Chrystia Freeland: The rise of the new global super-rich

446,188 views ใƒป 2013-09-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So here's the most important economic fact of our time.
0
12629
5288
ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
00:17
We are living in an age of surging income inequality,
1
17917
4030
ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช.
00:21
particularly between those at the very top
2
21947
2925
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื
00:24
and everyone else.
3
24872
1836
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ.
00:26
This shift is the most striking in the U.S. and in the U.K.,
4
26708
4022
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ,
00:30
but it's a global phenomenon.
5
30730
2198
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
00:32
It's happening in communist China,
6
32928
2323
ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
00:35
in formerly communist Russia,
7
35251
1723
ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
00:36
it's happening in India, in my own native Canada.
8
36974
3294
ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™,
00:40
We're even seeing it in cozy social democracies
9
40268
2967
ืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช
00:43
like Sweden, Finland and Germany.
10
43235
3625
ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
00:46
Let me give you a few numbers to place what's happening.
11
46860
3911
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
00:50
In the 1970s, the One Percent
12
50771
2709
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“
00:53
accounted for about 10 percent of the national income
13
53480
4277
ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœ-10% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
00:57
in the United States.
14
57757
1764
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:59
Today, their share has more than doubled
15
59521
3309
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ
01:02
to above 20 percent.
16
62830
2439
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 20%.
01:05
But what's even more striking
17
65269
2100
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜
01:07
is what's happening at the very tippy top
18
67369
2686
ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
01:10
of the income distribution.
19
70055
2242
ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช.
01:12
The 0.1 percent in the U.S.
20
72297
3004
ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
01:15
today account for more than eight percent
21
75301
3229
ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-8%
01:18
of the national income.
22
78530
1890
ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
01:20
They are where the One Percent was 30 years ago.
23
80420
4493
ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”.
01:24
Let me give you another number to put that in perspective,
24
84913
2768
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”,
01:27
and this is a figure that was calculated in 2005
25
87681
3518
ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘-2005
01:31
by Robert Reich,
26
91199
1459
ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ืš,
01:32
the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration.
27
92658
2739
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:35
Reich took the wealth of two admittedly very rich men,
28
95397
5304
ืจื™ื™ืš ืœืงื— ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ,
01:40
Bill Gates and Warren Buffett,
29
100701
2720
ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื•-ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜,
01:43
and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth
30
103421
2949
ื•ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขื•ืฉืจ
01:46
of the bottom 40 percent of the U.S. population,
31
106370
4753
ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:51
120 million people.
32
111123
2842
ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ.
01:53
Now, as it happens,
33
113965
2364
ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ,
01:56
Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat,
34
116329
2804
ื•-ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืื™ืœ-ื”ื•ืŸ,
01:59
he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon,
35
119133
3727
ืืœื ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•.
02:02
and he has his own favorite number.
36
122860
3302
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•.
02:06
Buffett likes to point out that in 1992,
37
126162
3943
ื‘ืืคื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1992,
02:10
the combined wealth of the people
38
130105
2162
ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
02:12
on the Forbes 400 list --
39
132267
2329
ืฉื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”-400 ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก" --
02:14
and this is the list of the 400 richest Americans --
40
134596
3397
ื•ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช 400 ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
02:17
was 300 billion dollars.
41
137993
2772
ื”ืกืชื›ื ื‘-300 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:20
Just think about it.
42
140765
1201
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
02:21
You didn't even need to be a billionaire
43
141966
2027
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ
02:23
to get on that list in 1992.
44
143993
2973
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘-1992.
02:26
Well, today, that figure has more than quintupled
45
146966
4013
ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ื—ืžืฉ
02:30
to 1.7 trillion,
46
150979
2886
ืœ-1.7 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
02:33
and I probably don't need to tell you
47
153865
2178
ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
02:36
that we haven't seen anything similar happen
48
156043
2461
ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš
02:38
to the middle class,
49
158504
1385
ืงืจื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
02:39
whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased.
50
159889
4701
ืฉืขื•ืฉืจื• ืงืคื ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื•, ืื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
02:44
So we're living in the age of the global plutocracy,
51
164590
4060
ืื– ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
02:48
but we've been slow to notice it.
52
168650
2041
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื—ืจื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš.
