Chrystia Freeland: The rise of the new global super-rich

442,321 views ใƒป 2013-09-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:12
So here's the most important economic fact of our time.
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
We are living in an age of surging income inequality,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
particularly between those at the very top
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:24
and everyone else.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:26
This shift is the most striking in the U.S. and in the U.K.,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
00:30
but it's a global phenomenon.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
It's happening in communist China,
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๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:35
in formerly communist Russia,
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์˜€๋˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:36
it's happening in India, in my own native Canada.
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์ธ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ธ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
We're even seeing it in cozy social democracies
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•ˆ๋ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ
00:43
like Sweden, Finland and Germany.
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์Šค์›จ๋ด, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:46
Let me give you a few numbers to place what's happening.
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์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
In the 1970s, the One Percent
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1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 1%๊ฐ€
00:53
accounted for about 10 percent of the national income
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋“์˜ 10%๋ฅผ
00:57
in the United States.
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์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Today, their share has more than doubled
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชซ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ
01:02
to above 20 percent.
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20%๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
But what's even more striking
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:07
is what's happening at the very tippy top
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๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์—์„œ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ์ƒ์ธต์˜
01:10
of the income distribution.
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
The 0.1 percent in the U.S.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 0.1 %๊ฐ€
01:15
today account for more than eight percent
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋“์˜ 8% ์ด์ƒ์„
01:18
of the national income.
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์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
They are where the One Percent was 30 years ago.
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30๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 1%๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ์–‘์ด์—์š”.
01:24
Let me give you another number to put that in perspective,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์–˜๊ธด์ง€ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
01:27
and this is a figure that was calculated in 2005
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2005๋…„ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด๋˜
01:31
by Robert Reich,
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๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ผ์ด(Rober Reich) ๊ฐ€
01:32
the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration.
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๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Reich took the wealth of two admittedly very rich men,
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๋ผ์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์žฌ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Bill Gates and Warren Buffett,
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๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์›Œ๋ Œ ๋ฒ„ํ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
01:46
of the bottom 40 percent of the U.S. population,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํ•˜์œ„ 40%์ธ 1์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€์™€
01:51
120 million people.
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Now, as it happens,
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์šฐ์—ฐ์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ๋„
01:56
Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat,
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์›Œ๋ Œ ๋ฒ„ํ•์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:59
he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon,
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๋ถ€ํ˜ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
and he has his own favorite number.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
Buffett likes to point out that in 1992,
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๋ฒ„ํ•์€ 1992๋…„
02:10
the combined wealth of the people
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ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค 400 ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ
02:12
on the Forbes 400 list --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:14
and this is the list of the 400 richest Americans --
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-- ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ 400๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด์ฃ --
02:17
was 300 billion dollars.
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3,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Just think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:21
You didn't even need to be a billionaire
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1992๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด
02:23
to get on that list in 1992.
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์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Well, today, that figure has more than quintupled
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ 400๋ช…์˜ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด
02:30
to 1.7 trillion,
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1.7์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:33
and I probably don't need to tell you
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๊ตณ์ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:36
that we haven't seen anything similar happen
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
02:38
to the middle class,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased.
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
So we're living in the age of the global plutocracy,
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
but we've been slow to notice it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ฃ .
02:50
One of the reasons, I think,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
02:52
is a sort of boiled frog phenomenon.
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์‚ถ์•„์ง„ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ (๋น„์ „์ƒ์‹ค์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ) ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Changes which are slow and gradual
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๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
02:57
can be hard to notice
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์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
even if their ultimate impact is quite dramatic.
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๊ทธ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ทน์ ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„์š”.
03:02
Think about what happened, after all, to the poor frog.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์—พ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:05
But I think there's something else going on.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Talking about income inequality,
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:10
even if you're not on the Forbes 400 list,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค 400 ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
03:13
can make us feel uncomfortable.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
It feels less positive, less optimistic,
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ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
03:18
to talk about how the pie is sliced
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ํŒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
03:21
than to think about how to make the pie bigger.
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๋œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ฃ .
03:24
And if you do happen to be on the Forbes 400 list,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํฌ์Šค๋ธŒ 400 ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:26
talking about income distribution,
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ
03:29
and inevitably its cousin, income redistribution,
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ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๊ฒฉ์ธ ์†Œ๋“ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:33
can be downright threatening.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
So we're living in the age of surging income inequality,
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
especially at the top.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋“์ธต์—์„œ์š”.
03:42
What's driving it, and what can we do about it?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:45
One set of causes is political:
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๊ทธ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
lower taxes, deregulation, particularly of financial services,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ,
03:55
privatization, weaker legal protections for trade unions,
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๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”, ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์•ฝํ™”,
04:00
all of these have contributed
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:02
to more and more income going to the very, very top.
