Rory Stewart: Time to end the war in Afghanistan

134,499 views ใƒป 2011-07-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The question today is not:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื”
00:18
Why did we invade Afghanistan?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืคืœืฉื ื• ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
00:20
The question is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
00:22
why are we still in Afghanistan
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
00:25
one decade later?
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื?
00:28
Why are we spending
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื
00:30
$135 billion?
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135 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ?
00:34
Why have we got 130,000 troops on the ground?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 130,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—?
00:38
Why were more people killed
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
00:40
last month
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
00:42
than in any preceding month
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื•
00:44
of this conflict?
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ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื–ื”?
00:46
How has this happened?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
00:48
The last 20 years
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ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:51
has been the age of intervention,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:54
and Afghanistan is simply one act
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ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื”
00:57
in a five-act tragedy.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
00:59
We came out of the end of the Cold War
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ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”
01:02
in despair.
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ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืื•ืฉ.
01:04
We faced Rwanda;
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ื ื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
01:06
we faced Bosnia,
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ื ื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”;
01:08
and then we rediscovered our confidence.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™.
01:11
In the third act, we went into Bosnia and Kosovo
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ืœืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•
01:14
and we seemed to succeed.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•.
01:17
In the fourth act, with our hubris,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•,
01:19
our overconfidence developing,
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ื•ืขื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืจื–,
01:21
we invaded Iraq and Afghanistan,
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ืคืœืฉื ื• ืœืขื™ืจืง ื•ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
01:24
and in the fifth act,
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ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช,
01:26
we plunged into a humiliating mess.
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ืฉืงืขื ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืœ.
01:30
So the question is: What are we doing?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
01:33
Why are we still stuck in Afghanistan?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ?
01:36
And the answer, of course,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:38
that we keep being given
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
01:40
is as follows:
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:
01:42
we're told that we went into Afghanistan
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
01:44
because of 9/11,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”-11.9,
01:46
and that we remain there
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ื•ืฉื ืฉืืจื ื• ืฉื
01:48
because the Taliban poses an existential threat
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™
01:50
to global security.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:52
In the words of President Obama,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื”:
01:55
"If the Taliban take over again,
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"ืื ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:57
they will invite back Al-Qaeda,
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ื”ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”,
01:59
who will try to kill as many of our people
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ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•
02:02
as they possibly can."
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื."
02:05
The story that we're told
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื,
02:07
is that there was a "light footprint" initially --
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ืฉื“ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื”--
02:09
in other words, that we ended up in a situation
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ืงืœืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘
02:11
where we didn't have enough troops,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช,
02:13
we didn't have enough resources,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
02:15
that Afghans were frustrated --
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ืฉื”ืืคื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื.
02:17
they felt there wasn't enough progress
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
02:19
and economic development and security,
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
02:22
and therefore the Taliban came back --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื—ื–ืจื•;
02:24
that we responded in 2005 and 2006
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื ื• ื‘-2005 ื•ื‘-2006
02:27
with troop deployments,
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ื‘ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:29
but we still didn't put enough troops on the ground.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
02:33
And that it wasn't until 2009,
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ื•ืจืง ื‘-2009,
02:36
when President Obama signed off on a surge,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ,
02:39
that we finally had,
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ืจืง ืื– ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•,
02:41
in the words of Secretary Clinton,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:43
"the strategy, the leadership and the resources."
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"ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,"
02:46
So, as the president now reassures us,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช,
02:49
we are on track to achieve our goals.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•.
02:54
All of this is wrong.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™.
02:57
Every one of those statements is wrong.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
03:01
Afghanistan does not
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ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื”
03:03
pose an existential threat
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™
03:05
to global security.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:07
It is extremely unlikely
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ืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:09
the Taliban would ever be able to take over the country --
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ืฉื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”--
03:12
extremely unlikely they'd be able to seize Kabul.
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ืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืœ.
03:14
They simply don't have a conventional military option.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
03:17
And even if they were able to do so, even if I'm wrong,
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ื•ื’ื ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื’ื ืื ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”,
03:20
it's extremely unlikely
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ืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:22
the Taliban would invite back Al-Qaeda.
