Sugata Mitra: Can kids teach themselves?

191,974 views ใƒป 2008-08-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
I have a tough job to do.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื™ ืงืฉื”.
00:19
You know, when I looked at the profile of the audience here,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ,
00:25
with their connotations and design, in all its forms,
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
00:32
and with so much and so many people working
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ืขื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
00:34
on collaborative and networks, and so on, that I wanted to tell you,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
00:39
I wanted to build an argument for primary education
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
00:44
in a very specific context.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
00:46
In order to do that in 20 minutes, I have to bring out four ideas --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช --
00:50
it's like four pieces of a puzzle.
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ื›ืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ.
00:53
And if I succeed in doing that,
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ื•ืื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
00:56
maybe you would go back with the thought
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
00:59
that you could build on, and perhaps help me do my work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืš ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™.
01:06
The first piece of the puzzle is remoteness
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง
01:09
and the quality of education.
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ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
01:11
Now, by remoteness, I mean two or three different kinds of things.
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืจื™ื—ื•ืง" ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
01:16
Of course, remoteness in its normal sense, which means
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•,
01:19
that as you go further and further away
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืง
01:22
from an urban center, you get to remoter areas.
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ืžืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
01:27
What happens to education?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš?
01:30
The second, or a different kind of remoteness
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง
01:32
is that within the large metropolitan areas all over the world,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:37
you have pockets, like slums, or shantytowns, or poorer areas,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™, ืื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™- ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื, ืื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
01:42
which are socially and economically remote
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ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
01:46
from the rest of the city, so it's us and them.
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ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” "ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ื".
01:49
What happens to education in that context?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•?
01:51
So keep both of those ideas of remoteness.
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ืื– ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืœื•.
01:59
We made a guess. The guess was that schools in remote areas
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ืฉื™ืขืจื ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื
02:02
do not have good enough teachers.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:05
If they do have, they cannot retain those teachers.
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ื•ืื ื™ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื;
02:07
They do not have good enough infrastructure.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:10
And if they had some infrastructure,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
02:12
they have difficulty maintaining it.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื”.
02:14
But I wanted to check if this is true. So what I did last year was
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื–ื”
02:19
we hired a car, looked up on Google,
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ืฉื›ืจื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
02:24
found a route into northern India from New Delhi
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™,
02:29
which, you know, which did not cross any big cities
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ื•ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื—ืฆื” ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ
02:34
or any big metropolitan centers. Drove out about 300 kilometers,
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ืื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:40
and wherever we found a school, administered a set of standard tests,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
02:45
and then took those test results and plotted them on a graph.
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื.
02:51
The graph was interesting, although you need to consider it carefully.
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:55
I mean, this is a very small sample; you should not generalize from it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืœื• ืžืžื ื•.
02:59
But it was quite obvious, quite clear,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
03:01
that for this particular route that I had taken,
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ืฉื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•,
03:05
the remoter the school was, the worse its results seemed to be.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื• ื ืจืื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:10
That seemed a little damning,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ืจืข,
03:12
and I tried to correlate it with things like infrastructure,
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ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
03:17
or with the availability of electricity, and things like that.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
03:20
To my surprise, it did not correlate.
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™, ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื™ืชืื.
03:23
It did not correlate with the size of classrooms.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืชืื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:26
It did not correlate with the quality of the infrastructure.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืชืื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
03:31
It did not correlate with the poverty levels. It did not correlate.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืชืื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™. ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืงืฉืจ.
03:35
But what happened was that when I administered a questionnaire
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
03:39
to each of these schools, with one single question for the teachers -- which was,
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ืžื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœืœื•, ืขื ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืชื”,
03:43
"Would you like to move to an urban, metropolitan area?" --
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™?
03:48
69 percent of them said yes. And as you can see from that,
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69 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ืขื ื• ืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
03:53
they say yes just a little bit out of Delhi,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœื”ื™,
03:59
and they say no when you hit the rich suburbs of Delhi --
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœื”ื™ --
04:02
because, you know, those are relatively better off areas --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:05
and then from 200 kilometers out of Delhi, the answer is consistently yes.
