Why we make bad decisions | Dan Gilbert

1,901,604 views ใƒป 2008-12-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Goren ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Eyal Ronel
00:18
We all make decisions every day; we want to know
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:20
what the right thing is to do -- in domains from the financial
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:23
to the gastronomic to the professional to the romantic.
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00:27
And surely, if somebody could really tell us how to do
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•
ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
00:30
exactly the right thing at all possible times,
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ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ืœื ื‘ืคื–.
00:33
that would be a tremendous gift.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘-1738
00:36
It turns out that, in fact, the world was given this gift in 1738
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ืžืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™.
00:41
by a Dutch polymath named Daniel Bernoulli.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
00:44
And what I want to talk to you about today is what that gift is,
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00:47
and I also want to explain to you why it is
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:50
that it hasn't made a damn bit of difference.
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00:53
Now, this is Bernoulli's gift. This is a direct quote.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™. ื–ืืช ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:58
And if it looks like Greek to you, it's because, well, it's Greek.
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01:02
But the simple English translation -- much less precise,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืžืฆืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“:
01:06
but it captures the gist of what Bernoulli had to say -- was this:
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ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• -
01:10
The expected value of any of our actions --
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01:12
that is, the goodness that we can count on getting --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžืขืฉื™ื ื• -
ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื:
01:16
is the product of two simple things:
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01:18
the odds that this action will allow us to gain something,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
01:22
and the value of that gain to us.
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01:25
In a sense, what Bernoulli was saying is,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื
01:27
if we can estimate and multiply these two things,
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ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
01:30
we will always know precisely how we should behave.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’.
01:33
Now, this simple equation, even for those of you
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื
01:36
who don't like equations, is something that you're quite used to.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
01:39
Here's an example: if I were to tell you, let's play
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”:
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง "ืขืฅ ืื• ืคืœื™",
01:42
a little coin toss game, and I'm going to flip a coin,
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ื•ืื–ืจื•ืง ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:45
and if it comes up heads, I'm going to pay you 10 dollars,
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ืื ื™ื•ืฆื "ืขืฅ", ืืฉืœื ืœื›ื 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
01:48
but you have to pay four dollars for the privilege of playing with me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื™.
ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืฉื—ืง, ื›ื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:52
most of you would say, sure, I'll take that bet. Because you know
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01:55
that the odds of you winning are one half, the gain if you do is 10 dollars,
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฆื™, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ
02:00
that multiplies to five, and that's more
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ื•ืื ื ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:02
than I'm charging you to play. So, the answer is, yes.
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ."
02:06
This is what statisticians technically call a damn fine bet.
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02:10
Now, the idea is simple when we're applying it to coin tosses,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
02:13
but in fact, it's not very simple in everyday life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:17
People are horrible at estimating both of these things,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื.
02:21
and that's what I want to talk to you about today.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
02:23
There are two kinds of errors people make when trying to decide
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:
02:26
what the right thing is to do, and those are
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ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
02:28
errors in estimating the odds that they're going to succeed,
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02:31
and errors in estimating the value of their own success.
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ื•ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืชื.
02:35
Now, let me talk about the first one first.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:39
Calculating odds would seem to be something rather easy:
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ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื:
02:41
there are six sides to a die, two sides to a coin, 52 cards in a deck.
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ืฉืฉ ืคืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข, 52 ืงืœืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื•'.
02:45
You all know what the likelihood is of pulling the ace of spades
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืก ืขืœื”
02:49
or of flipping a heads.
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ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ "ืขืฅ" ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
02:50
But as it turns out, this is not a very easy idea to apply
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื.
02:55
in everyday life. That's why Americans spend more --
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื -
02:58
I should say, lose more -- gambling
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ืื• ืฉืžื ืื•ืžืจ, ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื,
03:01
than on all other forms of entertainment combined.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
03:06
The reason is, this isn't how people do odds.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
03:09
The way people figure odds
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
03:10
requires that we first talk a bit about pigs.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
03:13
Now, the question I'm going to put to you is whether you think
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื:
03:15
there are more dogs or pigs on leashes
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ื”ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืื• ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื”
03:18
observed in any particular day in Oxford.
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ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“?
03:21
And of course, you all know that the answer is dogs.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
03:23
And the way that you know that the answer is dogs is
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
03:26
you quickly reviewed in memory the times
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ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื
03:28
you've seen dogs and pigs on leashes.