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
A lot of these political factors can be broadly lumped
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„
04:10
under the category of "crony capitalism,"
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ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์•„ "์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
political changes that benefit a group
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์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
04:15
of well-connected insiders
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์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ค„์ด ๋‹ฟ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋“์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
04:17
but don't actually do much good for the rest of us.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋“์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ฃ .
04:21
In practice, getting rid of crony capitalism
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ์ค„ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:24
is incredibly difficult.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ํž˜์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Think of all the years reformers of various stripes
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ ค๊ณ 
04:30
have tried to get rid of corruption in Russia, for instance,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:33
or how hard it is to re-regulate the banks
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
04:36
even after the most profound financial crisis
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:40
since the Great Depression,
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์€ํ–‰๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:41
or even how difficult it is to get the big multinational companies,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค,
04:46
including those whose motto might be "don't do evil,"
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๊ฐœ์ค‘ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ช…์ด "๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž" ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ,
04:50
to pay taxes at a rate even approaching that
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์˜
04:53
paid by the middle class.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋ผ๋„ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
But while getting rid of crony capitalism in practice
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์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—†์• ๋Š” ์ผ์€
04:58
is really, really hard,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
05:00
at least intellectually, it's an easy problem.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
After all, no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:09
Indeed, this is one of those rare issues
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ขŒํŒŒ์™€ ์šฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”
05:11
that unites the left and the right.
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๋ช‡ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
A critique of crony capitalism is as central
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์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์€
05:17
to the Tea Party as it is to Occupy Wall Street.
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ํ‹ฐํŒŒํ‹ฐ์™€ ์›”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์œ„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์Ÿ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
But if crony capitalism is, intellectually at least,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
05:26
the easy part of the problem,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„,
05:28
things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers
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๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์›์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:31
of surging income inequality.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
In and of themselves, these aren't too mysterious.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ด์ƒํ•  ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Globalization and the technology revolution,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…,
05:41
the twin economic transformations
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
05:44
which are changing our lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ 
05:45
and transforming the global economy,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉฐ
05:47
are also powering the rise of the super-rich.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
Just think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:52
For the first time in history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
if you are an energetic entrepreneur
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ
05:57
with a brilliant new idea
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๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ƒˆ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜
05:59
or a fantastic new product,
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:01
you have almost instant, almost frictionless access
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์—†์ด
06:05
to a global market of more than a billion people.
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์‹ญ์–ต๋ช… ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ž…์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
As a result, if you are very, very smart
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:13
and very, very lucky,
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์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ์šด์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:14
you can get very, very rich
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„
06:17
very, very quickly.
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์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
The latest poster boy for this phenomenon
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
06:23
is David Karp.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น— ์นดํ”„ (David Karp) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
The 26-year-old founder of Tumblr
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ํ…€๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ธ ์ด 26์„ธ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์€
06:28
recently sold his company to Yahoo
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ผํ›„์—
06:30
for 1.1 billion dollars.
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11์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ”์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Think about that for a minute:
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์ž ๊น ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:35
1.1 billion dollars, 26 years old.
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11์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 26์„ธ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ์š”.
06:39
It's easiest to see how the technology revolution
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
06:43
and globalization are creating this sort of superstar effect
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์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
06:46
in highly visible fields,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ, ์˜ค๋ฝ ๊ฐ™์€
06:48
like sports and entertainment.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
We can all watch how a fantastic athlete
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‚˜
06:54
or a fantastic performer can today leverage his or her skills
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์—ฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ดˆ์œ ๋กœ
06:58
across the global economy as never before.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
But today, that superstar effect
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€
07:04
is happening across the entire economy.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
We have superstar technologists.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ
07:09
We have superstar bankers.
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์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค
07:11
We have superstar lawyers and superstar architects.
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์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
There are superstar cooks
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์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์™€
07:16
and superstar farmers.
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์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:17
There are even, and this is my personal favorite example,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋กœ,
07:20
superstar dentists,
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์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€ ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:22
the most dazzling exemplar of whom
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธ
07:24
is Bernard Touati, the Frenchman who ministers
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด ํˆฌ์•„๋ ๋Š”
07:27
to the smiles of fellow superstars
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€๋“ค์ธ
07:30
like Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ธต์ธ ๋กœ๋งŒ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ชจ๋น„์น˜๋‚˜
07:32
or European-born American fashion designer
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํƒœ์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์ธ
07:35
Diane von Furstenberg.