02:50
One of the reasons, I think,
53
170691
1683
ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
02:52
is a sort of boiled frog phenomenon.
54
172374
2978
ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœืช.
02:55
Changes which are slow and gradual
55
175352
2563
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื™ื
02:57
can be hard to notice
56
177915
1540
ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™
02:59
even if their ultimate impact is quite dramatic.
57
179455
2904
ื’ื ืื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
03:02
Think about what happened, after all, to the poor frog.
58
182359
3232
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ืžืกื›ื ื”.
03:05
But I think there's something else going on.
59
185591
2815
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:08
Talking about income inequality,
60
188406
2110
ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
03:10
even if you're not on the Forbes 400 list,
61
190516
2531
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”-400 ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก",
03:13
can make us feel uncomfortable.
62
193047
2141
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
03:15
It feels less positive, less optimistic,
63
195188
3445
ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช,
03:18
to talk about how the pie is sliced
64
198633
2529
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื”
03:21
than to think about how to make the pie bigger.
65
201162
3052
ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื”.
03:24
And if you do happen to be on the Forbes 400 list,
66
204214
2728
ื•ืื ืืชื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”-400 ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก",
03:26
talking about income distribution,
67
206942
2798
ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
03:29
and inevitably its cousin, income redistribution,
68
209740
3687
ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
03:33
can be downright threatening.
69
213427
2540
ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:35
So we're living in the age of surging income inequality,
70
215967
4276
ืื– ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
03:40
especially at the top.
71
220243
2113
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืžืจืช.
03:42
What's driving it, and what can we do about it?
72
222356
3588
ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข?
03:45
One set of causes is political:
73
225944
3666
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช:
03:49
lower taxes, deregulation, particularly of financial services,
74
229610
5595
ืžืกื™ื ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื,
03:55
privatization, weaker legal protections for trade unions,
75
235205
5130
ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
04:00
all of these have contributed
76
240335
2440
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืชืจืžื•
04:02
to more and more income going to the very, very top.
77
242775
4117
ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžืจืช.
04:06
A lot of these political factors can be broadly lumped
78
246892
3423
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:10
under the category of "crony capitalism,"
79
250315
3329
ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” "ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”":
04:13
political changes that benefit a group
80
253644
2177
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
04:15
of well-connected insiders
81
255821
2162
ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™-ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
04:17
but don't actually do much good for the rest of us.
82
257983
3538
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ.
04:21
In practice, getting rid of crony capitalism
83
261521
3389
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”
04:24
is incredibly difficult.
84
264910
2041
ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
04:26
Think of all the years reformers of various stripes
85
266951
3493
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ื
04:30
have tried to get rid of corruption in Russia, for instance,
86
270444
3394
ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:33
or how hard it is to re-regulate the banks
87
273838
3029
ืื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื
04:36
even after the most profound financial crisis
88
276867
3157
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:40
since the Great Depression,
89
280024
1622
ืžืื– ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:41
or even how difficult it is to get the big multinational companies,
90
281646
4596
ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
04:46
including those whose motto might be "don't do evil,"
91
286242
4011
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉื“ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘"ืœื ืชืขื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืจืข",
04:50
to pay taxes at a rate even approaching that
92
290253
2774
ืœืฉืœื ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืงืจื‘
04:53
paid by the middle class.
93
293027
2108
ืœืžื” ืฉืžืฉืœื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
04:55
But while getting rid of crony capitalism in practice
94
295135
3036
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืกืงืช "ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”" ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:58
is really, really hard,
95
298171
1996
ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื“,
05:00
at least intellectually, it's an easy problem.
96
300167
3468
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”.
05:03
After all, no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism.
97
303635
5649
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื“ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”.
05:09
Indeed, this is one of those rare issues
98
309284
2647
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
05:11
that unites the left and the right.
99
311931
3235
ืฉืžืื—ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
05:15
A critique of crony capitalism is as central
100
315166
2820
ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
05:17
to the Tea Party as it is to Occupy Wall Street.
101
317986
4297
ื’ื ืืฆืœ "ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื”" ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ "ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜".
