Annette Heuser: The 3 agencies with the power to make or break economies

83,699 views ใƒป 2014-02-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Tom Leibovitch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Almost two years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
00:14
I was driving in my car in Germany,
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:16
and I turned on the radio.
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ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•.
00:19
Europe at the time was in the middle
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข
00:21
of the Euro crisis,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
00:22
and all the headlines were about European countries
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
00:27
getting downgraded by rating agencies
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’
00:30
in the United States.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:31
I listened and thought to myself,
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ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
00:34
"What are these rating agencies,
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"ืžื™ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืœืœื•,
00:36
and why is everybody so upset about their work?"
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื?"
00:39
Well, if you were sitting
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:41
next to me in the car that day
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ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื
00:43
and would have told me that I would devote
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืืงื“ื™ืฉ
00:45
the next years to trying to reform them,
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ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื,
00:49
obviously I would have called you crazy.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืืชื›ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
00:53
But guess what's really crazy:
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ:
00:55
the way these rating agencies are run.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช
00:58
And I would like to explain to you
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ื•ืืจืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
00:59
not only why it's time to change this,
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ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:01
but also how we can do it.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:04
So let me tell you a little bit
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
01:06
about what rating agencies really do.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:10
As you would read a car magazine
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืงืจืื• ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:12
before purchasing a new car
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืจื›ืฉื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
01:14
or taking a look at a product review
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ืื• ืฉืชืขื™ืคื• ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ
01:16
before deciding which kind of tablet or phone to get,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืœืงื—ืช,
01:20
investors are reading ratings
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื
01:22
before they decide in which kind of product
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ
01:25
they are investing their money.
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ื”ื ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื.
01:27
A rating can range from a so-called AAA,
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ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื AAA,
01:30
which means it's a top-performing product,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:33
and it can go down to the level
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืจืžื”
01:36
of the so-called BBB-,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื BBB ืžื™ื ื•ืก,
01:39
which means it's a fairly risky investment.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
01:42
Rating agencies are rating companies.
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:45
They are rating banks.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื.
01:46
They are rating even financial products
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ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
01:48
like the infamous mortgage-backed securities.
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™-ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฆื”.
01:51
But they can also rate countries,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:54
and these ratings are called sovereign ratings,
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ื•ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:56
and I would like to focus in particular
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:59
on these sovereign ratings.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:01
And I can tell, as you're listening to me right now,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:04
you're thinking,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:05
so why should I really care about this, right?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื›ืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:08
Be honest.
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ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื”.
02:09
Well, ratings affect you.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื.
02:12
They affect all of us.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
02:14
If a rating agency rates a country,
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ืื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžื“ืจื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:17
it basically assesses and evaluates
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืจื™ืš
02:20
a country's debt
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ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
02:22
and the ability and willingness of a country
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
02:24
to repay its debt.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”.
02:26
So if a country gets downgraded by a rating agency,
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ืื– ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื” ืข"ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’
02:29
the country has to pay more
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:31
in order to borrow money
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื
02:33
on the international markets.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:35
So it affects you as a citizen and as a taxpayer,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื™ืš ื›ืื–ืจื— ื•ื›ืžืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื,
02:37
because you and your fellow countrymen
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืš
02:40
have to pony up more in order to borrow.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืช.
02:44
But what if a country can't afford to pay more
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:46
because it's maybe too expensive?
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืœื” ืžื“ื™?
02:49
Well, then the country has less available
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื– ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ืŸ
02:52
for other services, like roads, schools, healthcare.
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ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:56
And this is the reason why you should care,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’,
02:58
because sovereign ratings affect everyone.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:01
And that is the reason why I believe
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื”
03:03
they should be defined as public goods.
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ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:06
They should be transparent, accessible,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื, ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:09
and available to everyone at no cost.
