Michael Anti: Behind the Great Firewall of China

334,725 views ใƒป 2012-07-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Jenny Zurawell
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
In the past several days, I heard people talking about China.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ
00:20
And also, I talked to friends about China and Chinese Internet.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
00:24
Something is very challenging to me.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
00:27
I want to make my friends understand:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
00:30
China is complicated.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:33
So I always want to tell the story, like,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืžื•
00:35
one hand it is that, the other hand is that.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืš ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช
00:39
You can't just tell a one sided story.
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืจืง ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:42
I'll give an example. China is a BRIC country.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื. ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”"BRIC".
00:45
BRIC country means Brazil, Russia, India and China.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”"BRIC" ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ
00:50
This emerging economy really is helping the revival of the world economy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:56
But at the same time, on the other hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™
00:59
China is a SICK country,
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืœื”,
01:02
the terminology coined by Facebook IPO papers -- file.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง --ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.
01:08
He said the SICK country means Syria, Iran, China and North Korea.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื–ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืื™ืจืืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
01:14
The four countries have no access to Facebook.
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ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
01:19
So basically, China is a SICK BRIC country.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช BRIC ื—ื•ืœื”.
01:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:24
Another project was built up
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ื”ื•ืงื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ
01:26
to watch China and Chinese Internet.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
01:29
And now, today I want to tell you my personal
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื”
01:32
observation in the past several years, from that wall.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžื” ื–ื•.
01:37
So, if you are a fan of the Game of Thrones,
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ืื–, ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืก,
01:41
you definitely know how important a big wall is for an old kingdom.
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ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืœื›ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:46
It prevents weird things from the north.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ.
01:51
Same was true for China.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ืŸ.
01:54
In the north, there was a great wall, Chang Cheng.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฆ'ืื ื’ ืฆ'ื ื’ .
01:58
It protected China from invaders for 2,000 years.
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ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 2,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:03
But China also has a great firewall.
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ืืš ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืช ืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:07
That's the biggest digital boundary in the whole world.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
02:11
It's not only to defend the Chinese regime from overseas,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื,
02:16
from the universal values, but also to prevent
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ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข
02:19
China's own citizens to access the global free Internet,
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ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
02:23
and even separate themselves into blocks, not united.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
02:28
So, basically the "Internet" has two Internets.
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ื›ืš, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœ"ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜" ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื.
02:33
One is the Internet, the other is the Chinanet.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื˜.
02:37
But if you think the Chinanet is something
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
02:40
like a deadland, wasteland, I think it's wrong.
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ื›ืžื• ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืฉืžืžื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:47
But we also use a very simple metaphor, the cat and the mouse game,
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
02:53
to describe in the past 15 years
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:56
the continuing fight between Chinese
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ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”
02:59
censorship, government censorship, the cat,
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ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ,
03:02
and the Chinese Internet users. That means us, the mouse.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื. ืฉื”ื ืื ื•, ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
03:08
But sometimes this kind of a metaphor is too simple.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื™.
03:13
So today I want to upgrade it to 2.0 version.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” 2.0.
03:18
In China, we have 500 million Internet users.
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:22
That's the biggest population of Netizens, Internet users, in the whole world.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™-ื ื˜, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:27
So even though China's is a totally censored Internet,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
03:32
but still, Chinese Internet society is really booming.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช
03:36
How to make it? It's simple.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”? ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:39
You have Google, we have Baidu.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื“ื•.
03:41
You have Twitter, we have Weibo.
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ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•.
03:44
You have Facebook, we have Renren.
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ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื ืจืŸ.
03:47
You have YouTube, we have Youku and Tudou.
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ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืงื• ื˜ื•ื“ื•.
03:53
The Chinese government blocked every
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื—ืกื ื›ืœ
03:57
single international Web 2.0 service,
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ 2.0 ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
04:01
and we Chinese copycat every one.
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ื•ืื ื•, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
04:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:05
So, that's the kind of the thing I call smart censorship.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื”.
04:10
That's not only to censor you.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื ื–ืจืช ืืชื›ื.
04:13
Sometimes this Chinese national Internet policy is very simple:
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“:
04:18
Block and clone.
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ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ื˜.
