™ใŽใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:52
Think of amyloid plaques as a lit match.
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใฏ ็ซใฎ็‚นใ„ใŸใƒžใƒƒใƒใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
05:55
At the tipping point, the match sets fire to the forest.
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่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใงใƒžใƒƒใƒใฏๆฃฎใธ็ซใ‚’็‚นใ‘ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™
05:59
Once the forest is ablaze,
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ไธ€ๅบฆๆฃฎใซ็ซใ‚’ๆ”พใฆใฐ
06:01
it doesn't do any good to blow out the match.
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ใ„ใใ‚‰ใƒžใƒƒใƒใ‚’ๅนใๆถˆใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ๆ‰‹้…ใ‚Œใงใ™
06:04
You have to blow out the match before the forest catches fire.
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ๆฃฎใซๅผ•็ซใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใƒžใƒƒใƒใ‚’ๆถˆใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
06:08
Even before scientists sort this out,
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็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŸใกใŒ ๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ไปฅๅ‰ใซ
06:10
this information is actually really good news for us,
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ใ“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏใ‚ฐใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใชใฎใงใ™
06:12
because it turns out that the way we live can influence the accumulation
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็งใŸใกใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใฎไป•ๆ–นใŒ ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใฎ่“„็ฉใ‚’ๅทฆๅณใ™ใ‚‹
06:16
of amyloid plaques.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
06:18
And so there are things we can do
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ใใฎ่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ้”ใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
06:19
to keep us from reaching that tipping point.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:22
Let's picture your risk of Alzheimer's as a see-saw scale.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใซใชใ‚‹ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใ‚’ ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใƒปใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใง่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:26
We're going to pile risk factors on one arm,
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ไธ€ๆ–นใซใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏ่ฆๅ› ใ‚’็ฉใฟไธŠใ’
06:28
and when that arm hits the floor, you are symptomatic
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ใใกใ‚‰ใŒๅบŠใซ็€ใใจ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็™บ็—‡ใ—
06:31
and diagnosed with Alzheimer's.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใ ใจ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
06:33
Let's imagine you're 50 years old.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ50ๆ‰ใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:36
You're not a spring chicken anymore,
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ใ‚‚ใ†่‹ฅใใฏใชใ„ใฎใง
06:38
so you've accumulated some amyloid plaques with age.
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้•ทๅนดใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใŒ ใ„ใใ‚‰ใ‹่“„็ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:41
Your scale is tipped a little bit.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‚พใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:44
Now let's look at your DNA.
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ใงใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎDNAใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:46
We've all inherited our genes from our moms and our dads.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ไธก่ฆชใ‹ใ‚‰้บไผๅญใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŽใพใ™
06:49
Some of these genes will increase our risk and some will decrease it.
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ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅข—ใ‚„ใ™้บไผๅญใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™้บไผๅญใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:54
If you're like Alice in "Still Alice,"
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ใ€Žใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใฎใพใพใงใ€ใฎใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
06:56
you've inherited a rare genetic mutation that cranks out amyloid beta,
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ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใ‚’ๅข—ๆฎ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ็จ€ใช้บไผๅญๅค‰็•ฐใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใ’ใฐ
07:00
and this alone will tip your scale arm to the ground.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ‚พใใพใ™
07:04
But for most of us, the genes we inherit will only tip the arm a bit.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็งใŸใกใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใงใฏ ้บไผ็š„่ฆๅ› ใฏ ใใ‚Œใปใฉๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
07:08
For example, APOE4 is a gene variant that increases amyloid,
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐAPOE4ใฏใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅข—ใ‚„ใ™ ้บไผๅญๅคšๅž‹ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใงใ™ใŒ
07:13
but you can inherit a copy of APOE4 from mom and dad
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APOE4ใ‚’็ˆถๆฏใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใ„ใงใ‚‚
07:16
and still never get Alzheimer's,
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใ‚’ ็™บ็—‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:19
which means that for most of us,
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ใคใพใ‚Š ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ
07:21
our DNA alone does not determine whether we get Alzheimer's.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใ‚’็™บ็—‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏ DNA ใ ใ‘ใงใฏๆฑบใพใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:25
So what does?
