Annette Heuser: The 3 agencies with the power to make or break economies

83,665 views ใƒป 2014-02-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jihyeon J. Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Chunda Zeng
00:12
Almost two years ago,
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2๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค์—
00:14
I was driving in my car in Germany,
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๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘์—
00:16
and I turned on the radio.
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๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
Europe at the time was in the middle
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€
00:21
of the Euro crisis,
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์œ ๋กœ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:22
and all the headlines were about European countries
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜
00:27
getting downgraded by rating agencies
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์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด
00:30
in the United States.
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๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:31
I listened and thought to myself,
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๋“ฃ๊ณ ์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:34
"What are these rating agencies,
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"์ด ์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ 
00:36
and why is everybody so upset about their work?"
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†์„ ๋“์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?"
00:39
Well, if you were sitting
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์ด
00:41
next to me in the car that day
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์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
00:43
and would have told me that I would devote
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๋‚ด๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
00:45
the next years to trying to reform them,
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:49
obviously I would have called you crazy.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:53
But guess what's really crazy:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง„์งœ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:55
the way these rating agencies are run.
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์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
And I would like to explain to you
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
not only why it's time to change this,
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:01
but also how we can do it.
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„์š”.
01:04
So let me tell you a little bit
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:06
about what rating agencies really do.
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์ž ์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
As you would read a car magazine
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:12
before purchasing a new car
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
01:14
or taking a look at a product review
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๋˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋ธ”๋ฆฟPC ๋‚˜ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:16
before deciding which kind of tablet or phone to get,
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์ƒํ’ˆ ํ›„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:20
investors are reading ratings
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ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํˆฌ์ž ํ• 
01:22
before they decide in which kind of product
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์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:25
they are investing their money.
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์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
A rating can range from a so-called AAA,
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š”
01:30
which means it's a top-performing product,
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AAA๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:33
and it can go down to the level
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BBB- ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€
01:36
of the so-called BBB-,
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๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
which means it's a fairly risky investment.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์†์‹ค์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:42
Rating agencies are rating companies.
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
They are rating banks.
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๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:46
They are rating even financial products
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฃผํƒ ์ €๋‹น ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฐ™์€
01:48
like the infamous mortgage-backed securities.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ์—๋„ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งค๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
But they can also rate countries,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ์ฃ .
01:54
and these ratings are called sovereign ratings,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and I would like to focus in particular
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:59
on these sovereign ratings.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
And I can tell, as you're listening to me right now,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ
02:04
you're thinking,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธธ,
02:05
so why should I really care about this, right?
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"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€?" ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ .
02:08
Be honest.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ .
02:09
Well, ratings affect you.
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์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
They affect all of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
If a rating agency rates a country,
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ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
02:17
it basically assesses and evaluates
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์™€
02:20
a country's debt
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒํ™˜ํ• 
02:22
and the ability and willingness of a country
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ
02:24
to repay its debt.
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ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
So if a country gets downgraded by a rating agency,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๋ฉด,
02:29
the country has to pay more
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๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ
02:31
in order to borrow money
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๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:33
on the international markets.
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋” ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
So it affects you as a citizen and as a taxpayer,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด์ž ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
because you and your fellow countrymen
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:40
have to pony up more in order to borrow.
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๋” ์ง€๋ถˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:44
But what if a country can't afford to pay more
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:46
because it's maybe too expensive?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:49
Well, then the country has less available
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๋„๋กœ, ํ•™๊ต, ๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ
02:52
for other services, like roads, schools, healthcare.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
And this is the reason why you should care,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
because sovereign ratings affect everyone.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:01
And that is the reason why I believe
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:03
they should be defined as public goods.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
They should be transparent, accessible,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:09
and available to everyone at no cost.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
But here's the situation:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
the rating agency market is dominated
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๋…์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
by three players and three players only --
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๋‹จ ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch --
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์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ ์•ค ํ‘ธ์–ด์Šค, ๋ฌด๋””์Šค์™€ ํ”ผ์น˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
and we know whenever there is a market concentration,
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์‹œ์žฅ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค,
03:26
there is really no competition.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
There is no incentive to improve
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์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
03:30
the quality of your product.
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์œ ์ธ์ฑ…์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
And let's face it, the credit rating agencies have contributed,
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๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค, ์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฑด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:37
putting the global economy on the brink,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”.
03:40
and yet they have to change the way they operate.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
The second point,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
03:45
would you really buy a car
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ค‘๊ณ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ง๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ 
03:47
just based on the advice of the dealer?
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์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:51
Obviously not, right? That would be irresponsible.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ ? ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:54
But that's actually what's going on
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ
03:56
in the rating agency sector every single day.
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
The customers of these rating agencies,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ™์€
04:03
like countries or companies,
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์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์€
04:06
they are paying for their own ratings,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
and obviously this is creating
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
04:10
a conflict of interest.
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์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
The third point is,
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ ์€,
04:15
the rating agencies are not really telling us
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
04:18
how they are coming up with their ratings,
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๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
but in this day and age,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š”
04:23
you can't even sell a candy bar
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์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š”
04:25
without listing everything that's inside.
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์ดˆ์ฝ”๋ฐ” ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
But for ratings, a crucial element of our economy,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
04:31
we really do not know
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
04:33
what all the different ingredients are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
We are allowing the rating agencies
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์‹ ์šฉํ‰๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
04:37
to be intransparent about their work,
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์ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
and we need to change this.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
I think there is no doubt that the sector
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
04:45
needs a complete overhaul,
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์ „๋ฉด์  ๊ฐœํŽธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:46
not just a trimming at the margins.