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ื•ืื– ืž-200 ืง"ืž ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœื”ื™, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™.
04:09
I would imagine that a teacher who comes or walks into class
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื™ืชื”
04:12
every day thinking that, I wish I was in some other school,
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ "ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ"
04:16
probably has a deep impact on what happens to the results.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
04:20
So it looked as though teacher motivation and teacher migration
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
04:25
was a powerfully correlated thing with what was happening in primary schools,
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ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืง ืขื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
04:30
as opposed to whether the children have enough to eat,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืกื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช,
04:33
and whether they are packed tightly into classrooms
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช
04:35
and that sort of thing. It appears that way.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
04:39
When you take education and technology, then I find in the literature that,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื– ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช,
04:44
you know, things like websites, collaborative environments --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช --
04:47
you've been listening to all that in the morning --
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ --
04:49
it's always piloted first in the best schools, the best urban schools,
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืกื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:55
and, according to me, biases the result.
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื”.
04:58
The literature -- one part of it, the scientific literature --
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ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช -- ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
05:02
consistently blames ET as being over-hyped and under-performing.
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ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
05:07
The teachers always say, well, it's fine, but it's too expensive for what it does.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช.
05:13
Because it's being piloted in a school where the students are already getting,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื‘ื“ืงืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
05:16
let's say, 80 percent of whatever they could do.
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ื ืืžืจ, 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ.
05:19
You put in this new super-duper technology, and now they get 83 percent.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 83 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:23
So the principal looks at it and says,
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ืื– ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
05:25
3 percent for 300,000 dollars? Forget it.
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3 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ 300,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื? ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื.
05:28
If you took the same technology and piloted it into one of those remote schools,
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ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:33
where the score was 30 percent, and, let's say, took that up to 40 percent --
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช 30 ืื—ื•ื–, ื•ื ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœ-40 ืื—ื•ื–,
05:38
that will be a completely different thing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:40
So the relative change that ET, Educational Technology, would make,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช,
05:44
would be far greater at the bottom of the pyramid than at the top,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื”,
05:47
but we seem to be doing it the other way about.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
05:50
So I came to this conclusion that ET should reach
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
05:53
the underprivileged first, not the other way about.
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ืงื•ื“ื ืœืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
05:56
And finally came the question of, how do you tackle teacher perception?
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื?
05:59
Whenever you go to a teacher and show them some technology,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:01
the teacher's first reaction is,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื,
06:03
you cannot replace a teacher with a machine -- it's impossible.
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” -- ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
06:09
I don't know why it's impossible, but, even for a moment,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื‘ืœ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:11
if you did assume that it's impossible -- I have a quotation from Sir Arthur C. Clarke,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ -- ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืกื™. ืงืœืืจืง,
06:16
the science fiction writer whom I met in Colombo,
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ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•,
06:20
and he said something which completely solves this problem.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
06:24
He said a teacher than can be replaced by a machine, should be.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•.
06:30
So, you know, it puts the teacher into a tough bind, you have to think.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:36
Anyway, so I'm proposing that an alternative primary education,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
06:39
whatever alternative you want, is required where schools don't exist,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ,
06:44
where schools are not good enough, where teachers are not available
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
06:47
or where teachers are not good enough, for whatever reason.
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ืื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
06:50
If you happen to live in a part of the world where none of this applies,
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ืื ื™ืฆื ืœื›ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฉื ื›ืœื•ื ืžื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ,
06:54
then you don't need an alternative education.
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ืื– ืื™ื ื›ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:56
So far I haven't come across such an area, except for one case. I won't name the area,
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื—ื“. ืœื ืื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•,
07:02
but somewhere in the world people said, we don't have this problem,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื–ื•,
07:05
because we have perfect teachers and perfect schools.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
07:09
There are such areas, but -- anyway, I'd never heard that anywhere else.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ -- ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
07:15
I'm going to talk about children and self-organization,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™,
07:18
and a set of experiments which sort of led to this idea
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ื•ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
07:22
of what might an alternative education be like.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
07:26
They're called the hole-in-the-wall experiments.