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ใงใฏไฝ•ใŒ่ฆๅ› ใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
07:27
We can't do anything about getting older or the genes we've inherited.
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็งใŸใกใซใฏ ่€ใ„ใ‚„้บไผใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
07:31
So far, we haven't changed our brain's destiny.
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ใพใ ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฎ้‹ๅ‘ฝใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใญ
07:34
What about sleep?
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็ก็œ ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
07:37
In slow-wave deep sleep, our glial cells rinse cerebral spinal fluid
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ๅพๆณขๆทฑ็ก็œ  (SWDS) ใฎ้–“ใซ ใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ข็ดฐ่ƒžใŒ่„ณ่„Š้ซ„ๆถฒใซไน—ใฃใฆ
07:41
throughout our brains,
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่„ณๅ†…ใ‚’ๅพช็’ฐใ—
07:42
clearing away metabolic waste that accumulated in our synapses
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่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใซ่“„็ฉใ—ใŸ ไปฃ่ฌๅปƒๆฃ„็‰ฉใ‚’
07:46
while we were awake.
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ๆด—ใ„ๆตใ—ใพใ™
07:47
Deep sleep is like a power cleanse for the brain.
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ๆทฑใ„็ก็œ ใฏ่„ณใฎ ๅผทๅŠ›ๆด—ๆต„ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
07:51
But what happens if you shortchange yourself on sleep?
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ใงใฏ็ก็œ ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅ‰Šใ‚‹ใจ ใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
07:55
Many scientists believe
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ๅคšใใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏ
07:56
that poor sleep hygiene might actually be a predictor of Alzheimer's.
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็ก็œ ไธ่ถณใŒใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎ ไบˆๆธฌๅ› ๅญใจใชใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™
08:01
A single night of sleep deprivation leads to an increase in amyloid beta.
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๏ผ‘ๆ™ฉ็œ ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใŒๅข—ใˆใพใ™
08:07
And amyloid accumulation has been shown to disrupt sleep,
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใฎ่“„็ฉใฏ ็ก็œ ใ‚’้˜ปๅฎณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
08:10
which in turn causes more amyloid to accumulate.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ›ดใซใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใฎ่“„็ฉใซ็น‹ใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
08:13
And so now we have this positive feedback loop
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ๆญฃใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
08:15
that's going to accelerate the tipping of that scale.
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่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใฎๅ‚พใๆ–นใŒ ๅŠ ้€Ÿใ—ใพใ™
08:19
What else?
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ไป–ใซใฏ๏ผŸ
08:20
Cardiovascular health.
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ๅพช็’ฐๅ™จ็ณปใฎๅฅๅบท
08:22
High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, smoking, high cholesterol,
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้ซ˜่ก€ๅœงใ€็ณ–ๅฐฟ็—…ใ€่‚ฅๆบ€ใ€ๅ–ซ็…™ ้ซ˜ใ‚ณใƒฌใ‚นใƒ†ใƒญใƒผใƒซๅ€ค
08:26
have all been shown to increase our risk of developing Alzheimer's.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…็™บ็—‡ใฎ ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
08:30
Some autopsy studies have shown
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็—…็†่งฃๅ‰–็ ”็ฉถใงใฏ
08:32
that as many as 80 percent of people with Alzheimer's
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฎ80๏ผ…ใซ
08:35
also had cardiovascular disease.
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ๅพช็’ฐๅ™จ็–พๆ‚ฃใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใใ†ใงใ™
08:38
Aerobic exercise has been shown in many studies to decrease amyloid beta
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ๆง˜ใ€…ใชๅ‹•็‰ฉใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซ็ ”็ฉถใง ใ‚จใ‚ขใƒญใƒ“ใƒƒใ‚ฏ้‹ๅ‹•ใŒใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ฮฒใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใจ
08:43
in animal models of the disease.
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ๅฎŸ่จผใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
08:45
So a heart-healthy Mediterranean lifestyle and diet
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ๅพช็’ฐๅ™จ็ณปใซ่‰ฏใ„ๅœฐไธญๆตทๅผใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฏ
08:49
can help to counter the tipping of this scale.