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช.
03:30
It was very easy to remember seeing dogs,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื”,
03:33
not so easy to remember pigs. And each one of you assumed
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื ื—ืชื
03:36
that if dogs on leashes came more quickly to your mind,
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื”,
03:40
then dogs on leashes are more probable.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื”.
03:42
That's not a bad rule of thumb, except when it is.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืจืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืข.
03:47
So, for example, here's a word puzzle.
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ื”ื ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:49
Are there more four-letter English words
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
03:51
with R in the third place or R in the first place?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืช "ืืจ" ื›ืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื• ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช?
03:55
Well, you check memory very briefly, make a quick scan,
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ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
03:58
and it's awfully easy to say to yourself, Ring, Rang, Rung,
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืจื™ื ื’" "ืจื ื’" ืจืื ื’"
04:01
and very hard to say to yourself, Pare, Park: they come more slowly.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• - "ืคื™ื™ืจ", "ืคืืจืง"
04:08
But in fact, there are many more words in the English language
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
04:10
with R in the third than the first place.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืืจ ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:13
The reason words with R in the third place come slowly to your mind
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
04:17
isn't because they're improbable, unlikely or infrequent.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:20
It's because the mind recalls words by their first letter.
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:24
You kind of shout out the sound, S -- and the word comes.
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
04:27
It's like the dictionary;
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ;
04:28
it's hard to look things up by the third letter.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:31
So, this is an example of how this idea that
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:33
the quickness with which things come to mind
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ื‘ื” ืืชื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:35
can give you a sense of their probability --
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:37
how this idea could lead you astray. It's not just puzzles, though.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืชื›ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื.
04:41
For example, when Americans are asked to estimate the odds
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
04:44
that they will die in a variety of interesting ways --
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช -
04:47
these are estimates of number of deaths per year
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”
04:50
per 200 million U.S. citizens.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:52
And these are just ordinary people like yourselves who are asked
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
04:54
to guess how many people die from tornado, fireworks, asthma, drowning, etc.
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ืžื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•, ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื, ืืกื˜ืžื”, ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
04:58
Compare these to the actual numbers.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
05:01
Now, you see a very interesting pattern here, which is first of all,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:04
two things are vastly over-estimated, namely tornadoes and fireworks.
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” - ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื,
05:09
Two things are vastly underestimated:
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™:
05:11
dying by drowning and dying by asthma. Why?
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ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืื• ืžืืกื˜ืžื”. ืœืžื”?
05:14
When was the last time that you picked up a newspaper
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ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืงืจืืชื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
05:17
and the headline was, "Boy dies of Asthma?"
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื ื›ื•ืชืจืช, "ื™ืœื“ ืžืช ืžืืกื˜ืžื”?"
05:20
It's not interesting because it's so common.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฅ.
05:23
It's very easy for all of us to bring to mind instances
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื
05:27
of news stories or newsreels where we've seen
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื–ืงื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
05:30
tornadoes devastating cities, or some poor schmuck
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ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ื•ืจืก ืขืจื™ื, ืื• ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืžื‘ืœ ืžืกื›ืŸ
05:32
who's blown his hands off with a firework on the Fourth of July.
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ืฉืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
05:36
Drownings and asthma deaths don't get much coverage.
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ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืืกื˜ืžื” ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
05:39
They don't come quickly to mind, and as a result,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
05:41
we vastly underestimate them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™.
05:43
Indeed, this is kind of like the Sesame Street game
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืžืกื•ื -
05:45
of "Which thing doesn't belong?" And you're right to say
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"ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ?" ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
05:49
it's the swimming pool that doesn't belong, because the swimming pool
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”
05:52
is the only thing on this slide that's actually very dangerous.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
05:56
The way that more of you are likely to die than the combination
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”
05:58
of all three of the others that you see on the slide.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
06:02
The lottery is an excellent example, of course -- an excellent test-case
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ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ
06:06
of people's ability to compute probabilities.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.