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ืฉื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”.
03:24
From the Taliban's point of view,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ,
03:26
that was their number one mistake last time.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื”.
03:29
If they hadn't invited back Al-Qaeda,
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ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”,
03:31
they would still be in power today.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:34
And even if I'm wrong about those two things,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:36
even if they were able to take back the country,
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ื’ื ืื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:38
even if they were to invite back Al-Qaeda,
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ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”,
03:41
it's extremely unlikely
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:43
that Al-Qaeda would significantly enhance
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ืฉืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
03:45
its ability to harm the United States
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ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:47
or harm Europe.
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ืื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:50
Because this isn't the 1990s anymore.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื.
03:52
If the Al-Qaeda base
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ืื ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื
03:54
was to be established near Ghazni,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืื–ื ื™,
03:56
we would hit them very hard,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“,
03:58
and it would be very, very difficult
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“
04:00
for the Taliban to protect them.
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ืœื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:02
Furthermore, it's simply not true
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
04:05
that what went wrong in Afghanistan
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
04:07
is the light footprint.
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ื ื‘ืข ืžื“ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื“ื™.
04:09
In my experience, in fact,
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ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
04:11
the light footprint was extremely helpful.
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ื“ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื–ืจื” ืžืื“.
04:15
And these troops that we brought in --
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืฉื--
04:18
it's a great picture of David Beckham
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืื
04:20
there on the sub-machine gun --
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืœืข--
04:22
made the situation worse, not better.
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
04:25
When I walked across Afghanistan
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
04:27
in the winter of 2001-2002,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2002-2001,
04:30
what I saw was scenes like this.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
04:32
A girl, if you're lucky,
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ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืจืช-ืžื–ืœ,
04:34
in the corner of a dark room --
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ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื—ื“ืจ ืืคืœ--
04:36
lucky to be able to look at the Koran.
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ื‘ืจืช-ืžื–ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ.
04:39
But in those early days
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:41
when we're told we didn't have enough troops and enough resources,
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ื›ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
04:43
we made a lot of progress in Afghanistan.
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
04:45
Within a few months,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
04:47
there were two and a half million more girls in school.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
04:50
In Sangin where I was sick in 2002,
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ื‘ืกื ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘-2002,
04:53
the nearest health clinic
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ื”ืžืจืคืื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:55
was within three days walk.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
04:57
Today, there are 14 health clinics
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ 14 ืžืจืคืื•ืช
05:00
in that area alone.
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ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ.
05:02
There was amazing improvements.
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ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
05:04
We went from almost no Afghans
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ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉื•ื ืืคื’ื ื™
05:06
having mobile telephones during the Taliban
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ,
05:08
to a situation where, almost overnight,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื•
05:10
three million Afghans had mobile telephones.
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืคื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
05:14
And we had progress in the free media.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
05:16
We had progress in elections --
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช--
05:18
all of this with the so-called light footprint.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื“ืจื™ืกืช-ืจื’ืœ ืงื˜ื ื”".
05:21
But when we began to bring more money,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
05:24
when we began to invest more resources,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
05:27
things got worse, not better. How?
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?
05:30
Well first see, if you put 125 billion dollars a year
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื 125 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
05:33
into a country like Afghanistan
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ืœืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
05:35
where the entire revenue of the Afghan state
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช
05:38
is one billion dollars a year,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
05:40
you drown everything.
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ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
05:43
It's not simply corruption and waste
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–;
05:45
that you create;
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–;
05:47
you essentially replace the priorities of the Afghan government,
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ืืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™,
05:50
the elected Afghan government,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ,
05:52
with the micromanaging tendencies
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ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“
05:54
of foreigners on short tours
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ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื,
05:57
with their own priorities.
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ืขื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
05:59
And the same is true for the troops.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
06:01
When I walked across Afghanistan,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
06:03
I stayed with people like this.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
06:05
This is Commandant Haji Malem Mohsin Khan of Kamenj.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื—ืื’'ื™ ืžื•ืขืœื ืžื•ื—ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืืŸ ืงืืžื ื’'ื™
06:08
Commandant Haji Malem Mohsin Khan of Kamenj was a great host.