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ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใฎๅ‚พใใ‚’ๆŠ‘ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
08:52
So there are many things we can do
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่‰ฒใ€…ใชๅŠชๅŠ›ใง
08:54
to prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎ็™บ็—‡ใ‚’ ไบˆ้˜ฒใ—ใŸใ‚Š้…ใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ‚Šๅ‡บๆฅใพใ™
08:57
But let's say you haven't done any of them.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:00
Let's say you're 65;
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ65ๆ‰ใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:02
there's Alzheimer's in your family, so you've likely inherited a gene or two
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ๅฎถๆ—ใซใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง ใใฎ้บไผๅญใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:06
that tips your scale arm a bit;
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ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฝใƒผใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‚พใใพใ—ใŸ
09:08
you've been burning the candle at both ends for years;
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ™ฉใพใงๅฟ™ใ—ใใ—ใฆใ„ใฆ
09:11
you love bacon;
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ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ณใƒณใŒๅฅฝใใง
09:12
and you don't run unless someone's chasing you.
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่ชฐใ‹ใซ่ฟฝใ‚ใ‚Œใชใ„้™ใ‚Š ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
09:14
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
09:16
Let's imagine that your amyloid plaques have reached that tipping point.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใฎ่“„็ฉ้‡ใŒ ่‡จ็•Œ็‚นใซ้”ใ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:19
Your scale arm has crashed to the floor.
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ๅคฉ็งคใฎ็‰‡ๆ–นใŒๅœฐ้ขใซใคใใพใ—ใŸ
09:21
You've tripped the cascade,
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ใ‚ซใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ‰ใŒๅŠ ้€Ÿใ—
09:23
setting fire to the forest,
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ๆฃฎใซ็ซใ‚’ๆ”พใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
09:25
causing inflammation, tangles, and cell death.
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็‚Ž็—‡ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š ใ€Œใ‚‚ใคใ‚Œใ€ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š ็ดฐ่ƒžๆญปใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:28
You should be symptomatic for Alzheimer's.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎ็—‡็ŠถใŒๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™
09:31
You should be having trouble finding words and keys
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่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„้ตใฎใ‚ใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ›ใชใใชใ‚Š
09:34
and remembering what I said at the beginning of this talk.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใฎๅ†’้ ญใซ็งใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’ ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“
09:38
But you might not be.
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ใงใ‚‚ ใใ†ใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚
09:41
There's one more thing you can do to protect yourself
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่„ณใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซ ็—…ใซไพตใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚
09:43
from experiencing the symptoms of Alzheimer's,
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎ็—‡็Šถใ‹ใ‚‰ ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
09:46
even if you have the full-blown disease pathology ablaze in your brain.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
09:50
It has to do with neural plasticity and cognitive reserve.
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็ฅž็ตŒๅฏๅก‘ๆ€งใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใจ ่ช็Ÿฅไบˆๅ‚™ๅŠ›ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
09:55
Remember, the experience of having Alzheimer's
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่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็–พๆ‚ฃใฏ
09:57
is ultimately a result of losing synapses.
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใฎๆฌ ๆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:01
The average brain has over a hundred trillion synapses,
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ๅนณๅ‡็š„ใช่„ณใซใฏ 100ๅ…†ๅ€‹ไปฅไธŠใฎใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:04
which is fantastic; we've got a lot to work with.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใญ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่ณ‡ๆบใงใ™
10:07
And this isn't a static number.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใฎ้‡ใฏๆฑบๅฎš็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:08
We gain and lose synapses all the time,
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็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใฏๅธธใซ ๅข—ใˆใŸใ‚Šๆธ›ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š
10:11
through a process called neural plasticity.
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็ฅž็ตŒๅฏๅก‘ๆ€งใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
10:14
Every time we learn something new,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไบ‹ๆŸ„ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใŸใณใซ
10:16
we are creating and strengthening new neural connections,
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ๆ–ฐใŸใช็ฅž็ตŒ็ตๅˆใ‚„ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ‚’ ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚ŠๅผทๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:20
new synapses.
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10:22
In the Nun Study,
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ใ€Œไฟฎ้“ๅฅณใฎ็ ”็ฉถ (Nun Study)ใ€ใงใฏ
10:24
678 nuns, all over the age of 75 when the study began,
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็ ”็ฉถ้–‹ๅง‹ๆ™‚ใซ75ๆ‰ไปฅไธŠใ ใฃใŸ 678ไบบใฎไฟฎ้“ๅฅณใŸใกใ‚’
10:29
were followed for more than two decades.
