Annette Heuser: The 3 agencies with the power to make or break economies

83,738 views ・ 2014-02-28

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jihyeon J. Kim κ²€ν† : Chunda Zeng
00:12
Almost two years ago,
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2λ…„ μ „ 쯀에
00:14
I was driving in my car in Germany,
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λ…μΌμ—μ„œ μš΄μ „μ„ ν•˜λ˜ 쀑에
00:16
and I turned on the radio.
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λΌλ””μ˜€λ₯Ό μΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Europe at the time was in the middle
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— μœ λŸ½μ€
00:21
of the Euro crisis,
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유둜 μœ„κΈ°μ— μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:22
and all the headlines were about European countries
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λͺ¨λ“  신문기사 λ‚΄μš©λ“€μ€ 유럽의 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜
00:27
getting downgraded by rating agencies
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μ‹ μš© 등급이 미ꡭ의 μ‹ μš© 평가기관에 μ˜ν•΄
00:30
in the United States.
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κ°•λ“±λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:31
I listened and thought to myself,
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λ“£κ³ μ„œ 혼자 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:34
"What are these rating agencies,
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"이 μ‹ μš© 평가기관듀이 뭐라고
00:36
and why is everybody so upset about their work?"
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μ΄κ²ƒλ•Œ 문에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 속을 λ“μ΄λŠ” 거지?"
00:39
Well, if you were sitting
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·Έλ‚  μ €ν•˜κ³  같이
00:41
next to me in the car that day
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μ°¨λ₯Ό 타고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
00:43
and would have told me that I would devote
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λ‚΄λ…„μ—λŠ” 이것을 κ°œν˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
00:45
the next years to trying to reform them,
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λ…Έλ ₯을 할거라고 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄
00:49
obviously I would have called you crazy.
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λΆ„λͺ… μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λ―Έμ³€λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ„ κ±°μ—μš”.
00:53
But guess what's really crazy:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§„μ§œ 말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” 것은
00:55
the way these rating agencies are run.
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이 평가 기관듀이 κ²½μ˜λ˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
And I would like to explain to you
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그것을 μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
not only why it's time to change this,
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λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•  이유 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:01
but also how we can do it.
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λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„μš”.
01:04
So let me tell you a little bit
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μ‹ μš© 평가기관이 무슨 일을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
01:06
about what rating agencies really do.
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μž μ‹œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
As you would read a car magazine
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μžλ™μ°¨λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜κΈ° 전에
01:12
before purchasing a new car
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μžλ™μ°¨ κ΄€λ ¨ μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œκ±°λ‚˜,
01:14
or taking a look at a product review
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λ˜λŠ” νƒœλΈ”λ¦ΏPC λ‚˜ νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ 사기 전에
01:16
before deciding which kind of tablet or phone to get,
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μƒν’ˆ ν›„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것 처럼
01:20
investors are reading ratings
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νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ€ μžκΈˆμ„ 투자 ν• 
01:22
before they decide in which kind of product
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μƒν’ˆμ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° 전에
01:25
they are investing their money.
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μ‹ μš© 등급을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
A rating can range from a so-called AAA,
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졜고의 μƒν’ˆμ„ λœ»ν•˜λŠ”
01:30
which means it's a top-performing product,
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AAAλ“±κΈ‰μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°
01:33
and it can go down to the level
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BBB- λΌλŠ” λ‹¨κ³„κΉŒμ§€
01:36
of the so-called BBB-,
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λ‚΄λ €κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
which means it's a fairly risky investment.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ†μ‹€μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 투자λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
01:42
Rating agencies are rating companies.
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μ‹ μš© 평가기관은 평가 νšŒμ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
They are rating banks.
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등급을 λ§€κΈ°λŠ” 은행듀이죠.
01:46
They are rating even financial products
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심지어 λΆˆλŸ‰ 주택 μ €λ‹Ή 증ꢌ 같은
01:48
like the infamous mortgage-backed securities.
