What will future jobs look like? | Andrew McAfee

1,263,559 views ใƒป 2013-06-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Chen Reshef ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
The writer George Eliot cautioned us that,
1
12328
2949
ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ื•ืจื’' ืืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•
00:15
among all forms of mistake,
2
15277
2067
ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:17
prophesy is the most gratuitous.
3
17344
2363
ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:19
The person that we would all acknowledge
4
19707
1848
ื”ืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
00:21
as her 20th-century counterpart, Yogi Berra, agreed.
5
21555
4302
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืขืชืง ื”ืžืื” ื”20 ืฉืœื”, ื™ื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื”, ืžืกื›ื™ื.
00:25
He said, "It's tough to make predictions,
6
25857
1865
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
00:27
especially about the future."
7
27722
2736
ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“."
00:30
I'm going to ignore their cautions
8
30458
1811
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืื–ื”ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื
00:32
and make one very specific forecast.
9
32269
1973
ื•ืื—ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
00:34
In the world that we are creating very quickly,
10
34242
2640
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ,
00:36
we're going to see more and more things
11
36882
1713
ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:38
that look like science fiction,
12
38595
1725
ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
00:40
and fewer and fewer things that look like jobs.
13
40320
3116
ื•ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:43
Our cars are very quickly going to start driving themselves,
14
43436
2752
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ,
00:46
which means we're going to need fewer truck drivers.
15
46188
2696
ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.
00:48
We're going to hook Siri up to Watson
16
48884
2121
ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช Siri ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ.
00:51
and use that to automate a lot of the work
17
51005
2597
ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
00:53
that's currently done by customer service reps
18
53602
2226
ืืฉืจ ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืข"ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช
00:55
and troubleshooters and diagnosers,
19
55828
2904
ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
00:58
and we're already taking R2D2,
20
58732
2256
ื•ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื R2D2,
01:00
painting him orange, and putting him to work
21
60988
3240
ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
01:04
carrying shelves around warehouses,
22
64228
2549
ื‘ืกื—ื™ื‘ืช ืžื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืกื ื™ื,
01:06
which means we need a lot fewer people
23
66777
2075
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
01:08
to be walking up and down those aisles.
24
68852
1966
ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื›ื• ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
01:10
Now, for about 200 years,
25
70818
3802
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ืฉื ื”,
01:14
people have been saying exactly what I'm telling you --
26
74620
2183
ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื -
01:16
the age of technological unemployment is at hand โ€”
27
76803
2817
ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ -
01:19
starting with the Luddites smashing looms in Britain
28
79620
2415
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
01:22
just about two centuries ago,
29
82035
1896
ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ืช,
01:23
and they have been wrong.
30
83931
2032
ื•ื”ื ื˜ืขื•.
01:25
Our economies in the developed world have coasted along
31
85963
2817
ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•
01:28
on something pretty close to full employment.
32
88780
1934
ืœื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืœืื”.
01:30
Which brings up a critical question:
33
90714
2099
ืฉืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช:
01:32
Why is this time different, if it really is?
34
92813
2926
ืœืžื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืš?
01:35
The reason it's different is that, just in the past few years,
35
95739
2996
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:38
our machines have started demonstrating skills
36
98735
1895
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
01:40
they have never, ever had before:
37
100630
2625
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื•ืœื:
01:43
understanding, speaking, hearing, seeing,
38
103255
3260
ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ืจืื™ื”
01:46
answering, writing, and they're still acquiring new skills.
39
106515
4213
ืžืขื ื”, ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:50
For example, mobile humanoid robots
40
110728
2570
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
01:53
are still incredibly primitive,
41
113298
1947
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
01:55
but the research arm of the Defense Department
42
115245
1838
ืื‘ืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”
01:57
just launched a competition
43
117083
1515
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช
01:58
to have them do things like this,
44
118598
2314
ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื•
02:00
and if the track record is any guide,
45
120912
1733
ื•ืื ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื“,
02:02
this competition is going to be successful.
46
122645
2399
ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
02:05
So when I look around, I think the day is not too far off at all
47
125044
3636
ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ
02:08
when we're going to have androids
48
128680
2176
ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืื ื“ืจื•ื™ื“ื™ื
02:10
doing a lot of the work that we are doing right now.
49
130856
2881
ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
02:13
And we're creating a world where there is going to be
50
133737
3758
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:17
more and more technology and fewer and fewer jobs.
51
137495
3685
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.