04:20
On the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's need of a social network,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
04:25
which is very important; people really love social networking.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“; ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
04:29
But on the other hand, they want to keep the server
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ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืช
04:32
in Beijing so they can access the data any time they want.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
04:36
That's also the reason Google was pulled out from China,
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ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ื ืฉืœืฃ ืžืกื™ืŸ
04:40
because they can't accept the fact
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:42
that Chinese government wants to keep the server.
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืช.
04:47
Sometimes the Arab dictators didn't understand these two hands.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:52
For example, Mubarak, he shut down the Internet.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื•ื‘ืืจืง, ื”ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:56
He wanted to prevent the Netizens [from criticizing] him.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ื–ื ืก (ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช) ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื•.
04:59
But once Netizens can't go online, they go in the street.
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ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื–ื ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืฉืช, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:05
And now the result is very simple.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
05:08
We all know Mubarak is technically dead.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ืืจืง ืžืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
05:14
But also, Ben Ali, Tunisian president,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™, ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”,
05:18
didn't follow the second rule.
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ืœื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:20
That means keep the server in your hands.
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
05:24
He allowed Facebook, a U.S.-based service,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:30
to continue to stay on inside of Tunisia.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”.
05:33
So he can't prevent it, his own citizens to post
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื, ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื—
05:37
critical videos against his corruption.
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ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื’ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
05:40
The same thing happend. He was the first
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:44
to topple during the Arab Spring.
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
05:47
But those two very smart international censorship policies
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ืืš ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืื“ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
05:52
didn't prevent Chinese social media [from] becoming a really public sphere,
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ืœื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ,
05:58
a pathway of public opinion and the nightmare of Chinese officials.
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ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ื•ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
06:04
Because we have 300 million microbloggers in China.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
06:08
It's the entire population of the United States.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
06:12
So when these 300 million people, microbloggers,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”,
06:16
even they block the tweet in our censored platform.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:21
But itself -- the Chinanet -- but itself can create
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ืืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื˜โ€“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
06:25
very powerful energy, which has never happened
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจื”
06:29
in the Chinese history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
06:31
2011, in July, two [unclear] trains crashed,
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2011, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ืฉืชื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช (ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ) ื”ืชืจืกืงื•,
06:35
in Wenzhou, a southern city.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื ื’'ื•ืื•, ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
06:38
Right after the train crash,
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ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชืจืกืงื”,
06:39
authorities literally wanted to cover up the train, bury the train.
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ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื—ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.
06:44
So it angered the Chinese Netizens.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืกื™ื–ื ืก ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื.
06:46
The first five days after the train crash,
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,
06:49
there were 10 million criticisms of the posting
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ื”ื™ื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช
06:54
on social media, which never happened in Chinese history.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืงืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
06:57
And later this year, the rail minister
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
07:01
was sacked and sentenced to jail for 10 years.
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ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžืืกืจ ื‘ื›ืœื ืœืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:06
And also, recently, very funny debate between
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:11
the Beijing Environment Ministry
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ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’
07:14
and the American Embassy in Beijing
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ื•ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’
07:18
because the Ministry blamed
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืืฉื™ื
07:20
the American Embassy for intervening in
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ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
07:22
Chinese internal politics by disclosing
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื”
07:26
the air quality data of Beijing.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’.
07:29
So, the up is the Embassy data, the PM 2.5.
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ื›ืš, ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช, 2.5 PM
07:35
He showed 148, they showed it's dangerous for the sensitive group.
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ื”ืจืื• 148, ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
07:41
So a suggestion, it's not good to go outside.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื™ืชื” , ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
07:45
But that is the Ministry's data. He shows 50.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ื”ืจืื• 50.
07:51
He says it's good. It's good to go outside.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
07:54
But 99 percent of Chinese microbloggers
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ืื‘ืœ 99 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื
07:58
stand firmly on the Embassy's side.
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ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช.
08:01
I live in Beijing. Every day, I just watch
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ืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’. ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื”
08:06
the American Embassy's data to decide whether I should open my window.
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ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
08:15
Why is Chinese social networking, even within the censorship,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช , ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”,
08:19
so booming? Part of the reason is Chinese languages.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช? ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
08:23
You know, Twitter and Twitter clones have a kind of
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
08:27
a limitation of 140 characters.