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ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ,
03:13
But here's the situation:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”:
03:15
the rating agency market is dominated
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช
03:17
by three players and three players only --
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“-
03:20
Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch --
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ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ื•ืคื•ืจืก, ืžื•ื“ื™ืก, ื•ืคื™ืฆ'-
03:23
and we know whenever there is a market concentration,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืง ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™,
03:26
there is really no competition.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
03:28
There is no incentive to improve
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืฉืคืจ
03:30
the quality of your product.
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ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืš.
03:33
And let's face it, the credit rating agencies have contributed,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืชืจืžื•,
03:37
putting the global economy on the brink,
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืกืฃ,
03:40
and yet they have to change the way they operate.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
03:43
The second point,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:45
would you really buy a car
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืงื ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
03:47
just based on the advice of the dealer?
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืš ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืขืฆืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
03:51
Obviously not, right? That would be irresponsible.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:54
But that's actually what's going on
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
03:56
in the rating agency sector every single day.
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ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:00
The customers of these rating agencies,
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ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืœืœื•,
04:03
like countries or companies,
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:06
they are paying for their own ratings,
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ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ,
04:08
and obviously this is creating
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ
04:10
a conflict of interest.
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ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก.
04:13
The third point is,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
04:15
the rating agencies are not really telling us
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
04:18
how they are coming up with their ratings,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:21
but in this day and age,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
04:23
you can't even sell a candy bar
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ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืžืชืง
04:25
without listing everything that's inside.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
04:28
But for ratings, a crucial element of our economy,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:31
we really do not know
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ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:33
what all the different ingredients are.
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ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:36
We are allowing the rating agencies
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ืื ื• ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’
04:37
to be intransparent about their work,
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ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
04:40
and we need to change this.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:42
I think there is no doubt that the sector
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ
04:45
needs a complete overhaul,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืžืœื,
04:46
not just a trimming at the margins.
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ืœื ืจืง ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
04:49
I think it's time for a bold move.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื ื•ืขื–.
04:51
I think it's time to upgrade the system.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
04:54
And this is why we at the Bertelsmann Foundation
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจื˜ืœืกืžืืŸ
04:57
have invested a lot of time and effort
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ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ
05:00
thinking about an alternative for the sector.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืกืงื˜ื•ืจ.
05:03
And we have developed the first model
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:06
for a nonprofit rating agency for sovereign risk,
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ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:11
and we call it by its acronym, INCRA.
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ื•ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, INCRA.
05:16
INCRA would make a difference
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INCRA ืชืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
05:17
to the current system
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
05:19
by adding another nonprofit player to the mix.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
05:24
It would be based on a nonprofit model
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ื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
05:27
that would be based on a sustainable endowment.
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ืฉื™ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.
05:31
The endowment would create income
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื”
05:33
that would allow us to run the operation,
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข,
05:35
to run the rating agency,
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ืœื”ืจืฆืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’,
05:37
and it would also allow us
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
05:39
to make our ratings publicly available.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
05:43
But this is not enough to make a difference, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:45
INCRA would also be based on
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INCRA ื’ื ืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ
05:47
a very, very clear governance structure
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
05:50
that would avoid any conflict of interest,
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ืฉืชื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก,
05:53
and it would include many stakeholders from society.
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ื•ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:58
INCRA would not only be a European
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INCRA ืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
06:00
or an American rating agency,
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ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
06:02
it would be a truly international one,
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ืืœื, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
06:05
in which, in particular, the emerging economies
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ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืœืžืฉืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื
06:08
would have an equal interest, voice and representation.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
06:13
The second big difference that INCRA would make is
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉ-INCRA ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ื
06:16
that would it base its sovereign risk assessment
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™
06:19
on a broader set of indicators.
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ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ื.
06:22
Think about it that way.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื”.
06:24
If we conduct a sovereign rating,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™,
06:26
we basically take a look at
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ
06:27
the economic soil of a country,
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
06:30
its macroeconomic fundamentals.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:33
But we also have to ask the question,
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
06:35
who is cultivating the economic soil
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ืžื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
06:38
of a country, right?