02:21
It's a world that Erik Brynjolfsson and I are calling
52
141180
2249
ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืืจื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื ื’'ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื
02:23
"the new machine age."
53
143429
1491
"ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ"
02:24
The thing to keep in mind is that
54
144920
2133
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื
02:27
this is absolutely great news.
55
147053
2549
ืฉืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:29
This is the best economic news on the planet these days.
56
149602
3317
ืืœื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•
02:32
Not that there's a lot of competition, right?
57
152919
3529
ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
02:36
This is the best economic news we have these days
58
156448
1899
ืืœื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•
02:38
for two main reasons.
59
158347
1616
ื‘ืฉืœ 2 ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
02:39
The first is, technological progress is what allows us
60
159963
2985
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
02:42
to continue this amazing recent run that we're on
61
162948
3737
ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื
02:46
where output goes up over time,
62
166685
2521
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:49
while at the same time, prices go down,
63
169206
3326
ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืจื“,
02:52
and volume and quality just continue to explode.
64
172532
4204
ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
02:56
Now, some people look at this and talk about
65
176736
2001
ื›ืขืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
02:58
shallow materialism,
66
178737
1406
ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื•ื“ื”,
03:00
but that's absolutely the wrong way to look at it.
67
180143
2418
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:02
This is abundance, which is exactly
68
182561
2495
ื–ื” ืฉืคืข, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
03:05
what we want our economic system to provide.
69
185056
3422
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชืกืคืง.
03:08
The second reason that the new machine age
70
188478
3216
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
03:11
is such great news is that, once the androids
71
191694
2306
ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ื“ืจื•ื™ื“ื™ื
03:14
start doing jobs, we don't have to do them anymore,
72
194000
3252
ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:17
and we get freed up from drudgery and toil.
73
197252
3756
ื•ื ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืš ื•ื”ืขืžืœ.
03:21
Now, when I talk about this with my friends
74
201008
2024
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™
03:23
in Cambridge and Silicon Valley, they say,
75
203032
2552
ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื•ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
03:25
"Fantastic. No more drudgery, no more toil.
76
205584
2273
"ื ืคืœื, ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืจืš, ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืขืžืœ.
03:27
This gives us the chance to imagine
77
207857
2051
ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
03:29
an entirely different kind of society,
78
209908
2293
ืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
03:32
a society where the creators and the discoverers
79
212201
2912
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
03:35
and the performers and the innovators
80
215113
1829
ื•ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
03:36
come together with their patrons and their financiers
81
216942
3509
ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืžืžื ื™ื”ื
03:40
to talk about issues, entertain, enlighten,
82
220451
2679
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื“ืจ, ืœื”ืื™ืจ
03:43
provoke each other."
83
223130
2078
ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™."
03:45
It's a society really, that looks a lot like the TED Conference.
84
225208
4575
ื–ืืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื ืก TED.
03:49
And there's actually a huge amount of truth here.
85
229783
2483
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืžืช.
03:52
We are seeing an amazing flourishing taking place.
86
232266
3023
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจื”.
03:55
In a world where it is just about as easy
87
235289
2002
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื•
03:57
to generate an object as it is to print a document,
88
237291
3407
ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžืกืžืš,
04:00
we have amazing new possibilities.
89
240698
2089
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:02
The people who used to be craftsmen and hobbyists
90
242787
3677
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื
04:06
are now makers, and they're responsible
91
246464
1867
ื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื
04:08
for massive amounts of innovation.
92
248331
2390
ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:10
And artists who were formerly constrained
93
250721
2282
ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
04:13
can now do things that were never, ever possible
94
253003
3168
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
04:16
for them before.
95
256171
1896
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืœืคื ื™.
04:18
So this is a time of great flourishing,
96
258067
2117
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’,
04:20
and the more I look around, the more convinced I become
97
260184
2932
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:23
that this quote, from the physicist Freeman Dyson,
98
263116
3074
ืฉืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื”, ืžื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:26
is not hyperbole at all.
99
266190
2033
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:28
This is just a plain statement of the facts.
100
268223
2790
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืืžื™ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:31
We are in the middle of an astonishing period.
101
271013
1845
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:32
["Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences." โ€” Freeman Dyson]
102
272858
884
["ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื” ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ืืœ. ื–ื” ืื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื." - ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ]
04:33
Which brings up another great question:
103
273742
2791
ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช:
04:36
What could possibly go wrong in this new machine age?
104
276533
2976
ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ?
04:39
Right? Great, hang up, flourish, go home.