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ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ 140 ืชื•ื•ื™ื.
08:30
But in English it's 20 words or a sentence with a short link.
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ืืš ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื” 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
08:34
Maybe in Germany, in German language, it may be just "Aha!"
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” "ืื”ื”!"
08:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:40
But in Chinese language, it's really about 140 characters,
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ืืš ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช-140 ืชื•ื•ื™ื,
08:45
means a paragraph, a story.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคื™ืกืงื”, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:48
You can almost have all the journalistic elements there.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืฉื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื.
08:52
For example, this is Hamlet, of Shakespeare.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื˜, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ.
08:56
It's the same content. One, you can see exactly
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ืื—ื“, ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
09:00
one Chinese tweet is equal to 3.5 English tweets.
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ืฉืฆื™ื•ืฅ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” 3.5 ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
09:06
Chinese is always cheating, right?
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืžืื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:09
So because of this, the Chinese really regard this
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
09:13
microblogging as a media, not only a headline to media.
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ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื“ื™ื”.
09:18
And also, the clone, Sina company is
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื
09:22
the guy who cloned Twitter.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื˜ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
09:24
It even has its own name, with Weibo.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ืžืฉืœื•, ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•.
09:27
"Weibo" is the Chinese translation for "microblog".
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"ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•" ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืกื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ืœื•ื’".
09:29
It has its own innovation.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
09:31
At the commenting area, [it makes] the Chinese Weibo
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช, [ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”] ื”ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™
09:35
more like Facebook, rather than the original Twitter.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
09:38
So these innovations and clones, as the Weibo and microblogging,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
09:43
when it came to China in 2009,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009,
09:45
it immediately became a media platform itself.
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ืžื™ื“, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”.
09:49
It became the media platform of 300 million readers.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
09:53
It became the media.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื”.
09:55
Anything not mentioned in Weibo,
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•,
09:58
it does not appear to exist for the Chinese public.
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ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
10:03
But also, Chinese social media is
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
10:05
really changing Chinese mindsets and Chinese life.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
10:10
For example, they give the voiceless people
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืงื•ืœ
10:13
a channel to make your voice heard.
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ืขืจื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœืš ื™ื™ืฉืžืข.
10:16
We had a petition system. It's a remedy outside the judicial system,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช . ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื™ืš ืกืขื“ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
10:21
because the Chinese central government wants to keep a myth:
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
10:25
The emperor is good. The old local officials are thugs.
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื.
10:29
So that's why the petitioner, the victims, the peasants,
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื,
10:33
want to take the train to Beijing to petition to the central government,
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืชื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
10:36
they want the emperor to settle the problem.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
10:39
But when more and more people go to Beijing,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’,
10:42
they also cause the risk of a revolution.
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ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื”.
10:45
So they send them back in recent years.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:48
And even some of them were put into black jails.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
10:52
But now we have Weibo, so I call it the Weibo petition.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•.
10:55
People just use their cell phones to tweet.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ.
10:58
So your sad stories, by some chance your story
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœืš
11:02
will be picked up by reporters, professors or celebrities.
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ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืกืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื™ื.
11:05
One of them is Yao Chen,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืื• ื—ืŸ ,
11:07
she is the most popular microblogger in China,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
11:11
who has about 21 million followers.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›- 21 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
11:15
They're almost like a national TV station.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
11:18
If you -- so a sad story will be picked up by her.
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ืื ืืชื” -- ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”.
11:22
So this Weibo social media, even in the censorship,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื—ืช ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”,
11:26
still gave the Chinese a real chance for 300 million people
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื” ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:32
every day chatting together, talking together.
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ืฉืžืฆ'ื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
11:35
It's like a big TED, right?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• "ื˜ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:38
But also, it is like the first time a public sphere
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
11:42
happened in China.
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ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
11:44
Chinese people start to learn how to negotiate
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ
11:47
and talk to people.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:50
But also, the cat, the censorship, is not sleeping.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ, ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”, ืœื ื™ืฉืŸ.