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금육 μƒν’ˆμ—λ„ 등급을 λ§€κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
But they can also rate countries,
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ꡭ가에도 등급을 맀기죠.
01:54
and these ratings are called sovereign ratings,
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이것이 κ΅­κ°€μ‹ μš© λ“±κΈ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
and I would like to focus in particular
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νŠΉλ³„νžˆ 이 κ΅­κ°€μ‹ μš© 등급에 λŒ€ν•œ
01:59
on these sovereign ratings.
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이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
And I can tell, as you're listening to me right now,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ§€κΈˆ 이 말을 λ“€μœΌμ‹œλ©΄μ„œ
02:04
you're thinking,
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μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œκΈΈ,
02:05
so why should I really care about this, right?
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"λ‚΄κ°€ μ™œ 이런걸 신경써야 ν•˜μ§€?" ν•˜μ‹œμ£ .
02:08
Be honest.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œμ£ .
02:09
Well, ratings affect you.
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μ‹ μš© 등급이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
They affect all of us.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
If a rating agency rates a country,
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평가 기관이 ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 등급을 맀기면,
02:17
it basically assesses and evaluates
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그것은 ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 뢀채와
02:20
a country's debt
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그것을 μƒν™˜ν• 
02:22
and the ability and willingness of a country
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λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό
02:24
to repay its debt.
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ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
So if a country gets downgraded by a rating agency,
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κ΅­κ°€μ˜ μ‹ μš©μ΄ κ°•λ“±λ˜λ©΄,
02:29
the country has to pay more
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ꡭ제 κΈˆμœ΅μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ
02:31
in order to borrow money
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λˆμ„ 빌리기 μœ„ν•΄
02:33
on the international markets.
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λΉ„μš©μ„ 더 μ§€λΆˆν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
So it affects you as a citizen and as a taxpayer,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ‹œλ―Όμ΄μž λ‚©μ„ΈμžμΈ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
because you and your fellow countrymen
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ ꡭ민으둜써 뢀채λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:40
have to pony up more in order to borrow.
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더 μ§€λΆˆ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:44
But what if a country can't afford to pay more
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΉ„μš©μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 λ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:46
because it's maybe too expensive?
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 더 μ§€λΆˆν•  μ—¬λ ₯이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
02:49
Well, then the country has less available
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λ„λ‘œ, 학ꡐ, 보건 μ˜λ£Œμ™€ 같은 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό
02:52
for other services, like roads, schools, healthcare.
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
And this is the reason why you should care,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 관심을 κ°€μ Έμ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
because sovereign ratings affect everyone.
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κ΅­κ°€ μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 미치기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:01
And that is the reason why I believe
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그것이 곡곡재둜 κ·œμ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³ 
03:03
they should be defined as public goods.
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μ œκ°€ λ―ΏλŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
They should be transparent, accessible,
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그것은 투λͺ…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ , 접근성이 있으며,
03:09
and available to everyone at no cost.
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무료둜 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
But here's the situation:
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 상황은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
the rating agency market is dominated
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μ‹ μš© ν‰κ°€μ‹œμž₯은 λ…μ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
by three players and three players only --
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단 μ„Έ 기관에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch --
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μŠ€νƒ λ‹€λ“œ μ•€ ν‘Έμ–΄μŠ€, λ¬΄λ””μŠ€μ™€ ν”ΌμΉ˜ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
and we know whenever there is a market concentration,
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μ‹œμž₯ 집쀑도가 μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€,
03:26
there is really no competition.
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사싀 경쟁이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
There is no incentive to improve
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μƒν’ˆμ˜ μ§ˆμ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
03:30
the quality of your product.
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μœ μΈμ±…μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
And let's face it, the credit rating agencies have contributed,
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λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€, μ‹ μš© 평가기관듀이 κΈ°μ—¬ν•œ 건 있죠.