05:22
But if crony capitalism is, intellectually at least,
102
322283
4338
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
05:26
the easy part of the problem,
103
326621
2035
ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
05:28
things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers
104
328656
3275
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืชื‘ื›ื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
05:31
of surging income inequality.
105
331931
2753
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช.
05:34
In and of themselves, these aren't too mysterious.
106
334684
3739
ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:38
Globalization and the technology revolution,
107
338423
3047
ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:41
the twin economic transformations
108
341470
2540
ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
05:44
which are changing our lives
109
344010
1698
ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
05:45
and transforming the global economy,
110
345708
2097
ื•ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
05:47
are also powering the rise of the super-rich.
111
347805
3467
ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™-ื”ืขืœ.
05:51
Just think about it.
112
351272
1580
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
05:52
For the first time in history,
113
352852
1988
ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
05:54
if you are an energetic entrepreneur
114
354840
2739
ืื ืืชื” ื™ื–ื ื ืžืจืฅ
05:57
with a brilliant new idea
115
357579
1699
ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
05:59
or a fantastic new product,
116
359278
2415
ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:01
you have almost instant, almost frictionless access
117
361693
3679
ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืœืช-ืžืืžืฅ,
06:05
to a global market of more than a billion people.
118
365372
3980
ืœืฉื•ืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
06:09
As a result, if you are very, very smart
119
369352
3834
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ืืชื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื—ื›ื
06:13
and very, very lucky,
120
373186
1795
ื•ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ,
06:14
you can get very, very rich
121
374981
2851
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ
06:17
very, very quickly.
122
377832
2530
ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžื”ืจ.
06:20
The latest poster boy for this phenomenon
123
380362
2842
ื ืขืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•
06:23
is David Karp.
124
383204
1980
ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืงืืจืค.
06:25
The 26-year-old founder of Tumblr
125
385184
2855
ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”-26 ืฉืœ "ื˜ืžื‘ืœืจ"
06:28
recently sold his company to Yahoo
126
388039
2782
ืฉืžื›ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืœ"ื™ืื”ื•!"
06:30
for 1.1 billion dollars.
127
390821
3033
ืชืžื•ืจืช 1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:33
Think about that for a minute:
128
393854
1538
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืจื’ืข:
06:35
1.1 billion dollars, 26 years old.
129
395392
4414
1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ 26.
06:39
It's easiest to see how the technology revolution
130
399806
3447
ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
06:43
and globalization are creating this sort of superstar effect
131
403253
3621
ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื–ื”
06:46
in highly visible fields,
132
406874
1943
ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื“ ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ,
06:48
like sports and entertainment.
133
408817
2303
ื›ืžื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
06:51
We can all watch how a fantastic athlete
134
411120
3375
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื
06:54
or a fantastic performer can today leverage his or her skills
135
414495
4344
ืื• ืืžื ื™-ื‘ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื• ืฉืœื”
06:58
across the global economy as never before.
136
418839
3668
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืกืจ-ืชืงื“ื™ื.
07:02
But today, that superstar effect
137
422507
2080
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืคืงื˜ ื”"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื–ื”
07:04
is happening across the entire economy.
138
424587
2982
ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
07:07
We have superstar technologists.
139
427569
2177
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:09
We have superstar bankers.
140
429746
1721
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช.
07:11
We have superstar lawyers and superstar architects.
141
431467
3336
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
07:14
There are superstar cooks
142
434803
1429
ื™ืฉื ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
07:16
and superstar farmers.
143
436232
1512
ื•ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
07:17
There are even, and this is my personal favorite example,
144
437744
2783
ื™ืฉื ื ืืคื™ืœื• - ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ -
07:20
superstar dentists,
145
440527
1991
ืจื•ืคืื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
07:22
the most dazzling exemplar of whom
146
442518
2104
ืฉื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื ืงืจ-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:24
is Bernard Touati, the Frenchman who ministers
147
444622
3362
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื˜ื•ืื˜ื™, ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืžื˜ืคืœ
07:27
to the smiles of fellow superstars
148
447984
2319
ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืขืœ,
07:30
like Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich
149
450303
2681
ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจืš ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'
07:32
or European-born American fashion designer
150
452984
2861
ืื• ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ืช-ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
07:35
Diane von Furstenberg.