11:54
It's so hard to post some sensitive words on the Chinese Weibo.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืคืจืกื ืคื•ืกื˜ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
11:58
For example, you can't post the name of the president,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ื ืš ืจืฉืื™ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
12:01
Hu Jintao, and also you can't post the city of Chongqing, the name,
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ื”ื• ื’'ื™ื ื˜ืื•, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืคืจืกื ืคื•ืกื˜ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆ'ื•ื ื’ืฆ'ื™ื ื’, ื”ืฉื,
12:07
and until recently, you can't search the surname of top leaders.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื .
12:11
So, the Chinese are very good at these puns
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ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
12:16
and alternative wording and even memes.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”"ืžืžื™ื".
12:19
They even name themselves -- you know,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• [ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื] ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ -ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
12:22
use the name of this world-changing
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”
12:24
battle between the grass-mud horse and the river crab.
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ืžืฉื ื” ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืก-ื‘ื•ืฅ-ื“ืฉื, ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
12:28
The grass-mud horse is caonรญma,
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ื”ืกื•ืก ื‘ื•ืฅ-ื“ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงืื•ื ื™ืžื”,
12:30
is the phonogram for motherfucker,
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ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื ื”",
12:33
the Netizens call themselves.
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ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื–ื ืก ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื.
12:39
River crab is hรฉxiรจ, is the phonogram for
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืกื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ
12:42
harmonization, for censorship.
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ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”.
12:45
So that's kind of a caonรญma versus the hรฉxiรจ, that's very good.
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ื›ืš, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื ื™ืžื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงืกื™, ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
12:50
So, when some very political, exciting moments happened,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื,
12:56
you can see on Weibo, you see a lot of very weird stories happened.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•, ืชืจืื” ืฉืงืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจ .
13:01
Weird phrases and words, even if you have a PhD
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ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜
13:06
of Chinese language, you can't understand them.
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
13:10
But you can't even expand more, no, because
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
13:13
Chinese Sina Weibo, when it was founded
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ืฉืกื™ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช , ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ื”
13:16
was exactly one month after the official blocking of Twitter.com.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื.
13:21
That means from the very beginning,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
13:23
Weibo has already convinced the Chinese government,
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ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
13:27
we will not become the stage for
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื‘ืžื”
13:30
any kind of a threat to the regime.
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
13:32
For example, anything you want to post,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื—,
13:34
like "get together" or "meet up" or "walk,"
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ื›ืžื• "ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื™ื—ื“" ืื• "ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืื• "ืœืœื›ืช,"
13:37
it is automatically recorded and data mined
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ื ืจืฉื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:42
and reported to a poll for further political analyzing.
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
13:48
Even if you want to have some gathering,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืคื’ืฉ,
13:50
before you go there, the police are already waiting for you.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื›ื.
13:54
Why? Because they have the data.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
13:56
They have everything in their hands.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:58
So they can use the 1984 scenario data mining of the dissident.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืž-- 1984 ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื™ื“ื ื˜.
14:04
So the crackdown is very serious.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
14:08
But I want you to notice a very funny thing
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืžืื•ื“
14:10
during the process of the cat-and-mouse.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
14:13
The cat is the censorship, but Chinese is not only one cat,
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื—ืชื•ืœ ืื—ื“,
14:17
but also has local cats. Central cat and local cats.
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
14:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:23
You know, the server is in the [central] cats' hands,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืจืช ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
14:26
so even that -- when the Netizens criticize the local government,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื”- ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ืกื™ื–ื ืก ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
14:31
the local government has not any access to the data in Beijing.
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ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’.
14:35
Without bribing the central cats,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื,
14:37
he can do nothing, only apologize.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืง ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ.
14:40
So these three years, in the past three years,
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ืื– ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• , ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:43
social movements about microblogging
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื
14:46
really changed local government,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
14:48
became more and more transparent,
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
14:50
because they can't access the data.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
14:53
The server is in Beijing.
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ื”ืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’.
14:57
The story about the train crash,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,
14:58
maybe the question is not about why 10 million
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ืข 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
15:02
criticisms in five days, but why the Chinese central government
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
15:06
allowed the five days of freedom of speech online.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
15:09
It's never happened before.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
15:11
And so it's very simple, because even the top leaders
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืจืช
15:14
were fed up with this guy, this independent kingdom.