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื—ื•ืจ-ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
07:28
I'll have to really rush through this. They're a set of experiments.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
07:33
The first one was done in New Delhi in 1999.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™ ื‘-1999.
07:39
And what we did over there was pretty much simple.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
07:43
I had an office in those days which bordered a slum, an urban slum,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
07:47
so there was a dividing wall between our office and the urban slum.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืงื™ืจ ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™.
07:51
They cut a hole inside that wall --
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืจ--
07:53
which is how it has got the name hole-in-the-wall --
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื—ื•ืจ-ื‘ืงื™ืจ --
07:55
and put a pretty powerful PC into that hole, sort of embedded into the wall
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ื•ื”ืชืงื ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ,
08:00
so that its monitor was sticking out at the other end,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืกืš ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:03
a touchpad similarly embedded into the wall,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ืจ,
08:06
put it on high-speed Internet, put the Internet Explorer there,
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ื”ืชืงื ื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืชืงื ื ื• ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ,
08:12
put it on Altavista.com -- in those days -- and just left it there.
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ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืœื˜ื-ื•ื™ืกื˜ื” ื•ืขื–ื‘ื ื•.
08:15
And this is what we saw.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
08:20
So that was my office in IIT. Here's the hole-in-the-wall.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจ-ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
08:29
About eight hours later, we found this kid.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ื™ืœื“ ื–ื”.
08:35
To the right is this eight-year-old child who --
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ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ --
08:40
and to his left is a six-year-old girl, who is not very tall.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืืœื• ื–ื• ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
08:45
And what he was doing was, he was teaching her to browse.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ.
08:49
So it sort of raised more questions than it answered.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:54
Is this real? Does the language matter,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™? ื”ืื ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
08:56
because he's not supposed to know English?
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
08:58
Will the computer last, or will they break it and steal it
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“, ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืจืฆื• ื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•,
09:01
-- and did anyone teach them?
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-- ื•ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื?
09:03
The last question is what everybody said, but you know,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื•,
09:05
I mean, they must have poked their head over the wall
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ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ
09:07
and asked the people in your office,
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ืš
09:09
can you show me how to do it, and then somebody taught him.
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ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื.
09:12
So I took the experiment out of Delhi and repeated it,
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ืื– ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœื”ื™ ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•,
09:15
this time in a city called Shivpuri in the center of India,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฆ'ื™ืค-ืคื•ืจื™, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื“ื•,
09:21
where I was assured that nobody had ever taught anybody anything.
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ืฉืฉื, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื™, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:30
So it was a warm day, and the hole in the wall
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจ-ื‘ืงื™ืจ
09:35
was on that decrepit old building. This is the first kid who came there;
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืžืจื•ืคื˜. ื–ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื;
09:40
he later on turned out to be a 13-year-old school dropout.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 13 ืฉื ืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ.
09:42
He came there and he started to fiddle around with the touchpad.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœืฉื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืข.
09:48
Very quickly, he noticed that when he moves his finger on the touchpad
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื• ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืข
09:51
something moves on the screen --
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื– ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš --
09:52
and later on he told me, "I have never seen a television
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
09:55
where you can do something."
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:56
So he figured that out. It took him over two minutes
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช
09:59
to figure out that he was doing things to the television.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
10:02
And then, as he was doing that, he made an accidental click
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ืง ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช
10:05
by hitting the touchpad -- you'll see him do that.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืข -- ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
10:12
He did that, and the Internet Explorer changed page.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืฃ.
10:18
Eight minutes later, he looked from his hand to the screen,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
10:22
and he was browsing: he was going back and forth.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืœืฉ: ื”ื•ื ื’ืœืฉ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”.