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ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื—ืื’'ื™ ืžื•ืขืœื ืžื•ื—ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืืŸ ืงืืžื ื’'ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืจื— ืœืžื•ืคืช.
06:11
He was very generous,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืžืื“
06:13
like many of the Afghans I stayed with.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืคื’ื ื™ื ืฉืืฆืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื™.
06:15
But he was also considerably more conservative,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™,
06:18
considerably more anti-foreign,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื–ืจื™ื,
06:20
considerably more Islamist
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™
06:22
than we'd like to acknowledge.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช.
06:25
This man, for example, Mullah Mustafa,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืœื ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื”,
06:27
tried to shoot me.
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™.
06:29
And the reason I'm looking a little bit perplexed in this photograph
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”
06:32
is I was somewhat frightened,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืคื•ื—ื“,
06:34
and I was too afraid on this occasion
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
06:36
to ask him, having run for an hour through the desert
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจืฆืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
06:38
and taken refuge in this house,
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•,
06:40
why he had turned up and wanted to have his photograph taken with me.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืฆื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื ืื™ืชื™.
06:44
But 18 months later, I asked him
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•
06:46
why he had tried to shoot me.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™.
06:48
And Mullah Mustafa -- he's the man with the pen and paper --
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ื•ืžื•ืœื ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื-- ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื˜ ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ--
06:50
explained that the man sitting immediately to the left as you look at the photograph,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
06:53
Nadir Shah
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ื ืื“ื™ ืืœ-ืฉืื—,
06:55
had bet him that he couldn't hit me.
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืœื•ืข ื‘ื™.
06:58
Now this is not to say
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
07:00
Afghanistan is a place full of people like Mullah Mustafa.
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ืฉืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœื ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื.
07:03
It's not; it's a wonderful place
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ื”ื™ื ืœื; ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœื,
07:06
full of incredible energy and intelligence.
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ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”.
07:09
But it is a place
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
07:11
where the putting-in of the troops
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ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
07:13
has increased the violence rather than decreased it.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
07:16
2005, Anthony Fitzherbert,
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2005, ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืฅ-ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜,
07:18
an agricultural engineer,
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ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื—ืงืœืื™,
07:20
could travel through Helmand,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืœืžื ื“,
07:22
could stay in Nad Ali, Sangin and Ghoresh,
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ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ืื“ื™ ืขืœื™, ื‘ืกื ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืจืฉ,
07:24
which are now the names of villages where fighting is taking place.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
07:27
Today, he could never do that.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:30
So the idea that we deployed the troops
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืคืจืฉื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
07:32
to respond to the Taliban insurgency
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ
07:34
is mistaken.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™.
07:36
Rather than preceding the insurgency,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช,
07:38
the Taliban followed the troop deployment,
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ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืคืขืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:41
and as far as I'm concerned,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™,
07:43
the troop deployment caused their return.
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ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœื—ื–ืจืชื.
07:46
Now is this a new idea?
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ?
07:48
No, there have been any number of people
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ืœื. ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
07:50
saying this over the last seven years.
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ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•.
07:53
I ran a center at Harvard
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ื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘"ื”ืืจื•ื•ืืจื“"
07:55
from 2008 to 2010,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2008 ืขื“ 2010.
07:57
and there were people like Michael Semple there
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืžืคืœ,
07:59
who speak Afghan languages fluently,
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ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช,
08:01
who've traveled to almost every district in the country.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื”ื™ื.
08:04
Andrew Wilder, for example,
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ืื ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:07
born on the Pakistan-Iranian border,
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื™ืจืŸ-ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
08:10
served his whole life
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ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•
08:12
in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
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ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
08:14
Paul Fishstein who began working there in 1978 --
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ืคื•ืœ ืคื™ืฉืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘-1978--
08:16
worked for Save the Children,
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื",
08:18
ran the Afghan research and evaluation unit.
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ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.