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๋‹ค์ด์•ค ๋ณธ ํผ์Šคํ…๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:37
But while it's pretty easy to see how globalization
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€
07:40
and the technology revolution
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…์ด
07:42
are creating this global plutocracy,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ
07:45
what's a lot harder is figuring out what to think about it.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
And that's because,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:51
in contrast with crony capitalism,
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์ •์‹ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด
07:53
so much of what globalization and the technology revolution
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„
07:57
have done is highly positive.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Let's start with technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
08:01
I love the Internet. I love my mobile devices.
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์ €๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด์š”. ์ œ ํœด๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
I love the fact that they mean that
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„
08:06
whoever chooses to will be able to watch this talk
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์ด ๊ฐ•๋‹น์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
08:10
far beyond this auditorium.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹์•„์š”.
08:12
I'm even more of a fan of globalization.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:15
This is the transformation
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
08:17
which has lifted hundreds of millions
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์–ต๋ช…์˜
08:20
of the world's poorest people out of poverty
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์ธต์„
08:23
and into the middle class,
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ 
08:24
and if you happen to live in the rich part of the world,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:27
it's made many new products affordable --
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๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
who do you think built your iPhone? โ€”
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์ œ ์•„์ดํฐ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
08:33
and things that we've relied on for a long time much cheaper.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์กดํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‹ธ์กŒ์ฃ .
08:37
Think of your dishwasher or your t-shirt.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹๊ธฐ์„ธ์ฒ™๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:40
So what's not to like?
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๋‚˜์  ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
08:42
Well, a few things.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
One of the things that worries me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
08:46
is how easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy
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์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€
08:50
can become crony plutocracy.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ •์‹ค ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Imagine you're a brilliant entrepreneur
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋ผ์„œ
08:56
who has successfully sold that idea or that product
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ
08:59
to the global billions
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ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ”์•˜๊ณ 
09:00
and become a billionaire in the process.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:03
It gets tempting at that point
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
09:05
to use your economic nous
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:08
to manipulate the rules of the global political economy
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก
09:13
in your own favor.
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์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜น์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
And that's no mere hypothetical example.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Think about Amazon, Apple, Google, Starbucks.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์ด๋‚˜ ์• ํ”Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ์Šคํƒ€๋ฒ…์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
These are among the world's most admired,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
09:24
most beloved, most innovative companies.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๊ณ , ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
They also happen to be particularly adept
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
09:29
at working the international tax system
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๊ตญ์ œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:32
so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ณ ์ง€์„œ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
And why stop at just playing the global political
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์ด์ฏค๋˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •์น˜์™€
09:41
and economic system as it exists
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก
09:43
to your own maximum advantage?
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ํ˜„ ์ƒํƒœ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”?
09:45
Once you have the tremendous economic power
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์ •๋ง ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜
09:49
that we're seeing at the very, very top of the income distribution
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์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํž˜๊ณผ
09:52
and the political power that inevitably entails,
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๊ทธ์— ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
09:55
it becomes tempting as well
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ
09:58
to start trying to change the rules of the game
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š”
10:02
in your own favor.
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์œ ํ˜น๋„ ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
Again, this is no mere hypothetical.
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์ด๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
It's what the Russian oligarchs did
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ธต์ด
10:08
in creating the sale-of-the-century privatization
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์›์˜
10:12
of Russia's natural resources.
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์„ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
It's one way of describing what happened
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
10:15
with deregulation of the financial services
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜
10:17
in the U.S. and the U.K.
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๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
A second thing that worries me
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:22
is how easily meritocratic plutocracy
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์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€
10:24
can become aristocracy.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์กฑํ™”๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
One way of describing the plutocrats
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๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
10:29
is as alpha geeks,
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์•ŒํŒŒ ๊ดด์งœ๋กœ
10:31
and they are people who are acutely aware
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ
10:33
of how important highly sophisticated
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๋งค์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋†’์€ ๋ถ„์„์ , ์–‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
10:36
analytical and quantitative skills are in today's economy.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
That's why they are spending
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
10:42
unprecedented time and resources
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค ๊ต์œก์—
10:45
educating their own children.
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์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ์Ÿ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
The middle class is spending more on schooling too,
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต๋„ ๊ต์œก์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:50
but in the global educational arms race
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ต์œก ๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€
10:53
that starts at nursery school
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์œ ์•„์›์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
10:54
and ends at Harvard, Stanford or MIT,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ, ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ, MIT์—์„œ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ 
10:58
the 99 percent is increasingly outgunned
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99ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋”
11:02
by the One Percent.
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1ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šฐ์œ„์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
The result is something that economists Alan Krueger
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ์•Œ๋ž€ ํฌ๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ์™€
11:06
and Miles Corak call the Great Gatsby Curve.
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๋งˆ์ผ์Šค ์ฝ”๋ฝ์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋น„ ๊ณก์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
As income inequality increases,
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก
11:12
social mobility decreases.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
The plutocracy may be a meritocracy,
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๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ„์ฃผ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
11:18
but increasingly you have to be born
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์ ์  ๋” ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๊ฒจ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
11:20
on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race.