10:26
When that happened, he started calling all the neighborhood children,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
10:31
like, children would come and see what's happening over here.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื™ืจืื• ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
10:38
And by the evening of that day, 70 children were all browsing.
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ื•ืขื“ ืขืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, 70 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื.
10:42
So eight minutes and an embedded computer
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ืื– ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืื—ื“,
10:46
seemed to be all that we needed there.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืืŸ.
10:50
So we thought that this is what was happening:
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”:
10:53
that children in groups can self-instruct themselves
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
10:56
to use a computer and the Internet. But under what circumstances?
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืœื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช?
11:04
At this time there was a -- the main question was about English.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” -- ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
11:10
People said, you know, you really ought to have this in Indian languages.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
11:14
So I said, have what, shall I translate the Internet
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:17
into some Indian language? That's not possible.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช? ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:20
So, it has to be the other way about.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืš.
11:22
But let's see, how do the children tackle the English language?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
11:26
I took the experiment out to northeastern India,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื•,
11:29
to a village called Madantusi,
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ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžื“ื ื˜ื•ืกื™,
11:31
where, for some reason, there was no English teacher,
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ืฉื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
11:35
so the children had not learned English at all.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
11:38
And I built a similar hole-in-the-wall.
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ื•ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืจ-ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
11:42
One big difference in the villages, as opposed to the urban slums:
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช:
11:44
there were more girls than boys who came to the kiosk.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืขืžื“ื”.
11:48
In the urban slums, the girls tend to stay away.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง.
11:52
I left the computer there with lots of CDs -- I didn't have any Internet --
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ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื -- ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
11:57
and came back three months later.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
12:01
So when I came back there, I found these two kids,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื•,
12:05
eight- and 12-year-olds, who were playing a game on the computer.
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ื‘ื ื™ 8 ื•-12, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:09
And as soon as they saw me they said,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืจื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
12:13
"We need a faster processor and a better mouse."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:20
I was real surprised.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืคืชืข.
12:22
You know, how on earth did they know all this?
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ืื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
12:25
And they said, "Well, we've picked it up from the CDs."
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
12:27
So I said, "But how did you understand what's going on over there?"
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
12:30
So they said, "Well, you've left this machine
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ื”ื ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื”
12:32
which talks only in English, so we had to learn English."
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ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืจืง ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
12:35
So then I measured, and they were using 200 English words with each other
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ืื– ืกืคืจืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
12:39
-- mispronounced, but correct usage --
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-- ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
12:42
words like exit, stop, find, save, that kind of thing,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืฆืืช, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง, ืœืžืฆื•ื, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
12:48
not only to do with the computer but in their day-to-day conversations.
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
12:51
So, Madantusi seemed to show that language is not a barrier;
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื“ื ื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืจืืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ืกื•ื;
12:55
in fact they may be able to teach themselves the language
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
12:57
if they really wanted to.
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ืœืœืžื“ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืš.
13:00
Finally, I got some funding to try this experiment out
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
13:05
to see if these results are replicable, if they happen everywhere else.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช; ื‘ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
13:09
India is a good place to do such an experiment in,
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื–ื”
13:12
because we have all the ethnic diversities, all the -- you know,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื ื™ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
13:15
the genetic diversity, all the racial diversities,
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™,
13:18
and also all the socio-economic diversities.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™.
13:20
So, I could actually choose samples to cover a cross section
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืชื›ืกื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืชืš
13:25
that would cover practically the whole world.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ืกื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:29
So I did this for almost five years, and this experiment
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”
13:33
really took us all the way across the length and breadth of India.
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ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:36
This is the Himalayas. Up in the north, very cold.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ืžืืœื™ื”. ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“.
13:39
I also had to check or invent an engineering design
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื ื“ืกื™
13:42
which would survive outdoors, and I was using regular, normal PCs,
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
13:46
so I needed different climates, for which India is also great,
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ืื ื›ืš ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื
13:49
because we have very cold, very hot, and so on.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฆืœื ื• ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื—ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
13:52
This is the desert to the west. Near the Pakistan border.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
14:04
And you see here a little clip of -- one of these villages --
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ -- ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
14:08
the first thing that these children did was to find a website
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชืจ
14:11
to teach themselves the English alphabet.