08:22
These are people
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ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื
08:24
who were able to say consistently
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช
08:26
that the increase in development aid
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ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
08:28
was making Afghanistan less secure, not more secure --
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ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš--
08:31
that the counter-insurgency strategy
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ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
08:33
was not working and would not work.
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ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
08:36
And yet, nobody listened to them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื.
08:39
Instead,
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ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช,
08:41
there was a litany of astonishing optimism.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ืช ืžื™ื™ื’ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:43
Beginning in 2004,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2004,
08:46
every general came in saying,
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ื›ืœ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืืžืจ,
08:49
"I've inherited a dismal situation,
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"ื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื“ื›ื,
08:51
but finally I have the right resources and the correct strategy,
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
08:54
which will deliver,"
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ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
08:56
in General Barno's word in 2004,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ืืจื ื• ื‘-2004,
08:58
the "decisive year."
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ื–ื• "ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช".
09:00
Well guess what? It didn't.
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ื•ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
09:02
But it wasn't sufficient to prevent General Abuzaid saying
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืื‘ื•-ื–ื™ื™ื“ ืžืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ
09:05
that he had the strategy and the resources
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
09:07
to deliver, in 2005,
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ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘-2005,
09:09
the "decisive year."
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"ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช".
09:11
Or General David Richards to come in 2006
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ืื• ืžื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืก ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘-2006,
09:14
and say he had the strategy and the resources
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
09:16
to deliver the "crunch year."
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ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืฉื ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื”".
09:18
Or in 2007,
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ืื• ื‘-2007,
09:20
the Norwegian deputy foreign minister, Espen Eide,
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ืžืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™, ืืกืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ื”,
09:23
to say that that would deliver the "decisive year."
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ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” "ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช".
09:26
Or in 2008, Major General Champoux
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ืื• ื‘-2008, ืžื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืืžืคื•
09:28
to come in and say he would deliver the "decisive year."
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ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช "ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช".
09:31
Or in 2009, my great friend,
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ืื• ื‘-2009, ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:33
General Stanley McChrystal,
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ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืžืง'ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ,
09:35
who said that he was "knee-deep in the decisive year."
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ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ "ืฉืงื•ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช".
09:38
Or in 2010,
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ืื• ื‘-2010,
09:40
the U.K. foreign secretary, David Miliband,
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ืžืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื‘ื ื“,
09:43
who said that at last we would deliver the "decisive year."
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ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช "ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช"
09:46
And you'll be delighted to hear in 2011, today,
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ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื‘-2011, ื”ืฉื ื”,
09:49
that Guido Westerwelle, the German foreign minister,
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ื’ื•ืื™ื“ื• ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ืœื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™,
09:52
assures us that we are in the "decisive year."
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘"ืฉื ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื”."
09:57
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
10:03
How do we allow
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื
10:05
any of this to happen?
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ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช?
10:07
Well the answer, of course, is,
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:09
if you spend 125 billion or 130 billion
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ืฉืื ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• 125 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื• 130 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
10:11
dollars a year in a country,
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
10:14
you co-opt almost everybody.
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ืืชื ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
10:16
Even the aid agencies,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข--
10:18
who begin to receive an enormous amount of money
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
10:20
from the U.S. and the European governments
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ืžืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
10:22
to build schools and clinics,
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ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช--
10:24
are somewhat disinclined
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืžื—ื•
10:26
to challenge the idea
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
10:28
that Afghanistan is an existential threat
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ืฉืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™
10:30
to global security.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:32
They're worried, in other words,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
10:34
that if anybody believes that it wasn't such a threat --
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ืฉืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ--
10:36
Oxfam, Save the Children
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"ืื•ืงืกืคื", "ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื"--
10:38
wouldn't get the money
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
10:40
to build their hospitals and schools.
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ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:42
It's also very difficult to confront a general
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื ืจืœื™ื
10:44
with medals on his chest.
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ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช.
10:46
It's very difficult for a politician,
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
10:49
because you're afraid that many lives have been lost in vain.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื‘ื“ื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื.
10:52
You feel deep, deep guilt.
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
10:54
You exaggerate your fears,
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ืื– ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื,
10:57
and you're terrified about the humiliation
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื”
11:00
of defeat.