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๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
The third thing, and this is what worries me the most,
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:28
is the extent to which those same largely positive forces
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์ด
11:32
which are driving the rise of the global plutocracy
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ธˆ๊ถŒ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
11:36
also happen to be hollowing out the middle class
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์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„ ๊ณต์—…๊ตญ์˜
11:39
in Western industrialized economies.
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์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Let's start with technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
11:44
Those same forces that are creating billionaires
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์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ํž˜์ด
11:47
are also devouring many traditional middle-class jobs.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์ง์—…์„ ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
When's the last time you used a travel agent?
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์—ฌํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์„ธ์š”?
11:54
And in contrast with the industrial revolution,
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์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
11:57
the titans of our new economy
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์€
11:59
aren't creating that many new jobs.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง์—…์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
At its zenith, G.M. employed hundreds of thousands,
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์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ GM ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ช…์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:06
Facebook fewer than 10,000.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์€ ์ง์›์ด ๋งŒ๋ช… ์ดํ•˜์ฃ .
12:09
The same is true of globalization.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
For all that it is raising hundreds of millions of people
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์–ต๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:15
out of poverty in the emerging markets,
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์‹ ํฅ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:17
it's also outsourcing a lot of jobs
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์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
12:20
from the developed Western economies.
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์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋นผ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
The terrifying reality is
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๋”์ฐํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์€
12:25
that there is no economic rule
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๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„
12:27
which automatically translates
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๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒˆ์˜์œผ๋กœ
12:30
increased economic growth
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์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
12:32
into widely shared prosperity.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
That's shown in what I consider to be
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๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
12:37
the most scary economic statistic of our time.
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ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Since the late 1990s, increases in productivity
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1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š”
12:45
have been decoupled from increases
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์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€
12:48
in wages and employment.
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
That means that our countries are getting richer,
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
12:52
our companies are getting more efficient,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:55
but we're not creating more jobs
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
12:57
and we're not paying people, as a whole, more.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
One scary conclusion you could draw from all of this
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
13:05
is to worry about structural unemployment.
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๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์‹ค์—… ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
What worries me more is a different nightmare scenario.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•…๋ชฝ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
After all, in a totally free labor market,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:15
we could find jobs for pretty much everyone.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
The dystopia that worries me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ† ํ”ผ์•„(๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒํ–ฅ)๋Š”
13:20
is a universe in which a few geniuses
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ๋“ค์ด
13:24
invent Google and its ilk
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:26
and the rest of us are employed giving them massages.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
So when I get really depressed about all of this,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์šธํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ
13:34
I comfort myself in thinking about the Industrial Revolution.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์–ป๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
After all, for all its grim, satanic mills,
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์•”์šธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ๊ณต์žฅ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:42
it worked out pretty well, didn't it?
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋์ž–์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
13:44
After all, all of us here are richer, healthier, taller --
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  --
13:51
well, there are a few exceptions โ€”
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์˜ˆ์™ธ๋„ ๋ช‡ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š” --
13:53
and live longer than our ancestors in the early 19th century.
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด์š”.
13:58
But it's important to remember
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
14:01
that before we learned how to share the fruits
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์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์—ด๋งค๋ฅผ
14:04
of the Industrial Revolution
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋„“์€ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ
14:05
with the broad swathes of society,
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€,
14:08
we had to go through two depressions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
the Great Depression of the 1930s,
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1930๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ๊ณผ
14:13
the Long Depression of the 1870s,
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1870๋Œ€๋…„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด์š”.
14:16
two world wars, communist revolutions
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜
14:19
in Russia and in China,
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๊ณต์‚ฐ ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ,
14:21
and an era of tremendous social
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์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ,
14:24
and political upheaval in the West.
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์ •์น˜์  ๋Œ€๋ณ€๋™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
We also, not coincidentally,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋„
14:29
went through an era of tremendous
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:32
social and political inventions.
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์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
We created the modern welfare state.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ณต์ง€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ณ 
14:36
We created public education.
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๊ณต๊ณต ๊ต์œก์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ 
14:38
We created public health care.
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๊ณต๊ณต ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
We created public pensions.
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๊ณต์  ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ
14:42
We created unions.
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๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
Today, we are living through an era
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
14:46
of economic transformation
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
14:48
comparable in its scale and its scope
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๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ดค์„๋•Œ
14:51
to the Industrial Revolution.
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์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋ชป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
To be sure that this new economy benefits us all
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋“ค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:57
and not just the plutocrats,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
14:59
we need to embark on an era
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ
15:01
of comparably ambitious social and political change.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
We need a new New Deal.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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