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ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื•ืช.
14:15
Then to central India -- very warm, moist, fishing villages,
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื“ื• -- ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื, ืœื—, ื›ืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื
14:19
where humidity is a very big killer of electronics.
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ืฉืฉื ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืกืœืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
14:23
So we had to solve all the problems we had
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:26
without air conditioning and with very poor power,
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ืœืœื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืขื ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืจื•ื“ื”,
14:28
so most of the solutions that came out used little blasts of air
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
14:33
put at the right places to keep the machines running.
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ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
14:36
I want to just cut this short. We did this over and over again.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืฆืจ. ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
14:41
This sequence is also nice. This is a small child, a six-year-old,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ื ื—ืžื“. ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ 6,
14:45
telling his eldest sister what to do.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:47
And this happens very often with these computers,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
14:49
that the younger children are found teaching the older ones.
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ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:55
What did we find? We found that six- to 13-year-olds can self-instruct
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ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•? ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ 6 ืขื“ 13 ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
15:00
in a connected environment,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช,
15:02
irrespective of anything that we could measure.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื•.
15:07
So if they have access to the computer, they will teach themselves, including intelligence.
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
15:12
I couldn't find a single correlation with anything, but it had to be in groups.
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ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
15:17
And that may be of great, you know, interest to this group,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•
15:21
because all of you are talking about groups.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
15:23
So here was the power of what a group of children can do,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื -- ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:27
if you lift the adult intervention.
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ืื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
15:30
Just a quick idea of the measurements.
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ืจืง ืชืื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
15:34
We took standard statistical techniques, so I'm going to not talk about that.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืืคืจื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ.
15:38
But we got a clean learning curve,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืขืงื•ืžืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
15:41
almost exactly the same as what you would get in a school.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ.
15:44
I'll leave it at that,
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ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš,
15:46
because, I mean, it sort of says it all, doesn't it?
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื?
15:49
What could they learn to do?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
15:51
Basic Windows functions, browsing, painting, chatting and email,
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืฆ'ืื˜, ื“ื•ืืจ-ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
15:56
games and educational material, music downloads, playing video.
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
15:59
In short, what all of us do.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
16:01
And over 300 children will become computer literate
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ืžืขืœ 300 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
16:05
and be able to do all of these things in six months with one computer.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
16:10
So, how do they do that?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช?
16:11
If you calculated the actual time of access,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
16:13
it would work out to minutes per day,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื,
16:15
so that's not how it's happening.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
16:17
What you have, actually, is there is one child operating the computer.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
16:22
And surrounding him are usually three other children,
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ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื
16:24
who are advising him on what they should do.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
16:28
If you test them, all four will get the same scores in whatever you ask them.
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื, ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื.
16:32
Around these four are usually a group of about 16 children,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›-16 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
16:36
who are also advising, usually wrongly,
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
16:39
about everything that's going on on the computer.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
16:42
And all of them also will clear a test given on that subject.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
16:47
So they are learning as much by watching as they learn by doing.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืคื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื”ืขืฉื™ื”.
16:51
It seems counter-intuitive to adult learning,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
16:54
but remember, eight-year-olds live in a society
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”-8 ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
16:56
where most of the time they are told, don't do this,
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ืฉืฉื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื, ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ื–ื”,
17:00
you know, don't touch the whiskey bottle.
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ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ื™ืŸ.
17:02
So what does the eight-year-old do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื”-8?
17:04
He observes very carefully how a whiskey bottle should be touched.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ื™ืŸ.
17:08
And if you tested him,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
17:09
he would answer every question correctly on that topic.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
17:11
So, they seem to be able to acquire very quickly.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
17:17
So what was the conclusion over the six years of work?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ?
17:20
It was that primary education can happen on its own,
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•,
17:24
or parts of it can happen on its own.