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ืฉื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกื”.
11:02
What is the solution to this?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”?
11:04
Well the solution to this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื
11:06
is we need to find a way
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
11:08
that people like Michael Semple, or those other people,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืžืคืœ, ืื• ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:11
who are telling the truth, who know the country,
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ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:14
who've spent 30 years on the ground --
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—--
11:16
and most importantly of all,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ,
11:18
the missing component of this --
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”--
11:20
Afghans themselves,
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ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
11:22
who understand what is going on.
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
11:25
We need to somehow get their message
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื”ื
11:28
to the policymakers.
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ืืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:30
And this is very difficult to do
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:32
because of our structures.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:34
The first thing we need to change
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช
11:36
is the structures of our government.
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ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:38
Very, very sadly,
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ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืขืฆื•ื‘
11:40
our foreign services, the United Nations,
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ืฉืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื•"ื,
11:42
the military in these countries
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช -
11:44
have very little idea of what's going on.
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ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืงืœื•ืฉ ืžืื“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
11:46
The average British soldier is on a tour of only six months;
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“;
11:49
Italian soldiers, on tours of four months;
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ - ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื;
11:52
the American military, on tours of 12 months.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
11:55
Diplomats are locked in embassy compounds.
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ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืชื—ืžื™ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:58
When they go out, they travel in these curious armored vehicles
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
12:01
with these somewhat threatening security teams
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ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื-ืžืฉื”ื•
12:04
who ready 24 hours in advance
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ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ
12:06
who say you can only stay on the ground for an hour.
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ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืขื”.
12:08
In the British embassy in Afghanistan
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ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
12:10
in 2008,
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ื‘-2008,
12:12
an embassy of 350 people,
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ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 350 ื ืคืฉ,
12:14
there were only three people who could speak Dari,
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืืจื™,
12:17
the main language of Afghanistan, at a decent level.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืกื‘ืœืช.
12:20
And there was not a single Pashto speaker.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื˜ื• ืื—ื“.
12:23
In the Afghan section in London
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ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
12:26
responsible for governing Afghan policy on the ground,
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
12:29
I was told last year
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
12:31
that there was not a single staff member
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจ-ืกื’ืœ ืื—ื“
12:33
of the foreign office in that section
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ืฉื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ,
12:36
who had ever served
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ืฉืžื™ืœื ืื™-ืคืขื
12:38
on a posting in Afghanistan.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
12:40
So we need to change that institutional culture.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:42
And I could make the same points about the United States
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
12:45
and the United Nations.
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•"ื.
12:47
Secondly, we need to aim off of the optimism of the generals.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื.
12:50
We need to make sure that we're a little bit suspicious,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช,
12:53
that we understand that optimism
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื
12:55
is in the DNA of the military,
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ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื“ื "ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื,
12:57
that we don't respond to it
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื•
12:59
with quite as much alacrity.
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ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•.
13:01
And thirdly, we need to have some humility.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”.
13:04
We need to begin from the position
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื”
13:06
that our knowledge, our power,
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ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื•ื—ื ื•,
13:08
our legitimacy
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ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:10
is limited.
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
13:12
This doesn't mean
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
13:14
that intervention around the world is a disaster.
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืกื•ืŸ.
13:16
It isn't.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
13:18
Bosnia and Kosovo
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ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•
13:20
were signal successes,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
13:22
great successes.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:25
Today when you go to Bosnia
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”
13:27
it is almost impossible to believe
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
13:29
that what we saw in the early 1990s happened.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
13:33
It's almost impossible to believe the progress we've made
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื ื•
13:36
since 1994.
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ืžืื– 1994.
13:39
Refugee return,
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ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
13:41
which the United Nations High Commission for Refugees
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ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื
13:43
thought would be extremely unlikely,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
13:45
has largely happened.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘.
13:47
A million properties have been returned.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:49
Borders between the Bosniak territory
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ืช
13:51
and the Bosnian-Serb territory have calmed down.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ืช-ืกืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืจื’ืขื•.
13:54
The national army has shrunk.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
13:57
The crime rates in Bosnia today
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”
13:59
are lower than they are in Sweden.