151
455845
2045
ื“ื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ-ืคื™ืจืกื˜ื ื‘ืจื’.
07:37
But while it's pretty easy to see how globalization
152
457890
3083
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
07:40
and the technology revolution
153
460973
1912
ื•ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:42
are creating this global plutocracy,
154
462885
2471
ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
07:45
what's a lot harder is figuring out what to think about it.
155
465356
4167
ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:49
And that's because,
156
469523
1526
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื,
07:51
in contrast with crony capitalism,
157
471049
2377
ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”,
07:53
so much of what globalization and the technology revolution
158
473426
3910
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:57
have done is highly positive.
159
477336
2363
ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:59
Let's start with technology.
160
479699
1735
ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:01
I love the Internet. I love my mobile devices.
161
481434
3610
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
08:05
I love the fact that they mean that
162
485044
1834
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื
08:06
whoever chooses to will be able to watch this talk
163
486878
3686
ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•
08:10
far beyond this auditorium.
164
490564
2047
ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
08:12
I'm even more of a fan of globalization.
165
492611
3109
ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
08:15
This is the transformation
166
495720
1987
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
08:17
which has lifted hundreds of millions
167
497707
2424
ืฉื—ื™ืœืฅ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
08:20
of the world's poorest people out of poverty
168
500131
3049
ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ื ื™
08:23
and into the middle class,
169
503180
1442
ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
08:24
and if you happen to live in the rich part of the world,
170
504622
3042
ื•ืื ืืชื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:27
it's made many new products affordable --
171
507664
3507
ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
08:31
who do you think built your iPhone? โ€”
172
511171
2526
ืžื™ ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”"ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ" ืฉืœื›ื? --
08:33
and things that we've relied on for a long time much cheaper.
173
513697
3822
ื•ื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘:
08:37
Think of your dishwasher or your t-shirt.
174
517519
2624
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ืฉืœื›ื.
08:40
So what's not to like?
175
520143
2536
ืžื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”?
08:42
Well, a few things.
176
522679
1892
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:44
One of the things that worries me
177
524571
2104
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื™
08:46
is how easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy
178
526675
4163
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืงืœื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชื›ื ื• "ื”ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื"
08:50
can become crony plutocracy.
179
530838
2696
ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”.
08:53
Imagine you're a brilliant entrepreneur
180
533534
2659
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื–ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
08:56
who has successfully sold that idea or that product
181
536193
3377
ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ
08:59
to the global billions
182
539570
1379
ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
09:00
and become a billionaire in the process.
183
540949
2566
ื•ื”ืคืš ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ.
09:03
It gets tempting at that point
184
543515
2369
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžืคืชื”
09:05
to use your economic nous
185
545884
2975
ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื›ื
09:08
to manipulate the rules of the global political economy
186
548859
4272
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
09:13
in your own favor.
187
553131
2086
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื.
09:15
And that's no mere hypothetical example.
188
555217
2749
ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืกืชื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช.
09:17
Think about Amazon, Apple, Google, Starbucks.
189
557966
4429
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ "ืืžื–ื•ืŸ", "ืืคืœ", "ื’ื•ื’ืœ", "ืกื˜ืืจื‘ืืงืก".
09:22
These are among the world's most admired,
190
562395
2104
ืืœื” ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืขืจืฆื•ืช,
09:24
most beloved, most innovative companies.
191
564499
2546
ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:27
They also happen to be particularly adept
192
567045
2924
ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
09:29
at working the international tax system
193
569969
2238
ื‘ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
09:32
so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly.
194
572207
4558
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:36
And why stop at just playing the global political
195
576765
4315
ื•ืœืžื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
09:41
and economic system as it exists
196
581080
2088
ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช
09:43
to your own maximum advantage?
197
583168
2145
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
09:45
Once you have the tremendous economic power
198
585313
4317
ืžืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”
09:49
that we're seeing at the very, very top of the income distribution
199
589630
3073
ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช
09:52
and the political power that inevitably entails,
200
592703
3250
ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข,
09:55
it becomes tempting as well
201
595953
2513
ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืžืคืชื”
09:58
to start trying to change the rules of the game
202
598466
3588
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
10:02
in your own favor.
203
602054
2102
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื.