105
279509
3362
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ? ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืœื ืชืง, ืœืฉื’ืฉื’, ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
04:42
We're going to face two really thorny sets of challenges
106
282871
2666
ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:45
as we head deeper into the future that we're creating.
107
285537
2793
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืžื™ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
04:48
The first are economic, and they're really nicely summarized
108
288330
3250
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื•ื“
04:51
in an apocryphal story about a back-and-forth
109
291580
3090
ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘
04:54
between Henry Ford II and Walter Reuther,
110
294670
3042
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“ ื”2 ื•ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ,
04:57
who was the head of the auto workers union.
111
297712
2745
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘.
05:00
They were touring one of the new modern factories,
112
300457
2183
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
05:02
and Ford playfully turns to Reuther and says,
113
302640
2750
ื•ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืืžืจ,
05:05
"Hey Walter, how are you going to get these robots
114
305390
2162
"ื”ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ, ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:07
to pay union dues?"
115
307552
1814
ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ?"
05:09
And Reuther shoots back, "Hey Henry,
116
309366
1945
ื•ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืขื ื” ื—ื–ืจื”, "ื”ื™ื™ ื”ื ืจื™,
05:11
how are you going to get them to buy cars?"
117
311311
4542
ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช?"
05:15
Reuther's problem in that anecdote
118
315853
3011
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ื–ื•
05:18
is that it is tough to offer your labor to an economy
119
318864
4109
ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”
05:22
that's full of machines,
120
322973
1635
ืฉืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
05:24
and we see this very clearly in the statistics.
121
324608
2224
ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
05:26
If you look over the past couple decades
122
326832
2392
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
05:29
at the returns to capital -- in other words, corporate profits --
123
329224
3664
ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ - ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช -
05:32
we see them going up,
124
332888
1684
ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื,
05:34
and we see that they're now at an all-time high.
125
334572
2087
ื•ืื ื• ื’ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
05:36
If we look at the returns to labor, in other words
126
336659
2701
ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
05:39
total wages paid out in the economy,
127
339360
1884
ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื ืœืžืฉืง,
05:41
we see them at an all-time low
128
341244
2547
ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
05:43
and heading very quickly in the opposite direction.
129
343791
3065
ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™.
05:46
So this is clearly bad news for Reuther.
130
346856
1770
ืื– ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
05:48
It looks like it might be great news for Ford,
131
348626
3398
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื“,
05:52
but it's actually not. If you want to sell
132
352024
2304
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ
05:54
huge volumes of somewhat expensive goods to people,
133
354328
3344
ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
05:57
you really want a large, stable, prosperous middle class.
134
357672
3788
ืืชื” ืชืจืฆื” ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’.
06:01
We have had one of those in America
135
361460
2224
ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
06:03
for just about the entire postwar period.
136
363684
2633
ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
06:06
But the middle class is clearly under huge threat right now.
137
366317
4352
ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
06:10
We all know a lot of the statistics,
138
370669
1411
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
06:12
but just to repeat one of them,
139
372080
2359
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
06:14
median income in America has actually gone down
140
374439
2767
ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื™ืจื“ื”
06:17
over the past 15 years,
141
377206
1691
ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:18
and we're in danger of getting trapped
142
378897
1715
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœื
06:20
in some vicious cycle where inequality and polarization
143
380612
3925
ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘
06:24
continue to go up over time.
144
384537
3180
ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:27
The societal challenges that come along
145
387717
2399
ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“
06:30
with that kind of inequality deserve some attention.
146
390116
2576
ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
06:32
There are a set of societal challenges
147
392692
1668
ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
06:34
that I'm actually not that worried about,
148
394360
1944
ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื,
06:36
and they're captured by images like this.
149
396304
2351
ื•ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืข"ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
06:38
This is not the kind of societal problem
150
398655
1822
ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
06:40
that I am concerned about.
151
400477
2464
ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
06:42
There is no shortage of dystopian visions
152
402941
2143
ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืกืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื
06:45
about what happens when our machines become self-aware,
153
405084
3483
ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ,
06:48
and they decide to rise up and coordinate attacks against us.
154
408567
3176
ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืชืื ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื ื•.
06:51
I'm going to start worrying about those
155
411743
1747
ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”
06:53
the day my computer becomes aware of my printer.
156
413490
3229
ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉืœื™.
06:56
(Laughter) (Applause)
157
416719
3629
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:00
So this is not the set of challenges we really need to worry about.
