Parasitic worms hold back human progress. Here's how we can end them | Ellen Agler

65,030 views ใƒป 2020-02-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shir Ben Asher Kestin ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Uri Ladell
00:12
These are worms.
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ืืœื• ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
00:14
Not the kind of worms you find crawling in the dirt.
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ืœื ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
00:16
These are parasitic roundworms.
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ืืœื• ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
00:18
They live inside a human being's intestines.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:21
Each of these worms can grow up to 12 inches long,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:24
and there are 200 of them in this jar for a reason,
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ื•ื™ืฉ 200 ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
00:26
because that is the number you might typically find
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื
00:28
in the belly of a single infected child.
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื ื’ื•ืข ืื—ื“.
00:31
Worm infections have been around for thousands of years.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:34
They have influenced the outcomes of wars,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
00:36
and they have long stymied human health.
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ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
00:38
Roundworm, hookworm,
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ืชื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืงืจืก,
00:39
whipworm, schistosomiasis:
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ื™ืœื”ืจืฆื™ื”:
00:41
infections from these species cause pain and discomfort.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืื‘ ื•ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
00:44
They steal nutrients and zap energy.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:46
They stunt both physical and cognitive growth.
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ื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
00:49
In most cases, these worms may not be fatal,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช,
00:52
but paradoxically, that's part of the problem.
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:54
It means that many countries
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
00:55
simply have not been able to prioritize their treatment.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
00:58
There's a social cost to that:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื›ืš:
01:00
children without access to deworming treatments
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืœื•ืข
01:02
have lower rates of school attendance.
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ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืžื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
01:04
Adults who grow up without deworming medicine
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืœืœื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืชื™ืœื•ืข
01:06
are less productive and have lower lifelong earnings.
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ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:09
What intestinal worms do, really,
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ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:11
is limit potential.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ.
01:13
Currently, there are 1.7 billion people in the world still at risk for worms.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื 1.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
01:17
Six hundred million of them are in Africa.
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ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:19
For every dollar invested in worm control and prevention,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
01:23
African countries see up to 42 dollars return in economic benefits.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 42 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
01:27
The good news is that deworming treatment is extremely easy.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืœื•ืข ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
01:30
One to three pills given once or twice a year
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:32
is enough to take a child from 200 worms to zero
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ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืž-200 ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืืคืก
01:35
and to protect them from infection going forward.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
01:38
In communities where there's a high prevalence of worms,
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
01:40
treatment can be done right at school.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
01:42
This process is extremely simple and fast.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ.
01:45
In Ethiopia, for example, this is done for 20 million children
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ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
01:48
in a matter of weeks.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:50
The world has come a long way
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“
01:51
on getting deworming medicines to the people who need them,
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ื‘ืœืชืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื™ืœื•ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•.
01:54
and African governments want to gain more traction.
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
01:57
It's now time to match their ambition.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:59
The END Fund will work with governments
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ืงืจืŸ END ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
02:01
to create a plan that drastically reduces the burden of disease caused by worms.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
02:06
Theyโ€™ll work together to ensure prevention and treatment programs
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
02:09
can serve everyone.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
02:10
The END Fund has an audacious idea:
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ืœืงืจืŸ END ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื–:
02:13
they believe we are the generation to end sickness from worm infections forever.
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืŸ.
02:17
The key is not simply to build new programs from scratch,
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:20
but to amplify the efforts of the programs that are already taking shape.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
02:24
By examining the problem of how worms transmit disease,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:27
the END Fund has identified five key areas where they can drive improvement.
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ืงืจืŸ END ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:32
Number one: lower the cost of treatment.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“: ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
02:34
Many pharmaceutical companies offer deworming medicines for free,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืชื™ืœื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
02:37
so the END Fund works with the right partners
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ืื– ืงืจืŸ END ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
02:39
to coordinate their delivery.
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ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื.
02:41
They will continue to secure drug donations
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ื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
02:43
for additional at-risk populations.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:46
They can now do it for less than 25 cents per child per year.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-25 ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืฉื ื”.
02:51
Number two: focus on prevention.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื”.
02:53
The END Fund calls in the right partners to educate communities
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ืงืจืŸ END ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื ืš ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
02:56
on sanitation and hygiene
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”
02:58
in order to change behaviors around things like hand-washing
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
03:01
and latrine use,
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื,
03:02
ensuring people are not continually reinfected.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:04
Number three: invest in innovation.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ: ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
03:07
The END Fund has contributed to deworming
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ืงืจืŸ END ืชืจืžื” ืœืชื™ืœื•ืข
03:09
by introducing innovative techniques that effectively target and treat people.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
03:14
They will test new delivery methods,
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ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:15
target the environments where parasites thrive
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ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื”ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื
03:18
and influence behavior change.
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ื•ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
03:19
Number four: monitor and evaluate.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข: ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.
03:22
The END Fund collects detailed data on all programs on a regular basis
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ืงืจืŸ END ืื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
03:26
to help them get better and better over time.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:29
Number five: increase local ownership.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ: ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
03:31
At all stages of the process,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
03:33
the END Fund works with government and local stakeholders
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ืงืจืŸ END ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:36
to encourage cofinancing commitments that support deworming efforts.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืชื™ืœื•ืข.
03:40
They also worked with African philanthropists
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ื”ื ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
03:42
and corporate leaders to partner on these efforts.
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ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืœื•.
03:45
There's an incredible opportunity to work together to create a new system
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
03:49
for disease elimination for the next decade and beyond.
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ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœืื”.
03:52
Part of the money the END Fund needs
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืงืจืŸ END ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื•
03:54
will go directly toward delivering deworming treatments
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ื™ืœืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืชืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื™ืœื•ืข
03:57
to communities that need it
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื•
03:58
and part will go towards facilitating the handover of programs
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช
04:01
to local ownership.
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ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
04:03
Together, these efforts will create prevention and treatment programs
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ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
04:06
that are sustainable far into the future.
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ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
04:09
If this plan gets fully funded for the next six years,
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ืื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืœืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:12
tens of millions of people will receive deworming treatment.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืœื•ืข.
04:16
With that, countries will be interrupting the cycle of disease transmission
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ื‘ื–ืืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช
04:20
at all levels,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช,
04:21
and most importantly, people will experience significant improvements
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
04:25
in their mental, physical and social health.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:28
Just imagine the potential that will be gained
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ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ
04:31
when people can stop worrying about these
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
04:33
and can put their energy into things like these.
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ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:37
(Students' overlapping voices)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื)
04:39
(Clapping and singing)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื”)
04:42
(Cheering)
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(ืงืจื™ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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