10:04
Again, this is no mere hypothetical.
204
604156
2734
ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืชื ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื”.
10:06
It's what the Russian oligarchs did
205
606890
1935
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื
10:08
in creating the sale-of-the-century privatization
206
608825
3262
ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืื”"
10:12
of Russia's natural resources.
207
612087
1970
ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
10:14
It's one way of describing what happened
208
614057
1774
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืชืืจ ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
10:15
with deregulation of the financial services
209
615831
2035
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
10:17
in the U.S. and the U.K.
210
617866
2235
ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
10:20
A second thing that worries me
211
620101
1926
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™
10:22
is how easily meritocratic plutocracy
212
622027
2731
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืงืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื
10:24
can become aristocracy.
213
624758
2746
ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”.
10:27
One way of describing the plutocrats
214
627504
2075
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ื‘ื” ืืช ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ,
10:29
is as alpha geeks,
215
629579
1807
ื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื ื•ื ื™-ืืœืคื,
10:31
and they are people who are acutely aware
216
631386
2514
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื”
10:33
of how important highly sophisticated
217
633900
2408
ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:36
analytical and quantitative skills are in today's economy.
218
636308
4182
ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
10:40
That's why they are spending
219
640490
2419
ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
10:42
unprecedented time and resources
220
642909
2777
ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืชืงื“ื™ื
10:45
educating their own children.
221
645686
1897
ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
10:47
The middle class is spending more on schooling too,
222
647583
3267
ื’ื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”,
10:50
but in the global educational arms race
223
650850
2361
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
10:53
that starts at nursery school
224
653211
1784
ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
10:54
and ends at Harvard, Stanford or MIT,
225
654995
3738
ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก,
10:58
the 99 percent is increasingly outgunned
226
658733
3478
99 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:02
by the One Percent.
227
662211
1539
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
11:03
The result is something that economists Alan Krueger
228
663750
2706
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืืœืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ
11:06
and Miles Corak call the Great Gatsby Curve.
229
666456
3705
ื•ืžื™ื™ืœืก ืงื•ืจืืง ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืขืงื•ืžืช ื’ื˜ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
11:10
As income inequality increases,
230
670161
2803
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
11:12
social mobility decreases.
231
672964
2773
ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช.
11:15
The plutocracy may be a meritocracy,
232
675737
2758
ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
11:18
but increasingly you have to be born
233
678495
2216
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“
11:20
on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race.
234
680711
4884
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ.
11:25
The third thing, and this is what worries me the most,
235
685595
3024
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™,
11:28
is the extent to which those same largely positive forces
236
688619
4351
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
11:32
which are driving the rise of the global plutocracy
237
692970
3190
ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื
11:36
also happen to be hollowing out the middle class
238
696160
3432
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืคืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™
11:39
in Western industrialized economies.
239
699592
2954
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
11:42
Let's start with technology.
240
702546
2087
ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:44
Those same forces that are creating billionaires
241
704633
3073
ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื
11:47
are also devouring many traditional middle-class jobs.
242
707706
4023
ืžื—ืกืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
11:51
When's the last time you used a travel agent?
243
711729
2939
ืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืขื–ืจืชื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื™-ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช?
11:54
And in contrast with the industrial revolution,
244
714668
3081
ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
11:57
the titans of our new economy
245
717749
2156
ืขื ืงื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:59
aren't creating that many new jobs.
246
719905
2802
ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
12:02
At its zenith, G.M. employed hundreds of thousands,
247
722707
3819
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”, "ื’'ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก" ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื,
12:06
Facebook fewer than 10,000.
248
726526
3023
ื•ืื™ืœื• "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" - ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื.
12:09
The same is true of globalization.
249
729549
2670
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
12:12
For all that it is raising hundreds of millions of people
250
732219
3243
ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืœืฅ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
12:15
out of poverty in the emerging markets,
251
735462
2340
ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื,
12:17
it's also outsourcing a lot of jobs
252
737802
2866
ื’ื ืขืฉื” ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
12:20
from the developed Western economies.