158
420348
2972
ืื– ื–ืืช ืœื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:03
To tell you the kinds of societal challenges
159
423320
2788
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
07:06
that are going to come up in the new machine age,
160
426108
2212
ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:08
I want to tell a story about two stereotypical American workers.
161
428320
3711
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื.
07:12
And to make them really stereotypical,
162
432031
1768
ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื,
07:13
let's make them both white guys.
163
433799
2147
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
07:15
And the first one is a college-educated
164
435946
3762
ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœื”
07:19
professional, creative type, manager,
165
439708
3146
ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ืžื ื”ืœ,
07:22
engineer, doctor, lawyer, that kind of worker.
166
442854
2751
ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
07:25
We're going to call him "Ted."
167
445605
2419
ืื ื• ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ื˜ื“".
07:28
He's at the top of the American middle class.
168
448024
2273
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
07:30
His counterpart is not college-educated
169
450297
2882
ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœื”
07:33
and works as a laborer, works as a clerk,
170
453179
3064
ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืคื•ืขืœ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืคืงื™ื“,
07:36
does low-level white collar or blue collar work in the economy.
171
456243
3312
ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
07:39
We're going to call that guy "Bill."
172
459555
2405
ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” "ื‘ื™ืœ".
07:41
And if you go back about 50 years,
173
461960
2079
ื•ืื ื ืœืš ืื—ื•ืจื” 50 ืฉื ื”
07:44
Bill and Ted were leading remarkably similar lives.
174
464039
3817
ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
07:47
For example, in 1960 they were both very likely
175
467856
2503
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘1960 ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื•
07:50
to have full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week.
176
470359
3370
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช 40 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
07:53
But as the social researcher Charles Murray has documented,
177
473729
3296
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืžื•ืจื™ื™ ืชื™ืขื“,
07:57
as we started to automate the economy,
178
477025
2968
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
07:59
and 1960 is just about when computers started to be used by businesses,
179
479993
4147
ื•1960 ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™ ืฉืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
08:04
as we started to progressively inject technology
180
484140
2871
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:07
and automation and digital stuff into the economy,
181
487011
2736
ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”
08:09
the fortunes of Bill and Ted diverged a lot.
182
489747
3025
ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื“ ื”ืชืคืฆืœ.
08:12
Over this time frame, Ted has continued
183
492772
2119
ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื•, ื˜ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš
08:14
to hold a full-time job. Bill hasn't.
184
494891
2752
ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื.
08:17
In many cases, Bill has left the economy entirely,
185
497643
4271
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
08:21
and Ted very rarely has.
186
501914
2264
ื•ื˜ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™.
08:24
Over time, Ted's marriage has stayed quite happy.
187
504178
3265
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ ื ืฉืืจื• ื“ื™ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
08:27
Bill's hasn't.
188
507443
1641
ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื.
08:29
And Ted's kids have grown up in a two-parent home,
189
509084
3322
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื 2 ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
08:32
while Bill's absolutely have not over time.
190
512406
3220
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
08:35
Other ways that Bill is dropping out of society?
191
515626
2404
ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืฉืจ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ?
08:38
He's decreased his voting in presidential elections,
192
518030
3689
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
08:41
and he's started to go to prison a lot more often.
193
521719
3993
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:45
So I cannot tell a happy story about these social trends,
194
525712
3984
ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
08:49
and they don't show any signs of reversing themselves.
195
529696
2747
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžืขืฆืžืŸ.
08:52
They're also true no matter which ethnic group
196
532443
2973
ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช
08:55
or demographic group we look at,
197
535416
1721
ืื• ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”,
08:57
and they're actually getting so severe
198
537137
2076
ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช
08:59
that they're in danger of overwhelming
199
539213
1771
ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื”
09:00
even the amazing progress we made with the Civil Rights Movement.
200
540984
3648
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
09:04
And what my friends in Silicon Valley
201
544632
2512
ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
09:07
and Cambridge are overlooking is that they're Ted.
202
547144
5251
ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื’' ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื“.
09:12
They're living these amazingly busy, productive lives,
203
552395
3437
ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
09:15
and they've got all the benefits to show from that,
204
555832
2390
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื–ื”,
09:18
while Bill is leading a very different life.
205
558222
2435
ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
09:20
They're actually both proof of how right Voltaire was
206
560657
2140
ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ืฆื“ืง ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื”
09:22
when he talked about the benefits of work,
207
562797
2252
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:25
and the fact that it saves us from not one but three great evils.