03:37
putting the global economy on the brink,
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세계 경제λ₯Ό μœ„κΈ°λ‘œ λͺ°κ³  κ°„ κ²ƒμ΄μš”.
03:40
and yet they have to change the way they operate.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 운영 방식을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
The second point,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”,
03:45
would you really buy a car
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ€‘κ³„μƒμ˜ 말만 λ―Ώκ³ 
03:47
just based on the advice of the dealer?
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μ°¨λ₯Ό μ‚¬μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:51
Obviously not, right? That would be irresponsible.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ ? λ¬΄μ±…μž„ν•œ μΌμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:54
But that's actually what's going on
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그런데 그런 일이 맀일맀일
03:56
in the rating agency sector every single day.
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μ‹ μš© ν‰κ°€λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
The customers of these rating agencies,
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κ΅­κ°€λ‚˜ κΈ°μ—… 같은
04:03
like countries or companies,
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이 평가 κΈ°κ΄€λ“€μ˜ 고객듀은
04:06
they are paying for their own ratings,
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 등급에 λŒ€ν•œ κΈˆμ•‘μ„ μ§€λΆˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
and obviously this is creating
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ 이것이
04:10
a conflict of interest.
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이해 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ μΆ©λŒμ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
The third point is,
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μ„Έ 번째 μš”μ μ€,
04:15
the rating agencies are not really telling us
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μ‹ μš© 평가기관듀이 μ–΄λ–€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
04:18
how they are coming up with their ratings,
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등급을 μ‚°μΆœν•΄ λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
but in this day and age,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ§€κΈˆ μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ”
04:23
you can't even sell a candy bar
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성뢄이 무엇인지 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λŠ”
04:25
without listing everything that's inside.
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μ΄ˆμ½”λ°” ν•œ κ°œλ„ νŒ” 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
But for ratings, a crucial element of our economy,
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경제의 ν•„μˆ˜ μš”μ†ŒμΈ μ‹ μš© 평가에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”,
04:31
we really do not know
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μ–΄λ–€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€
04:33
what all the different ingredients are.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μ˜ˆ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
We are allowing the rating agencies
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μ‹ μš©ν‰κ°€ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 뢈투λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ
04:37
to be intransparent about their work,
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μΌν•˜λ„λ‘ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
and we need to change this.
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그것을 κ°œν˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
I think there is no doubt that the sector
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이 뢄야에 단지 μΌλΆ€λ§Œ μˆ˜μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹Œ
04:45
needs a complete overhaul,
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전면적 개편이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³ 
04:46
not just a trimming at the margins.
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μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
I think it's time for a bold move.
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과감히 행동해야 ν•  λ•ŒλΌκ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
I think it's time to upgrade the system.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ œκ³ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
And this is why we at the Bertelsmann Foundation
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λ² ν…”μŠ€λ§Œ ν˜‘νšŒκ°€ 이 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•œ
04:57
have invested a lot of time and effort
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차선책을 μƒκ°ν•˜λ©°
05:00
thinking about an alternative for the sector.
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μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό λ…Έλ ₯을 νˆ¬μžν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
And we have developed the first model
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κ·Έ 첫 번째 λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ,
05:06
for a nonprofit rating agency for sovereign risk,
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κ΅­κ°€ μ‹ μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ 평가 기관인
05:11
and we call it by its acronym, INCRA.
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INCRAλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
INCRA would make a difference
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INCRAλŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—
05:17
to the current system
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ 기관을 μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œμΌœ
05:19
by adding another nonprofit player to the mix.
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λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
It would be based on a nonprofit model
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μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ 기금의 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ
05:27
that would be based on a sustainable endowment.
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λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬κΈ°λ°˜ λͺ¨λΈ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
The endowment would create income
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κΈ°κΈˆμ€ 기관을 μš΄μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ ,
05:33
that would allow us to run the operation,
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평가기관을 κ²½μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
05:35
to run the rating agency,
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μˆ˜μž…μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
and it would also allow us
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λ˜ν•œ μ‹ μš© 등급을 λŒ€μ€‘μ΄ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘
05:39
to make our ratings publicly available.