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ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
14:03
This has been done
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉื’
14:05
by an incredible, principled effort
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ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
14:08
by the international community,
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ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
14:10
and, of course, above all,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
14:12
by Bosnians themselves.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
14:14
But you need to look at context.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.
14:16
And this is what we've lost in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
14:19
You need to understand that in those places
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
14:21
what really mattered
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
14:23
was, firstly, the role of Tudman and Milosevic
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ื”ื•ื, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืฉื‘ื™ืฅ
14:25
in coming to the agreement,
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ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื”ืกื›ื,
14:27
and then the fact those men went,
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ื•ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืจืฉื•,
14:30
that the regional situation improved,
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ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืคืจ,
14:32
that the European Union could offer Bosnia
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ืฉื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”
14:35
something extraordinary:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
14:37
the chance to be part
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ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ
14:39
of a new thing, a new club,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:41
a chance to join something bigger.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:44
And finally, we need to understand that in Bosnia and Kosovo,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•,
14:47
a lot of the secret of what we did,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื•,
14:49
a lot of the secret of our success,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื•,
14:51
was our humility --
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื•--
14:53
was the tentative nature of our engagement.
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ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•.
14:56
We criticized people a lot in Bosnia
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ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”
14:58
for being quite slow to take on war criminals.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
15:00
We criticized them
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ืžืชื—ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
15:02
for being quite slow to return refugees.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
15:04
But that slowness, that caution,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
15:06
the fact that President Clinton initially said
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
15:09
that American troops would only be deployed for a year,
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืจืง ืœืฉื ื”,
15:11
turned out to be a strength,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช-ื—ื•ื–ืง,
15:13
and it helped us to put our priorities right.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
15:16
One of the saddest things
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆืขืจื™ื
15:18
about our involvement in Afghanistan
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ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
15:20
is that we've got our priorities out of sync.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
15:22
We're not matching our resources to our priorities.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
15:25
Because if what we're interested in is terrorism,
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ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
15:28
Pakistan is far more important than Afghanistan.
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ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
15:31
If what we're interested in is regional stability,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
15:33
Egypt is far more important.
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
15:35
If what we're worried about is poverty and development,
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ืื ื“ืื’ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
15:38
sub-Saharan Africa is far more important.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
15:41
This doesn't mean that Afghanistan doesn't matter,
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
15:44
but that it's one of 40 countries in the world
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืž-40 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
15:46
with which we need to engage.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
15:48
So if I can finish with a metaphor for intervention,
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ืื– ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
15:52
what we need to think of
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
15:55
is something like mountain rescue.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืจืจื™.
15:58
Why mountain rescue?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืจืจื™?
16:00
Because when people talk about intervention,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
16:03
they imagine that some scientific theory --
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ื”ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช--
16:05
the Rand Corporation goes around
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ืชืื’ื™ื“ "ืจืื ื“" ื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื“ืง,
16:07
counting 43 previous insurgencies
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ื•ืžื ื” 43 ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,
16:10
producing mathematical formula
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
16:12
saying you need one trained counter-insurgent
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ืœืคื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ื›ื-ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืžืŸ ืื—ื“
16:14
for every 20 members of the population.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ 20 ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
16:17
This is the wrong way of looking at it.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš;
16:19
You need to look at it in the way that you look at mountain rescue.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืจืจื™.
16:22
When you're doing mountain rescue,
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืจืจื™,
16:24
you don't take a doctorate in mountain rescue,
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ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืจืจื™,
16:27
you look for somebody who knows the terrain.
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ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
16:30
It's about context.
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.
16:32
You understand that you can prepare,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืš ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ,
16:34
but the amount of preparation you can do
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
16:36
is limited --
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
16:38
you can take some water, you can have a map,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืคื”,
16:40
you can have a pack.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ื– ืชืจืžื™ืœ.