06:09
And economists -- forgive me, for those of you who play the lottery --
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื - ื•ื™ืกืœื—ื• ืœื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื” ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ื˜ืคืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• -
06:12
but economists, at least among themselves, refer to the lottery
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืœื•ื˜ื•
06:15
as a stupidity tax, because the odds of getting any payoff
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"ืžืก ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช", ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ
06:20
by investing your money in a lottery ticket
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ืžื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
06:22
are approximately equivalent to flushing the money
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืจื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
06:24
directly down the toilet -- which, by the way,
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื— - ืžื” ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘
06:26
doesn't require that you actually go to the store and buy anything.
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ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
06:30
Why in the world would anybody ever play the lottery?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืงื ื” ื˜ืคืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื•?
06:33
Well, there are many answers, but one answer surely is,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ
06:36
we see a lot of winners. Right? When this couple wins the lottery,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•,
06:40
or Ed McMahon shows up at your door with this giant check --
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ืืช ืื“ ืžืงืžื”ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืฆ'ืง ืขื ืงื™...
06:43
how the hell do you cash things that size, I don't know.
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฆ'ืงื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
06:46
We see this on TV; we read about it in the paper.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”; ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
06:49
When was the last time that you saw extensive interviews
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ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
06:52
with everybody who lost?
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•?
06:54
Indeed, if we required that television stations run
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ืื ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืชื—ื ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ
06:57
a 30-second interview with each loser
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ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•
06:59
every time they interview a winner, the 100 million losers
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืจืื• ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื ืฆื—, ืชืจืื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื
07:03
in the last lottery would require nine-and-a-half years
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ืฉื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื›ื ืชืฉืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
07:06
of your undivided attention just to watch them say,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื -
07:09
"Me? I lost." "Me? I lost."
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"ืื ื™? ืื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™." "ืื ื™? ื’ื ืื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™."
07:12
Now, if you watch nine-and-a-half years of television --
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืชืฉืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื -
07:14
no sleep, no potty breaks -- and you saw loss after loss after loss,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื - ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื“,
07:19
and then at the end there's 30 seconds of, "and I won,"
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ืื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™."
07:21
the likelihood that you would play the lottery is very small.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืœื ื˜ื•ืคืก ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:24
Look, I can prove this to you: here's a little lottery.
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ืชืจืื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•.
07:27
There's 10 tickets in this lottery.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื–ื”.
07:29
Nine of them have been sold to these individuals.
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ืชืฉืขื” ืžื”ื ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:32
It costs you a dollar to buy the ticket and, if you win,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก, ื•ืื ืชื ืฆื—ื•,
07:35
you get 20 bucks. Is this a good bet?
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™?
07:37
Well, Bernoulli tells us it is.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™:
07:38
The expected value of this lottery is two dollars;
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ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื;
07:41
this is a lottery in which you should invest your money.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื• ื›ืกืฃ.
07:44
And most people say, "OK, I'll play."
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืืฉื—ืง."
07:46
Now, a slightly different version of this lottery:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื–ื”:
07:49
imagine that the nine tickets are all owned
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื
07:51
by one fat guy named Leroy.
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ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืœื™ืจื•ื™.
07:53
Leroy has nine tickets; there's one left.
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ืœืœื™ืจื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื; ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ.
07:55
Do you want it? Most people won't play this lottery.
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง? ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื•.
07:58
Now, you can see the odds of winning haven't changed,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
08:00
but it's now fantastically easy to imagine who's going to win.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืจื ืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืฆื—.
08:05
It's easy to see Leroy getting the check, right?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืจื•ื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:08
You can't say to yourself, "I'm as likely to win as anybody,"
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืขืฆืžืš, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ."
08:10
because you're not as likely to win as Leroy.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืœืœื™ืจื•ื™.
08:13
The fact that all those tickets are owned by one guy
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“
08:15
changes your decision to play,
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง,
08:17
even though it does nothing whatsoever to the odds.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—.
08:20
Now, estimating odds, as difficult as it may seem, is a piece of cake
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื, ืงืฉื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื”, ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:25
compared to trying to estimate value:
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืจื•ื•ื—:
08:27
trying to say what something is worth, how much we'll enjoy it,
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืจื•ื•ื— ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉื”ื•, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื ื•,
08:30
how much pleasure it will give us.
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ื›ืžื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•.
08:33
I want to talk now about errors in value.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืจื•ื•ื—.
08:35
How much is this Big Mac worth? Is it worth 25 dollars?