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ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
But this is not enough to make a difference, right?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ°μ—λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„μΉ˜ μ•Šμ£ ?
05:45
INCRA would also be based on
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INCRAλŠ” 이해관 κ³„μ˜ μΆ©λŒμ„ ν”Όν•˜λŠ”
05:47
a very, very clear governance structure
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ 투λͺ…ν•œ 지배 ꡬ쑰에
05:50
that would avoid any conflict of interest,
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κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
and it would include many stakeholders from society.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ λ§Žμ€ νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
INCRA would not only be a European
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INCRAλŠ” 유럽뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:00
or an American rating agency,
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미ꡭ의 평가 κΈ°κ΄€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
it would be a truly international one,
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μ§„μ •ν•œ κ΅­μ œκΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ
06:05
in which, in particular, the emerging economies
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특히 μ‹ ν₯ ꡭ가듀이
06:08
would have an equal interest, voice and representation.
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λ™λ“±ν•œ 이해, 의견과 λŒ€ν‘œλ₯Ό κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
The second big difference that INCRA would make is
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INCRAκ°€ κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 두 번째 큰 λ³€ν™”λŠ”
06:16
that would it base its sovereign risk assessment
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κ΅­κ°€ μ‹ μš©μ„ 평가할 λ•Œ
06:19
on a broader set of indicators.
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폭넓은 μ§€ν‘œμ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
Think about it that way.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생각해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
06:24
If we conduct a sovereign rating,
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κ΅­κ°€ μ‹ μš©μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
06:26
we basically take a look at
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κ±°μ‹œκ²½μ œμ˜ 기초인
06:27
the economic soil of a country,
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ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 경제적 토양을
06:30
its macroeconomic fundamentals.
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μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
But we also have to ask the question,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
who is cultivating the economic soil
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"ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 경제적 토양을
06:38
of a country, right?
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λˆ„κ°€ κ²½μž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€?" κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
06:40
Well, a country has many gardeners,
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ν•œ λ‚˜λΌμ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 정원사가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
and one of them is the government,
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ •λΆ€μ£ .
06:44
so we have to ask the question,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것을 λ¬Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
how is a country governed?
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§€λ°°λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€?
06:47
How is it managed?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ΄€λ¦¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€?
06:49
And this is the reason why we have developed
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 저희가 진보 전망 μ§€ν‘œλ₯Ό
06:51
what we call forward-looking indicators.
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κ°œλ°œν•œ μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
These are indicators that give you
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이 μ§€ν‘œλ“€μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
06:56
a much better read about
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ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œ λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•œ
06:57
the socioeconomic development of a country.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
I hope you would agree it's important for you to know
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œλ„ κΌ­ μ•„μ…”μ•Ό ν•  거라고 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ”λ°μš”.
07:03
if your government is willing to invest in renewable energy and education.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μž¬μƒμ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ κ΅μœ‘μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
07:11
It's important for you to know
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ μ•„μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
if the government of your country
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ κ΅­κ°€κ°€
07:14
is able to manage a crisis,
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μœ„κΈ°λŒ€μ‘ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
07:16
if the government is finally able to implement
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ•½μ†ν•œ λŒ€λ‘œ
07:19
the reforms that it's promised.
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κ°œν˜μ„ μ‹€ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
For example, if INCRA would rate
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κ°€λ Ή, INCRAκ°€
07:25
South Africa right now,
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남아프리카λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
07:27
of course we would take a very, very close look
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ €ν¬λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 μˆ˜μ€€μΈ
07:30
at the youth unemployment of the country,
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μ²­λ…„μΈ΅ μ‹€μ—…λ₯ μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
07:33
the highest in the world.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ©΄λ°€νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
If over 70 percent of a country's population
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만일 35μ„Έ 미만 인ꡬ의 70νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ 이상이
07:38
under the age of 35 is unemployed,
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취업을 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
07:42
of course this has a huge impact on the economy
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이것은 ν˜„μž¬ κ²½μ œμ— μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 타격을 μ£Όκ³ 
07:45
today and even more so in the future.