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20ๅนดไปฅไธŠ่ฟฝ่ทกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
10:31
They were regularly given physical checkups and cognitive tests,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŸใกใซๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซๅฅๅบท่จบๆ–ญใ‚„ ่ช็Ÿฅใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใ„
10:35
and when they died, their brains were all donated for autopsy.
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ไบกใใชใฃใŸๅพŒใซๅฝผๅฅณใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฏ ๅ…จใฆ่งฃๅ‰–็ ”็ฉถใซๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
10:39
In some of these brains, scientists discovered something surprising.
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็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŸใกใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่„ณใซ ้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
10:43
Despite the presence of plaques and tangles and brain shrinkage --
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ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚„ใ€Œใ‚‚ใคใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚„ ่„ณใฎ่Ž็ธฎใจใ„ใฃใŸ
10:48
what appeared to be unquestionable Alzheimer's --
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใชใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎๅ…†ๅ€™ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš
10:51
the nuns who had belonged to these brains showed no signs
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸ่„ณใฎๆŒใกไธปใฎไฟฎ้“ๅฅณใŸใกใฏ
10:54
of having the disease while they were alive.
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็”Ÿๅ‰ ไฝ•ใฎ็—‡็Šถใ‚‚็คบใ—ใฆ ใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
10:58
How can this be?
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ไธ€ไฝ“ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
10:59
We think it's because these nuns had a high level of cognitive reserve,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŸใกใŒ ้ซ˜ใ„่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ไบˆๅ‚™ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
11:03
which is a way of saying that they had more functional synapses.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅคšใใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ‚’ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:07
People who have more years of formal education,
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้•ทใๆญฃ่ฆๆ•™่‚ฒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฆ
11:10
who have a high degree of literacy,
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้ซ˜ใ„ใƒชใƒ†ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใ‚’ๆŒใก
11:12
who engage regularly in mentally stimulating activities,
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็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใซๅˆบๆฟ€ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆดปๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใฏ
11:16
all have more cognitive reserve.
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่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ไบˆๅ‚™ๅŠ›ใŒๅคšใ
11:18
They have an abundance and a redundancy in neural connections.
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็ฅž็ตŒใŒ่ฑŠๅฏŒใซๅนพ้‡ใซใ‚‚็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง
11:23
So even if they have a disease like Alzheimer's
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็–พๆ‚ฃใŒ
11:25
compromising some of their synapses,
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’ๆฌ ๆใ•ใ›ใฆใ—ใพใฃใฆใ‚‚
11:27
they've got many extra backup connections,
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ใพใ ไบˆๅ‚™ใฎ็ฅž็ตŒ็ตๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
11:30
and this buffers them from noticing that anything is amiss.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็ทฉ่กๆใจใชใฃใฆ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏๆฐ—ใฅใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
11:34
Let's imagine a simplified example.
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ๅ˜็ด”ใชไพ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:37
Let's say you only know one thing about a subject.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซใคใ„ใฆ ๏ผ‘ใคใ ใ‘็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™
11:39
Let's say it's about me.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ็งใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆโ€•
11:41
You know that Lisa Genova wrote "Still Alice,"
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ใ€Žใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใฎใพใพใงใ€ใฎ่‘—่€…ใƒชใ‚ตใƒปใ‚ธใ‚งใƒŽใƒดใ‚ก
11:43
and that's the only thing you know about me.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็งใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™
11:46
You have that single neural connection,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ๏ผ‘ใคใฎ็ฅž็ตŒ็ตๅˆใ ใ‘
11:48
that one synapse.
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๏ผ‘ใคใฎใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ ใ‘ใงใ™
11:50
Now imagine you have Alzheimer's.
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ใงใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
11:52
You have plaques and tangles and inflammation
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ใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚‚ใคใ‚Œใ€ใ‚‚็‚Ž็—‡ใ‚‚่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:55
and microglia devouring that synapse.
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ใƒŸใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ขใฏใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใ‚’้ฃŸใ„่’ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:58
Now when someone asks you, "Hey, who wrote 'Still Alice?'"
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ใ€Œใ€Žใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใฎใพใพใงใ€ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใฎใฏ ่ชฐใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่žใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚
12:02
you can't remember,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใฏใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:03
because that synapse is either failing or gone.