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
I think it's time for a bold move.
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๊ณผ๊ฐํžˆ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
I think it's time to upgrade the system.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And this is why we at the Bertelsmann Foundation
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๋ฒ ํ…”์Šค๋งŒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:57
have invested a lot of time and effort
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์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:00
thinking about an alternative for the sector.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
And we have developed the first model
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ,
05:06
for a nonprofit rating agency for sovereign risk,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ
05:11
and we call it by its acronym, INCRA.
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INCRA๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
INCRA would make a difference
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INCRA๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—
05:17
to the current system
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œ์ผœ
05:19
by adding another nonprofit player to the mix.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
It would be based on a nonprofit model
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์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ
05:27
that would be based on a sustainable endowment.
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
The endowment would create income
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๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:33
that would allow us to run the operation,
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ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
05:35
to run the rating agency,
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์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
and it would also allow us
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
05:39
to make our ratings publicly available.
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ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
But this is not enough to make a difference, right?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์ฃ ?
05:45
INCRA would also be based on
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INCRA๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š”
05:47
a very, very clear governance structure
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—
05:50
that would avoid any conflict of interest,
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๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
and it would include many stakeholders from society.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
INCRA would not only be a European
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INCRA๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:00
or an American rating agency,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
it would be a truly international one,
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
06:05
in which, in particular, the emerging economies
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ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ํฅ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
06:08
would have an equal interest, voice and representation.
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๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ดํ•ด, ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
The second big difference that INCRA would make is
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INCRA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
06:16
that would it base its sovereign risk assessment
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ
06:19
on a broader set of indicators.
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ํญ๋„“์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Think about it that way.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:24
If we conduct a sovereign rating,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:26
we basically take a look at
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๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ธ
06:27
the economic soil of a country,
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ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ† ์–‘์„
06:30
its macroeconomic fundamentals.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
But we also have to ask the question,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
who is cultivating the economic soil
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"ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ† ์–‘์„
06:38
of a country, right?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?" ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
06:40
Well, a country has many gardeners,
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ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •์›์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
and one of them is the government,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€์ฃ .
06:44
so we have to ask the question,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
how is a country governed?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€?
06:47
How is it managed?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€?
06:49
And this is the reason why we have developed
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ณด ์ „๋ง ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ
06:51
what we call forward-looking indicators.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
These are indicators that give you
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์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
06:56
a much better read about
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ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
06:57
the socioeconomic development of a country.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
I hope you would agree it's important for you to know
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ๋„ ๊ผญ ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:03
if your government is willing to invest in renewable energy and education.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ต์œก์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
07:11
It's important for you to know
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
if the government of your country
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
07:14
is able to manage a crisis,
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์œ„๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
07:16
if the government is finally able to implement
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ
07:19
the reforms that it's promised.
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๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
For example, if INCRA would rate
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๊ฐ€๋ น, INCRA๊ฐ€
07:25
South Africa right now,
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:27
of course we would take a very, very close look
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ
07:30
at the youth unemployment of the country,
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์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
07:33
the highest in the world.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
If over 70 percent of a country's population
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๋งŒ์ผ 35์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์ด
07:38
under the age of 35 is unemployed,
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์ทจ์—…์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:42
of course this has a huge impact on the economy
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
07:45
today and even more so in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:49
Well, our friends at Moody's,
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๋ฌด๋””์Šค, ์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ ์•ค ํ‘ธ์–ด์Šค,
07:52
Standard & Poor's, and Fitch will tell us
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผ์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
we would take this into account as well.
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์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
07:57
But guess what? We do not know
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:59
exactly how they will take this into account.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And this leads me to the third big difference
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด INCRA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—
08:04
that INCRA would make.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
INCRA would not only release its ratings
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INCRA๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:09
but it would also release its indicators
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๊ทธ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€
08:12
and methodology.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
So in contrast to the current system,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
08:16
INCRA would be fully transparent.
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INCRA๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
So in a nutshell,
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
08:21
INCRA would offer an alternative
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INCRA๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
08:24
to the current system of the big three rating agencies
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:27
by adding a new, nonprofit player to the mix
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ถœํ˜„ ์‹œ์ผœ
08:31
that would increase the competition,
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์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
it would increase the transparency of the sector,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ,
08:36
and it would also increase the quality.
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์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
I can tell that sovereign ratings
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด
08:41
may still look to you like this very small piece
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
08:44
of this very complex global financial world,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:48
but I tell you it's a very important one,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
and a very important one to fix,
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด์ฃ .
08:53
because sovereign ratings affect all of us,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
and they should be addressed and should be defined
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ 
09:00
as public goods.
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๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
And this is why we are testing our model right now,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:04
and why we are trying to find out if it can
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์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
09:07
bring together a group of able and willing actors
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INCRA ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š”
09:10
to bring INCRA to life.
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์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
I truly believe building up INCRA
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INCRA๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:16
is in everyone's interest,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
and that we have the unique opportunity right now
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ํ˜„์žฌ INCRA๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ , ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜
09:22
to turn INCRA into a cornerstone
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์ดˆ์„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
09:24
of a new, more inclusive financial system.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Because for way too long,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
09:31
we have left the big financial players on their own.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธˆ์œต ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
It's time to give them some company.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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