208
565049
3581
ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืื—ื“ ืืœื 3 ืจืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:28
["Work saves a man from three great evils: boredom, vice and need." โ€” Voltaire]
209
568630
997
["ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืคืฉืข ื•ืฆื•ืจืš." - ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืจ]
09:29
So with these challenges, what do we do about them?
210
569627
3336
ืื– ืžื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ?
09:32
The economic playbook is surprisingly clear,
211
572963
2583
ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
09:35
surprisingly straightforward, in the short term especially.
212
575546
3140
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“.
09:38
The robots are not going to take all of our jobs in the next year or two,
213
578686
2892
ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
09:41
so the classic Econ 101 playbook is going to work just fine:
214
581578
4468
ืื– ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” 101 ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ:
09:46
Encourage entrepreneurship,
215
586046
2152
ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
09:48
double down on infrastructure,
216
588198
2196
ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
09:50
and make sure we're turning out people
217
590394
1699
ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื
09:52
from our educational system with the appropriate skills.
218
592093
3597
ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
09:55
But over the longer term, if we are moving into an economy
219
595690
3277
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื”
09:58
that's heavy on technology and light on labor,
220
598967
2652
ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื ืขืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
10:01
and we are, then we have to consider
221
601619
2428
ื•ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื”, ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
10:04
some more radical interventions,
222
604047
1784
ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:05
for example, something like a guaranteed minimum income.
223
605831
3199
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื.
10:09
Now, that's probably making some folk in this room uncomfortable,
224
609030
3712
ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
10:12
because that idea is associated with the extreme left wing
225
612742
3857
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
10:16
and with fairly radical schemes for redistributing wealth.
226
616599
3219
ื•ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
10:19
I did a little bit of research on this notion,
227
619818
1953
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:21
and it might calm some folk down to know that
228
621771
2455
ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
10:24
the idea of a net guaranteed minimum income
229
624226
2632
ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช
10:26
has been championed by those frothing-at-the-mouth socialists
230
626858
3162
ื ื“ื’ืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื
10:30
Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon and Milton Friedman.
231
630035
5473
ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืง, ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ.
10:35
And if you find yourself worried
232
635508
1879
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
10:37
that something like a guaranteed income
233
637387
3309
ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช
10:40
is going to stifle our drive to succeed
234
640696
2275
ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”
10:42
and make us kind of complacent,
235
642971
1764
ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื ื™ื
10:44
you might be interested to know that social mobility,
236
644735
2790
ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
10:47
one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the United States,
237
647525
2675
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:50
is now lower than it is in the northern European countries
238
650200
3340
ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
10:53
that have these very generous social safety nets.
239
653540
3199
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
10:56
So the economic playbook is actually pretty straightforward.
240
656739
2792
ืื– ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
10:59
The societal one is a lot more challenging.
241
659531
3056
ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืชื’ืจ.
11:02
I don't know what the playbook is
242
662587
2148
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™
11:04
for getting Bill to engage and stay engaged throughout life.
243
664735
3828
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘, ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:08
I do know that education is a huge part of it.
244
668563
2504
ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.
11:11
I witnessed this firsthand.
245
671067
1780
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ืžืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
11:12
I was a Montessori kid for the first few years of my education,
246
672847
3756
ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™,
11:16
and what that education taught me
247
676603
1529
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™
11:18
is that the world is an interesting place
248
678132
2091
ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
11:20
and my job is to go explore it.
249
680223
2641
ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
11:22
The school stopped in third grade,
250
682864
1701
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื’',
11:24
so then I entered the public school system,
251
684565
2068
ืื– ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
11:26
and it felt like I had been sent to the Gulag.
252
686633
4366
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื’ื•ืœื’.
11:30
With the benefit of hindsight, I now know the job
253
690999
2901
ืขื ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:33
was to prepare me for life as a clerk or a laborer,
254
693900
2514
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ืื• ืคื•ืขืœ,
11:36
but at the time it felt like the job was to kind of
255
696414
2330
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
11:38
bore me into some submission with what was going on around me.
256
698744
3824
ืœืฉืขืžืžื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™.
11:42
We have to do better than this.
257
702568
1348
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื–ื”.
11:43
We cannot keep turning out Bills.
258
703916
3676
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ื.
11:47
So we see some green shoots that things are getting better.
259
707592
2344
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:49
We see technology deeply impacting education
260
709936
2824
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืื•ื“
11:52
and engaging people, from our youngest learners
261
712760
2528
ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:55
up to our oldest ones.