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:40
Well, a country has many gardeners,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื ื ื™ื,
06:42
and one of them is the government,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
06:44
so we have to ask the question,
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
06:46
how is a country governed?
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ืื™ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžืฉืœืช?
06:47
How is it managed?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช?
06:49
And this is the reason why we have developed
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื ื•
06:51
what we call forward-looking indicators.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืคื™-ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
06:54
These are indicators that give you
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ืืœื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื›ื
06:56
a much better read about
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ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ
06:57
the socioeconomic development of a country.
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
07:01
I hope you would agree it's important for you to know
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื“ืขื•
07:03
if your government is willing to invest in renewable energy and education.
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ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
07:11
It's important for you to know
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื“ืขื•
07:12
if the government of your country
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ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื›ื
07:14
is able to manage a crisis,
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
07:16
if the government is finally able to implement
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ืื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื
07:19
the reforms that it's promised.
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ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื.
07:23
For example, if INCRA would rate
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื INCRA ืชื“ืจื’
07:25
South Africa right now,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:27
of course we would take a very, very close look
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
07:30
at the youth unemployment of the country,
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ื‘ืื‘ื˜ืœืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:33
the highest in the world.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:35
If over 70 percent of a country's population
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ืื ืžืขืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
07:38
under the age of 35 is unemployed,
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ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 35 ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืกืงืช,
07:42
of course this has a huge impact on the economy
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
07:45
today and even more so in the future.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
07:49
Well, our friends at Moody's,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘-ืžื•ื“ื™ืก',
07:52
Standard & Poor's, and Fitch will tell us
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ืกื˜ื ื“ืืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืคื™ืฆ' ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื•
07:54
we would take this into account as well.
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ื ื™ืงื— ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:57
But guess what? We do not know
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”? ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
07:59
exactly how they will take this into account.
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ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ืงื—ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
08:02
And this leads me to the third big difference
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
08:04
that INCRA would make.
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ืฉ-INCRA ืชื—ื•ืœืœ.
08:06
INCRA would not only release its ratings
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INCRA ืœื ืจืง ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื”
08:09
but it would also release its indicators
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ืืœื ื’ื ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”
08:12
and methodology.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
08:14
So in contrast to the current system,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
08:16
INCRA would be fully transparent.
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INCRA ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:20
So in a nutshell,
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ืื– ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ,
08:21
INCRA would offer an alternative
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INCRA ืชืฆื™ืข ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”
08:24
to the current system of the big three rating agencies
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
08:27
by adding a new, nonprofit player to the mix
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืœื ืจื•ื•ื— ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช
08:31
that would increase the competition,
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ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
08:33
it would increase the transparency of the sector,
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ,
08:36
and it would also increase the quality.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื’ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ.
08:39
I can tell that sovereign ratings
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื
08:41
may still look to you like this very small piece
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื• ื ืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
08:44
of this very complex global financial world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
08:48
but I tell you it's a very important one,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื ืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
08:51
and a very important one to fix,
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ื•ื ืชื— ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
08:53
because sovereign ratings affect all of us,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
08:56
and they should be addressed and should be defined
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืก
09:00
as public goods.
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ื›ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
09:01
And this is why we are testing our model right now,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข,
09:04
and why we are trying to find out if it can
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ื–ื”
09:07
bring together a group of able and willing actors
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ื™ื›ื ืก ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ืช
09:10
to bring INCRA to life.
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช INCRA ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
09:13
I truly believe building up INCRA
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ INCRA
09:16
is in everyone's interest,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
09:18
and that we have the unique opportunity right now
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ื•ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
09:22
to turn INCRA into a cornerstone
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช INCRA ืœืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื”
09:24
of a new, more inclusive financial system.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:29
Because for way too long,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ,
09:31
we have left the big financial players on their own.
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ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื.
09:35
It's time to give them some company.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืืจื— ืœื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื”.
09:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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