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” 더 μ‹¬κ°ν•˜κ² μ£ .
07:49
Well, our friends at Moody's,
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λ¬΄λ””μŠ€, μŠ€νƒ λ‹€λ“œ μ•€ ν‘Έμ–΄μŠ€,
07:52
Standard & Poor's, and Fitch will tell us
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그리고 ν”ΌμΉ˜μ— μžˆλŠ” μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ΄ 말할 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
we would take this into account as well.
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μžκΈ°λ“€λ„ 그것을 κ³ λ €ν•œλ‹€κ³ μš”.
07:57
But guess what? We do not know
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
07:59
exactly how they will take this into account.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ 그듀이 μ–΄λ–€ 것을을 κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
And this leads me to the third big difference
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그것이 INCRAκ°€ κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ 큰 변화에
08:04
that INCRA would make.
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아이디어λ₯Ό μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
INCRA would not only release its ratings
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INCRAλŠ” 평가 λ‚΄μš©λ§Œ κ³΅κ°œν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:09
but it would also release its indicators
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κ·Έ μ§€ν‘œμ™€
08:12
and methodology.
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방법도 κ³΅κ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
So in contrast to the current system,
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ν˜„μž¬ μ²΄κ³„μ™€λŠ” μ •λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ,
08:16
INCRA would be fully transparent.
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INCRAλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ 투λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
So in a nutshell,
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μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄,
08:21
INCRA would offer an alternative
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INCRAλŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 평가 기관이 μžˆλŠ”
08:24
to the current system of the big three rating agencies
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ν˜„μž¬ 방식에 κ²½μŸμ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”
08:27
by adding a new, nonprofit player to the mix
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ 기관을 μΆœν˜„ μ‹œμΌœ
08:31
that would increase the competition,
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차선책을 μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
it would increase the transparency of the sector,
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그것이 이 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 투λͺ…성을 높이고,
08:36
and it would also increase the quality.
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μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œλ„ ν–₯상 μ‹œν‚¬ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
I can tell that sovereign ratings
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κ΅­κ°€μ‹ μš© 등급이
08:41
may still look to you like this very small piece
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맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡭ제 금육 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:44
of this very complex global financial world,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μž‘μ€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:48
but I tell you it's a very important one,
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μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‚¬ν•­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
and a very important one to fix,
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ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 사항이죠.
08:53
because sovereign ratings affect all of us,
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그것이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
and they should be addressed and should be defined
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 곡곡재라고 λΆˆλ¦¬μ›Œμ§€κ³ 
09:00
as public goods.
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κ·œμ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
And this is why we are testing our model right now,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희가 λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ²€μ¦ν•˜κ³  있고,
09:04
and why we are trying to find out if it can
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유λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  μƒκ°μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ•„μ„œ
09:07
bring together a group of able and willing actors
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INCRA λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„μ‹œν‚€λ €λŠ”
09:10
to bring INCRA to life.
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μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
I truly believe building up INCRA
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INCRAλ₯Ό μ„€λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 것이
09:16
is in everyone's interest,
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
and that we have the unique opportunity right now
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ν˜„μž¬ INCRAλ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘­κ³ , 포괄적인 κΈˆμœ΅μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜
09:22
to turn INCRA into a cornerstone
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μ΄ˆμ„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
09:24
of a new, more inclusive financial system.
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μœ μΌν•œ 기회λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
Because for way too long,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
09:31
we have left the big financial players on their own.
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κ±°λŒ€ 금육 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ§ˆμŒλŒ€λ‘œ ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ‚΄λ²„λ €λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
It's time to give them some company.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•¨κ»˜ ν•  μƒλŒ€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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