253
740668
2301
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
12:22
The terrifying reality is
254
742969
2767
ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื,
12:25
that there is no economic rule
255
745736
2257
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
12:27
which automatically translates
256
747993
2937
ืฉืžืชืจื’ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
12:30
increased economic growth
257
750930
1703
ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช
12:32
into widely shared prosperity.
258
752633
2310
ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’.
12:34
That's shown in what I consider to be
259
754943
2674
ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™
12:37
the most scary economic statistic of our time.
260
757617
3683
ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•:
12:41
Since the late 1990s, increases in productivity
261
761300
4058
ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
12:45
have been decoupled from increases
262
765358
2662
ื”ืชื ืชืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช
12:48
in wages and employment.
263
768036
1934
ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
12:49
That means that our countries are getting richer,
264
769970
2944
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฉืจื•ืช,
12:52
our companies are getting more efficient,
265
772914
2624
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช,
12:55
but we're not creating more jobs
266
775538
1941
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:57
and we're not paying people, as a whole, more.
267
777479
3871
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
13:01
One scary conclusion you could draw from all of this
268
781350
4209
ืžืกืงื ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”
13:05
is to worry about structural unemployment.
269
785559
3711
ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™.
13:09
What worries me more is a different nightmare scenario.
270
789270
3787
ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
13:13
After all, in a totally free labor market,
271
793057
2592
ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
13:15
we could find jobs for pretty much everyone.
272
795649
3202
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
13:18
The dystopia that worries me
273
798851
2028
ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืžื›ืœ ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™
13:20
is a universe in which a few geniuses
274
800879
3646
ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
13:24
invent Google and its ilk
275
804525
2080
ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช "ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ืŸ,
13:26
and the rest of us are employed giving them massages.
276
806605
5195
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:31
So when I get really depressed about all of this,
277
811800
2633
ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
13:34
I comfort myself in thinking about the Industrial Revolution.
278
814433
3829
ืื ื™ ืžืชื ื—ืžืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
13:38
After all, for all its grim, satanic mills,
279
818262
3895
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
13:42
it worked out pretty well, didn't it?
280
822157
2500
ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:44
After all, all of us here are richer, healthier, taller --
281
824657
7023
ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ --
13:51
well, there are a few exceptions โ€”
282
831680
2026
ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื --
13:53
and live longer than our ancestors in the early 19th century.
283
833706
4991
ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
13:58
But it's important to remember
284
838697
2584
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
14:01
that before we learned how to share the fruits
285
841281
2822
ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช
14:04
of the Industrial Revolution
286
844103
1679
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
14:05
with the broad swathes of society,
287
845782
2563
ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
14:08
we had to go through two depressions,
288
848345
3395
ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืคืœ,
14:11
the Great Depression of the 1930s,
289
851740
1859
ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
14:13
the Long Depression of the 1870s,
290
853599
2854
ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
14:16
two world wars, communist revolutions
291
856453
3167
ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
14:19
in Russia and in China,
292
859620
2079
ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
14:21
and an era of tremendous social
293
861699
2325
ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคืš ื›ื‘ื™ืจ
14:24
and political upheaval in the West.
294
864024
2756
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
14:26
We also, not coincidentally,
295
866780
2720
ื•ื’ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”,
14:29
went through an era of tremendous
296
869500
2538
ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
14:32
social and political inventions.
297
872038
2579
ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
14:34
We created the modern welfare state.
298
874617
2344
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
14:36
We created public education.
299
876961
1742
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
14:38
We created public health care.
300
878703
1704
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
14:40
We created public pensions.
301
880407
1775
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
14:42
We created unions.
302
882182
2025
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื.
14:44
Today, we are living through an era
303
884207
2516
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ
14:46
of economic transformation
304
886723
1961
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
14:48
comparable in its scale and its scope
305
888684
3306
ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื•
14:51
to the Industrial Revolution.
306
891990
2268
ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
14:54
To be sure that this new economy benefits us all
307
894258
3191
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืชืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
14:57
and not just the plutocrats,
308
897449
2118
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ,
14:59
we need to embark on an era
309
899567
1664
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ
15:01
of comparably ambitious social and political change.
310
901231
3919
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
15:05
We need a new New Deal.
311
905150
2658
ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœ"ื ื™ื•-ื“ื™ืœ" ื—ื“ืฉ.
15:07
(Applause)
312
907808
4000
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7