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื’-ืžืง ืฉื•ื•ื”? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
08:39
Most of you have the intuition that it's not --
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ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื,
08:42
you wouldn't pay that for it.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืชืฉืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื•.
08:44
But in fact, to decide whether a Big Mac is worth 25 dollars requires
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื’-ืžืง ืฉื•ื•ื” 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ
08:48
that you ask one, and only one question, which is:
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื:
08:51
What else can I do with 25 dollars?
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
08:53
If you've ever gotten on one of those long-haul flights to Australia
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
08:57
and realized that they're not going to serve you any food,
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ื•ืชื—ืœื—ืœ ื‘ื›ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ,
09:00
but somebody in the row in front of you has just opened
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืคืชื—
09:02
the McDonald's bag, and the smell of golden arches
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ืฉืงื™ืช ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก, ื•ื”ืจื™ื— ืžื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:05
is wafting over the seat, you think,
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ื™ืจื—ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื›ื, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
09:08
I can't do anything else with this 25 dollars for 16 hours.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžืฉืš 16 ืฉืขื•ืช.
09:11
I can't even set it on fire -- they took my cigarette lighter!
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื - ืœืงื—ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”!
09:14
Suddenly, 25 dollars for a Big Mac might be a good deal.
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ืคืชืื•ื, 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื’-ืžืง ื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ืขืกืงื” ืœื ืจืขื”.
09:17
On the other hand, if you're visiting an underdeveloped country,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
09:19
and 25 dollars buys you a gourmet meal, it's exorbitant for a Big Mac.
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ื•ื‘-25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื” ืžืœืื”, ืžื•ืคืจื– ืœืฉืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื’-ืžืง.
09:23
Why were you all sure that the answer to the question was no,
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ื•ืœืžื” ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื,
09:26
before I'd even told you anything about the context?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ?
09:29
Because most of you compared the price of this Big Mac
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื’-ืžืง ื›ื–ื”
09:33
to the price you're used to paying. Rather than asking,
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ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
09:36
"What else can I do with my money," comparing this investment
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™, ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:39
to other possible investments, you compared to the past.
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ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชื ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื‘ืจ.
09:43
And this is a systematic error people make.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:45
What you knew is, you paid three dollars in the past; 25 is outrageous.
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ืืชื ืฉื™ืœืžืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ 25 ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืจื–.
09:50
This is an error, and I can prove it to you by showing
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ื–ืืช ืฉื’ื™ืื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
09:52
the kinds of irrationalities to which it leads.
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ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืœื™ื•.
09:54
For example, this is, of course,
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
09:57
one of the most delicious tricks in marketing,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง,
09:59
is to say something used to be higher,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจ ืงื•ื“ื,
10:01
and suddenly it seems like a very good deal.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืชืื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขืกืงื” ืœื ืจืขื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
10:04
When people are asked about these two different jobs:
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”:
10:07
a job where you make 60K, then 50K, then 40K,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื 60 ืืœืฃ, ื•ืื– 50 ืืœืฃ, ื•ืื– 40 ืืœืฃ,
10:10
a job where you're getting a salary cut each year,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
10:12
and one in which you're getting a salary increase,
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ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
10:14
people like the second job better than the first, despite the fact
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:18
they're all told they make much less money. Why?
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช. ืœืžื”?
10:21
Because they had the sense that declining wages are worse
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:25
than rising wages, even when the total amount of wages is higher
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ืžืฉื›ืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:29
in the declining period. Here's another nice example.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
10:33
Here's a $2,000 Hawaiian vacation package; it's now on sale for 1,600.
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ 2000 ื“ื•ืœืจ; ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘-1600 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:38
Assuming you wanted to go to Hawaii, would you buy this package?
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืชื›ื ื ืชื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™. ืชืงื ื•?
10:41
Most people say they would. Here's a slightly different story:
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”:
10:45
$2,000 Hawaiian vacation package is now on sale for 700 dollars,
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ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 2000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘-700 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:49
so you decide to mull it over for a week.
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ืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
10:51
By the time you get to the ticket agency, the best fares are gone --
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื’ืžืจ -
10:53
the package now costs 1,500. Would you buy it? Most people say, no.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื” 1500 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืชืงื ื•? ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื.