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ืžืืกื• ื‘ื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื–ื•.
15:18
So they want an excuse --
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ-
15:20
public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him.
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ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•.
15:23
But also, the Bo Xilai case recently, very big news,
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ืืš ื’ื, ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืœืื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
15:26
he's a princeling.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:27
But from February to April this year,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ-ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
15:31
Weibo really became a marketplace of rumors.
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ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืคืš ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช.
15:34
You can almost joke everything about these princelings,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
15:38
everything! It's almost like you're living in the United States.
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ื”ื›ืœ! ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
15:41
But if you dare to retweet or mention any fake coup
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ืืš ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื– ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช
15:46
about Beijing, you definitely will be arrested.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืชื™ืขืฆืจ.
15:50
So this kind of freedom is a targeted and precise window.
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
15:55
So Chinese in China, censorship is normal.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
15:59
Something you find is, freedom is weird.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื’ืœื” ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
16:02
Something will happen behind it.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
16:04
Because he was a very popular Leftist leader,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืžืืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“,
16:07
so the central government wanted to purge him,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื•,
16:09
and he was very cute, he convinced all the Chinese people,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืกื™ื ื™,
16:13
why he is so bad.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืข.
16:15
So Weibo, the 300 million public sphere,
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ื›ืš ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื•, 300 ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
16:19
became a very good, convenient tool for a political fight.
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ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ื— ืœืžืื‘ืง ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
16:23
But this technology is very new,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“,
16:26
but technically is very old.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
16:27
It was made famous by Chairman Mao, Mao Zedong,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•, ืžืื• ืฆื”-ื˜ื•ื ื’,
16:30
because he mobilized millions of Chinese people
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ื
16:33
in the Cultural Revolution to destroy every local government.
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ื‘ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
16:37
It's very simple, because Chinese central government
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
16:40
doesn't need to even lead the public opinion.
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ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
16:42
They just give them a target window to not censor people.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ ืœืื™- ืฆื™ื ื–ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:47
Not censoring in China has become a political tool.
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ืื™- ืฆื™ื ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
16:53
So that's the update about this game, cat-and-mouse.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
16:57
Social media changed Chinese mindset.
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ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื.
16:59
More and more Chinese intend to embrace freedom of speech
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
17:02
and human rights as their birthright,
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ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืžืœื™ื“ื”,
17:04
not some imported American privilege.
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ืœื ื›ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช ืžืืžืจื™ืงื”.
17:08
But also, it gave the Chinese a national public sphere
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ื’ื ื ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
17:12
for people to, it's like a training of their citizenship,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
17:16
preparing for future democracy.
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ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
17:19
But it didn't change the Chinese political system,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
17:21
and also the Chinese central government utilized this
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ื”
17:24
centralized server structure to strengthen its power
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื”
17:28
to counter the local government and the different factions.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:33
So, what's the future?
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ืื–, ืžื”ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
17:36
After all, we are the mouse.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
17:38
Whatever the future is, we should fight against the [cat].
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
17:42
There is not only in China, but also in the United States
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
17:45
there are some very small, cute but bad cats.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื“, ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื.
17:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:52
SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP and ITU.
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ื•ืืก ืื• ืคื™ ืื™, ืคื™ ืื™ื™ ืคื™ ืื™,ืื™ื™.ืกื™ ื˜ื™ ืื™, ื˜ื™ ืคื™.ืคื™ ื•ืื™ื™ ื˜ื™ ื™ื•.
17:59
And also, like Facebook and Google, they claim they are friends of the mouse,
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ื•ื’ื, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
18:04
but sometimes we see them dating the cats.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื "ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื" ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื.
18:08
So my conclusion is very simple.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
18:11
We Chinese fight for our freedom,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
18:14
you just watch your bad cats.
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ืืชื ืจืง ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
18:18
Don't let them hook [up] with the Chinese cats.
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ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื.
18:21
Only in this way, in the future,
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ืจืง ื›ืš, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
18:24
we will achieve the dreams of the mouse:
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ:
18:27
that we can tweet anytime, anywhere, without fear.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ.
18:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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