262
715288
1764
ืขื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:57
We see very prominent business voices telling us
263
717052
2620
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
11:59
we need to rethink some of the things that we've been holding dear for a while.
264
719672
3216
ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ื–ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
12:02
And we see very serious and sustained
265
722888
2260
ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื
12:05
and data-driven efforts to understand
266
725148
2804
ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:07
how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities that we have.
267
727952
3543
ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
12:11
So the green shoots are out there.
268
731495
2209
ืื– ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
12:13
I don't want to pretend for a minute
269
733704
1434
ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืœืจื’ืข
12:15
that what we have is going to be enough.
270
735138
1942
ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:17
We're facing very tough challenges.
271
737080
2142
ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
12:19
To give just one example, there are about five million Americans
272
739222
3106
ืœืชืช ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
12:22
who have been unemployed for at least six months.
273
742328
2814
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
12:25
We're not going to fix things for them
274
745142
1342
ืื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื
12:26
by sending them back to Montessori.
275
746484
2443
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื•ื ื˜ืกื•ืจื™.
12:28
And my biggest worry is that we're creating a world
276
748927
2355
ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื
12:31
where we're going to have glittering technologies
277
751282
2549
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช
12:33
embedded in kind of a shabby society
278
753831
2305
ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื”
12:36
and supported by an economy that generates inequality
279
756136
2967
ืืฉืจ ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
12:39
instead of opportunity.
280
759103
1481
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:40
But I actually don't think that's what we're going to do.
281
760584
2752
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
12:43
I think we're going to do something a lot better
282
763336
1629
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:44
for one very straightforward reason:
283
764965
2110
ื•ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื—ืช:
12:47
The facts are getting out there.
284
767075
1968
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื.
12:49
The realities of this new machine age
285
769043
2042
ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
12:51
and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known.
286
771085
3315
ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:54
If we wanted to accelerate that process, we could do things
287
774400
2851
ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
12:57
like have our best economists and policymakers
288
777251
2766
ื›ืžื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
13:00
play "Jeopardy!" against Watson.
289
780017
2419
ืœืฉื—ืง "ืกื›ื ื”!" ื ื’ื“ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ.
13:02
We could send Congress on an autonomous car road trip.
290
782436
3550
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
13:05
And if we do enough of these kinds of things,
291
785986
1653
ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:07
the awareness is going to sink in that things are going to be different.
292
787639
3404
ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:11
And then we're off to the races,
293
791043
1771
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืžืจื•ืฅ,
13:12
because I don't believe for a second
294
792814
2430
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื”
13:15
that we have forgotten how to solve tough challenges
295
795244
2968
ืฉืื ื• ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื
13:18
or that we have become too apathetic or hard-hearted to even try.
296
798212
4350
ืื• ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืงืฉื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืจืง ืœื ืกื•ืช
13:22
I started my talk with quotes from wordsmiths
297
802562
2394
ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื
13:24
who were separated by an ocean and a century.
298
804956
2816
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื•ืžืื”.
13:27
Let me end it with words from politicians
299
807772
2152
ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
13:29
who were similarly distant.
300
809924
1731
ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื“ื•ืžื”.
13:31
Winston Churchill came to my home of MIT in 1949,
301
811655
3333
ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘MIT ื‘1949
13:34
and he said, "If we are to bring the broad masses
302
814988
2148
ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ
13:37
of the people in every land to the table of abundance,
303
817136
3710
ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
13:40
it can only be by the tireless improvement
304
820846
3030
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื”
13:43
of all of our means of technical production."
305
823876
2973
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•."
13:46
Abraham Lincoln realized there was one other ingredient.
306
826849
2619
ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
13:49
He said, "I am a firm believer in the people.
307
829468
2898
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:52
If given the truth, they can be depended upon
308
832366
2333
ืื ื ืชื ื” ื”ืืžืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื
13:54
to meet any national crisis.
309
834699
2369
ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช.
13:57
The great point is to give them the plain facts."
310
837068
2784
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื."
13:59
So the optimistic note, great point that I want to leave you with
311
839852
3110
ืื– ื”ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
14:02
is that the plain facts of the machine age are becoming clear,
312
842962
3145
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชื‘ื”ืจื•ืช,
14:06
and I have every confidence that we're going to use them
313
846107
2457
ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
14:08
to chart a good course into the challenging,
314
848564
2915
ืœืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื,
14:11
abundant economy that we're creating.
315
851479
2533
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
14:14
Thank you very much.
316
854012
1691
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:15
(Applause)
317
855703
4382
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7