10:58
Why? Because it used to cost 700, and there's no way I'm paying 1,500
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื” ืขืœื” 700, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืœื 1500
11:02
for something that was 700 last week.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื” 700 ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
11:05
This tendency to compare to the past
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ
11:07
is causing people to pass up the better deal. In other words,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
11:11
a good deal that used to be a great deal is not nearly as good
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ืขืกืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ืขืกืงื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช, ืื™ื ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
11:14
as an awful deal that was once a horrible deal.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืกืงื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ืื™ื•ืžื”.
11:18
Here's another example of how comparing to the past
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื‘ืจ
11:20
can befuddle our decisions.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
11:24
Imagine that you're going to the theater.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
11:26
You're on your way to the theater.
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ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื›ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
11:27
In your wallet you have a ticket, for which you paid 20 dollars.
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ื‘ืืจื ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉื™ืœืžืชื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:29
You also have a 20-dollar bill.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:31
When you arrive at the theater,
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ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
11:33
you discover that somewhere along the way you've lost the ticket.
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ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก.
11:36
Would you spend your remaining money on replacing it?
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ื”ืื ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉ?
11:39
Most people answer, no.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื.
11:42
Now, let's just change one thing in this scenario.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:45
You're on your way to the theater,
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ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื›ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
11:46
and in your wallet you have two 20-dollar bills.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:48
When you arrive you discover you've lost one of them.
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ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
11:50
Would you spend your remaining 20 dollars on a ticket?
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ื”ืื ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก?
11:52
Well, of course, I went to the theater to see the play.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ! ื”ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”.
11:55
What does the loss of 20 dollars along the way have to do?
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ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš?
11:58
Now, just in case you're not getting it,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืคืกืชื,
12:01
here's a schematic of what happened, OK?
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ื”ื ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
12:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:04
Along the way, you lost something.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื ืžืฉื”ื•.
12:06
In both cases, it was a piece of paper.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
12:08
In one case, it had a U.S. president on it; in the other case it didn't.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”.
12:12
What the hell difference should it make?
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ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
12:14
The difference is that when you lost the ticket you say to yourself,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืžืจืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
12:17
I'm not paying twice for the same thing.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉืœื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื."
12:19
You compare the cost of the play now -- 40 dollars --
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ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื›ืขืช - 40 ื“ื•ืœืจ -
12:22
to the cost that it used to have -- 20 dollars -- and you say it's a bad deal.
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ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ - 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ - ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ืืช ืขืกืงื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
12:27
Comparing with the past causes many of the problems
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
12:31
that behavioral economists and psychologists identify
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ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
12:34
in people's attempts to assign value.
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ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืจื•ื•ื—.
12:36
But even when we compare with the possible, instead of the past,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ืœืขื‘ืจ,
12:41
we still make certain kinds of mistakes.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
12:43
And I'm going to show you one or two of them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ.
12:45
One of the things we know about comparison:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื:
12:48
that when we compare one thing to the other, it changes its value.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื•.
12:51
So in 1992, this fellow, George Bush, for those of us who were
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ื‘-1992 ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืœืžื™ ืžื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื•
12:55
kind of on the liberal side of the political spectrum,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
12:58
didn't seem like such a great guy.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:00
Suddenly, we're almost longing for him to return.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
13:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
13:07
The comparison changes how we evaluate him.
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ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืœื™ื•.
13:10
Now, retailers knew this long before anybody else did, of course,
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ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
13:14
and they use this wisdom to help you --
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื,
13:16
spare you the undue burden of money.
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ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืกืฃ.
13:18
And so a retailer, if you were to go into a wine shop
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ
13:21
and you had to buy a bottle of wine,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:22
and you see them here for eight, 27 and 33 dollars, what would you do?
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื - ื‘-8 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘-27 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ื‘-33 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืžื” ืชืงื ื•?
13:26
Most people don't want the most expensive,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:28
they don't want the least expensive.
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ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:30
So, they will opt for the item in the middle.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืงื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ.
13:32
If you're a smart retailer, then, you will put a very expensive item
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ืื ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื—ื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“
13:35
that nobody will ever buy on the shelf,
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช,
13:37
because suddenly the $33 wine doesn't look as expensive in comparison.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-33 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
13:43
So I'm telling you something you already knew:
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขืชื:
13:44
namely, that comparison changes the value of things.
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:48
Here's why that's a problem:
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
13:49
the problem is that when you get that $33 bottle of wine home,
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื‘-33 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
13:55
it won't matter what it used to be sitting on the shelf next to.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื“ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช.