16:42
But what really matters
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:44
is two kinds of problems --
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช--
16:46
problems that occur on the mountain
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื•
16:48
which you couldn't anticipate,
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ื•ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช,
16:50
such as, for example, ice on a slope,
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ื›ืžื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงืจื— ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
16:53
but which you can get around,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ,
16:55
and problems which you couldn't anticipate
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช
16:58
and which you can't get around,
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ื•ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ,
17:00
like a sudden blizzard or an avalanche
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ืžืคื•ืœืช-ืฉืœื’
17:02
or a change in the weather.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
17:04
And the key to this
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ื•ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืš
17:06
is a guide who has been on that mountain,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจ,
17:09
in every temperature,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื–ื’-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
17:11
at every period --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื”--
17:13
a guide who, above all,
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ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš, ืฉืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ,
17:15
knows when to turn back,
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
17:17
who doesn't press on relentlessly
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
17:19
when conditions turn against them.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืจืขืชืš.
17:21
What we look for
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
17:23
in firemen, in climbers, in policemen,
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ืืฆืœ ื›ื‘ืื™ื, ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื,
17:26
and what we should look for in intervention,
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ื•ืฉืื•ืชื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
17:28
is intelligent risk takers --
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™-ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื--
17:30
not people who plunge blind off a cliff,
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ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ืง,
17:33
not people who jump into a burning room,
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ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืขืจ,
17:36
but who weigh their risks,
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ืืœื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
17:38
weigh their responsibilities.
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ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
17:40
Because the worst thing we have done in Afghanistan
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ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
17:43
is this idea
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
17:45
that failure is not an option.
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ืฉื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช.
17:48
It makes failure invisible,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
17:51
inconceivable and inevitable.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข.
17:54
And if we can resist
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘
17:56
this crazy slogan,
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื”ื–ืืช,
17:58
we shall discover --
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ืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช--
18:00
in Egypt, in Syria, in Libya,
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืœื•ื‘,
18:02
and anywhere else we go in the world --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืข--
18:05
that if we can often do much less than we pretend,
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ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
18:08
we can do much more than we fear.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
18:12
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:14
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:16
Thank you. Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:19
Thank you. Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:22
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:26
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:34
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:36
Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:40
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:42
Bruno Giussani: Rory, you mentioned Libya at the end.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืจื•ืจื™, ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืœื•ื‘.
18:45
Just briefly, what's your take on the current events there
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื™ื•ื
18:48
and the intervention?
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช?
18:50
Rory Stewart: Okay, I think Libya poses the classic problem.
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ืจื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜: ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
18:53
The problem in Libya
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื‘
18:55
is that we are always pushing for the black or white.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
18:57
We imagine there are only two choices:
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ืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช:
18:59
either full engagement and troop deployment
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
19:02
or total isolation.
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
19:04
And we are always being tempted up to our neck.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืขื“ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
19:07
We put our toes in and we go up to our neck.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืขื“ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
19:09
What we should have done in Libya
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื‘
19:11
is we should have stuck to the U.N. resolution.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื.
19:13
We should have limited ourselves very, very strictly
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
19:16
to the protection of the civilian population in Benghazi.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืื–ื™.
19:19
We could have done that.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช.
19:21
We set up a no-fly zone within 48 hours
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืกื’ืจื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืœื-ื˜ื™ืก,
19:24
because Gaddafi had no planes
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ื›ื™ ืœืงื“ืืคื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื
19:26
within 48 hours.
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ืื—ืจื™ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช.
19:28
Instead of which, we've allowed ourselves to be tempted
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ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช
19:31
towards regime change.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
19:33
In doing so, we've destroyed our credibility with the Security Council,
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ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
19:37
which means it's very difficult
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“
19:39
to get a resolution on Syria,
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
19:41
and we're setting ourselves up again for failure.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
19:44
Once more, humility,
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ืฉื•ื‘: ืขื ื•ื•ื”,
19:46
limits, honesty,
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื ื•ืช,
19:48
realistic expectations
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ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
19:50
and we could have achieved something to be proud of.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื’ืื™ื ื‘ื•.
19:52
BG: Rory, thank you very much.
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ื‘"ื’: ืจื•ืจื™, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
19:54
RS: Thank you. (BG: Thank you.)
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ืจ"ืก: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. (ื‘"ื’: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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