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ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใŒๅŠฃๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ๆถˆๅคฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
12:07
You've forgotten me forever.
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็งใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฐธ้ ใซๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
12:09
But what if you had learned more about me?
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ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‚ใ—็งใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใŒ ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:12
Let's say you learned four things about me.
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็งใซใคใ„ใฆ๏ผ”ใคใฎไบ‹ๆŸ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™
12:14
Now imagine you have Alzheimer's,
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใ‚’ๆ‚ฃใ„
12:16
and three of those synapses are damaged or destroyed.
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๏ผ“ใคใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใŒ ๆๅ‚ทใ—ใŸใ‚Š็ ดๆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™
12:19
You still have a way to detour the wreckage.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎๆๅ‚ทใ‚’่ฟ‚ๅ›žใ—ใฆ
12:22
You can still remember my name.
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็งใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
12:25
So we can be resilient to the presence of Alzheimer's pathology
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ใพใ ๅ‚ทใคใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„็ตŒ่ทฏใ‚’ๅ‹•ๅ“กใ—ใฆ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใฎ็—‡็Šถใซใ‚‚
12:29
through the recruitment of yet-undamaged pathways.
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่€ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
12:32
And we create these pathways, this cognitive reserve,
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ใƒ’ใƒˆใฏใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸๅˆฅ็ตŒ่ทฏใ‚„ ใคใพใ‚Š่ช็Ÿฅไบˆๅ‚™ๅŠ›ใ‚’
12:35
by learning new things.
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ๆ–ฐใŸใช็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใง็ฏ‰ใใพใ™
12:38
Ideally, we want these new things to be as rich in meaning as possible,
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็†ๆƒณ็š„ใซใฏ่ฑŠใ‹ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๆ–ฐใŸใช็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:42
recruiting sight and sound and associations and emotion.
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่ฆ–่ฆšใ‚„่ด่ฆšๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ใใ—ใฆ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚„ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅ–š่ตทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
12:48
So this really doesn't mean doing crossword puzzles.
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ใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚นใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใƒ‘ใ‚บใƒซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏ ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:51
You don't want to simply retrieve information you've already learned,
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ๆ—ขใซๅญฆใ‚“ใ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ ใ‘ใงใฏ ไธๅๅˆ†ใงใ™
12:55
because this is like traveling down old, familiar streets,
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่‰ฏใ็ŸฅใฃใŸ้“ใ‚’ๅพŒๆˆปใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใช
12:58
cruising neighborhoods you already know.
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่ฆ‹็ŸฅใฃใŸ่ก—ไธฆใฟใ‚’ๆญฉใใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใงใฏ็„กใ
13:01
You want to pave new neural roads.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็ฅž็ตŒใฎ้“ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
13:04
Building an Alzheimer's-resistant brain
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใซใใ„ ่„ณใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ
13:07
means learning to speak Italian,
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ๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใŸใ‚Š
13:09
meeting new friends,
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ‹้”ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚Š
13:11
reading a book,
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ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Š
13:12
or listening to a great TED Talk.
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TEDใƒˆใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใงใ™
13:15
And if, despite all of this, you are someday diagnosed with Alzheimer's,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใจ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰
13:20
there are three lessons I've learned from my grandmother
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็งใŒ็ฅ–ๆฏใ‚„ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŸใกใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅญฆใ‚“ใ 
13:23
and the dozens of people I've come to know living with this disease.
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๏ผ“ใคใฎๆ•™่จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:27
Diagnosis doesn't mean you're dying tomorrow.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ„ใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผ็—…ใซ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆญปใ‚“ใงใ—ใพใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
13:31
Keep living.
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็”Ÿใ็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
13:32
You won't lose your emotional memory.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ๅคฑใ‚ใชใ„ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
13:35
You'll still be able to understand love and joy.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏใพใ ๆ„›ใ‚„ๅ–œใณใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:38
You might not remember what I said five minutes ago,
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็งใŒ๏ผ•ๅˆ†ๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹ ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใใฆใ‚‚
13:41
but you'll remember how I made you feel.
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ใฉใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:44
And you are more than what you can remember.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชๅญ˜ๅœจใงใ™
13:48
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
13:49
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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