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ืื• ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื.
17:26
It does not have to be imposed from the top downwards.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืคื•ืชื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
17:30
It could perhaps be a self-organizing system, so that was
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™, ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” --
17:36
the second bit that I wanted to tell you,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
17:38
that children can self-organize and attain an educational objective.
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
17:42
The third piece was on values, and again, to put it very briefly,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
17:48
I conducted a test over 500 children spread across all over India,
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-500 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
17:52
and asked them -- I gave them about 68 different
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื -- ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ื›-68 ืฉืืœื•ืช
17:55
values-oriented questions and simply asked them their opinions.
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ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื“ืขืชื.
17:59
We got all sorts of opinions. Yes, no or I don't know.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช. ื›ืŸ, ืœื, ืื• ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
18:03
I simply took those questions where I got 50 percent yeses and 50 percent noes --
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ 50 ืื—ื•ื– "ื›ืŸ" ื•-50 ืื—ื•ื– "ืœื",
18:09
so I was able to get a collection of 16 such statements.
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ 16 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
18:13
These were areas where the children were clearly confused,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื,
18:17
because half said yes and half said no.
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืขื ื• "ื›ืŸ" ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขื ื• "ืœื".
18:19
A typical example being, "Sometimes it is necessary to tell lies."
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงืจ.
18:23
They don't have a way to determine which way to answer this question;
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•;
18:28
perhaps none of us do.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ืŸ.
18:31
So I leave you with this third question.
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ืื– ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
18:33
Can technology alter the acquisition of values?
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ื”ืื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื?
18:37
Finally, self-organizing systems,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™,
18:39
about which, again, I won't say too much
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”
18:41
because you've been hearing all about it.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ
18:45
Natural systems are all self-organizing:
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™:
18:47
galaxies, molecules, cells, organisms, societies --
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ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืชืื™ื, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช --
18:50
except for the debate about an intelligent designer.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™.
18:52
But at this point in time, as far as science goes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื•ื“ืข,
18:55
it's self-organization.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
18:57
But other examples are traffic jams, stock market, society
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืงืงื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช,
19:00
and disaster recovery, terrorism and insurgency.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช.
19:06
And you know about the Internet-based self-organizing systems.
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ื•ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
19:10
So here are my four sentences then.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
19:12
Remoteness affects the quality of education.
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
19:16
Educational technology should be introduced into remote areas first,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื
19:22
and other areas later.
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
19:25
Values are acquired; doctrine and dogma are imposed --
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉื™ื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื›ืคื•ืช --
19:31
the two opposing mechanisms.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
19:33
And learning is most likely a self-organizing system.
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ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
19:38
If you put all the four together, then it gives -- according to me --
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ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ -- ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ --
19:43
it gives us a goal, a vision, for educational technology.
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ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื˜ืจื”, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
19:47
An educational technology and pedagogy that is digital, automatic,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
19:53
fault-tolerant, minimally invasive, connected and self-organized.
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ืกืœื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
19:59
As educationists, we have never asked for technology; we keep borrowing it.
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ืจืฉื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”; ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
20:03
PowerPoint is supposed to be considered a great educational technology,
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PowerPoint ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”,
20:07
but it was not meant for education, it was meant for making boardroom presentations.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื.
20:11
We borrowed it. Video conferencing. The personal computer itself.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”. ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
20:15
I think it's time that the educationists made their own specs,
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
20:18
and I have such a set of specs. This is a brief look at that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืขืจืš ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
20:22
And such a set of specs should produce the technology
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ื•ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
20:26
to address remoteness, values and violence.
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ืฉืชืชื™ื—ืก ืœืจื™ื—ื•ืง, ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
20:29
So I thought I'd give it a name -- why don't we call it "outdoctrination."
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื -- ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช-ื™ืฆื™ืื”"?
20:35
And could this be a goal for educational technology in the future?
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“.
20:40
So I want to leave that as a thought with you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
20:43
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
20:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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