13:59
The comparisons we make when we are appraising value,
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ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—,
14:04
where we're trying to estimate how much we'll like things,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
14:08
are not the same comparisons we'll be making when we consume them.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
14:11
This problem of shifting comparisons can bedevil
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ืš
14:15
our attempts to make rational decisions.
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:18
Let me just give you an example.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
14:19
I have to show you something from my own lab, so let me sneak this in.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื– ืื’ื ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
14:23
These are subjects coming to an experiment to be asked
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ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ
14:25
the simplest of all questions:
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
14:27
How much will you enjoy eating potato chips one minute from now?
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื”ื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
14:31
They're sitting in a room with potato chips in front of them.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขื ืฉืงื™ืช ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืžื•ืœื.
14:34
For some of the subjects, sitting in the far corner of a room
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ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืฉื ื”
14:37
is a box of Godiva chocolates, and for others is a can of Spam.
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ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื’ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื•ืคืกืช ืœื•ืฃ.
14:42
In fact, these items that are sitting in the room change
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื
14:46
how much the subjects think they're going to enjoy the potato chips.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก.
14:49
Namely, those who are looking at Spam
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื• ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืœื•ืฃ
14:51
think potato chips are going to be quite tasty;
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ืขื™ื;
14:53
those who are looking at Godiva chocolate
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ืืœื• ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
14:55
think they won't be nearly so tasty.
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ืขื™ื.
14:57
Of course, what happens when they eat the potato chips?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก?
14:59
Well, look, you didn't need a psychologist to tell you that
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
15:02
when you have a mouthful of greasy, salty, crispy, delicious snacks,
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ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื,
15:06
what's sitting in the corner of the room
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ
15:07
makes not a damn bit of difference to your gustatory experience.
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ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื›ื.
15:12
Nonetheless, their predictions are perverted by a comparison
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
15:16
that then does not carry through and change their experience.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
15:20
You've all experienced this yourself, even if you've never come
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ืชื ืกื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื’ื ืื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ืืชื
15:22
into our lab to eat potato chips. So here's a question:
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ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก. ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื”:
15:25
You want to buy a car stereo.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
15:27
The dealer near your house sells this particular stereo for 200 dollars,
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ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื›ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘-200 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
15:32
but if you drive across town, you can get it for 100 bucks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืขื• ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘-100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:35
So would you drive to get 50 percent off, saving 100 dollars?
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ื”ืื ืชืกืขื• ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
15:38
Most people say they would.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื›ืŸ.
15:40
They can't imagine buying it for twice the price
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ
15:42
when, with one trip across town, they can get it for half off.
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ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ 50% ื”ื ื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
15:46
Now, let's imagine instead you wanted to buy a car that had a stereo,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”,
15:50
and the dealer near your house had it for 31,000.
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ื•ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื›ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘-31,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:52
But if you drove across town, you could get it for 30,900.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืขื• ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘-30,900 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:57
Would you drive to get it? At this point, 0.003 savings -- the 100 dollars.
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ื”ืื ืชืกืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 0.3%, ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ?
16:01
Most people say, no, I'm going to schlep across town
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
16:03
to save 100 bucks on the purchase of a car?
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
16:06
This kind of thinking drives economists crazy, and it should.
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื“ืขืชื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™.
16:10
Because this 100 dollars that you save -- hello! --
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ื›ื™ - ื”ืœื•! - ืžืื” ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื—ืกื›ืชื
16:14
doesn't know where it came from.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
16:16
It doesn't know what you saved it on.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ื—ืกื›ืชื ืื•ืชื.
16:18
When you go to buy groceries with it, it doesn't go,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
16:20
I'm the money saved on the car stereo, or,
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"ืื”ื”, ืื ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื—ืกื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•"
16:23
I'm the dumb money saved on the car. It's money.
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ืื• "ืื ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื—ืกื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช". ื–ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
16:27
And if a drive across town is worth 100 bucks, it's worth 100 bucks
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ื•ืื ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื”
16:30
no matter what you're saving it on. People don't think that way.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ืš ืืชื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
16:33
That's why they don't know whether their mutual fund manager
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœื”ื
16:35
is taking 0.1 percent or 0.15 percent of their investment,
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ืœื•ืงื— 0.1% ืื• 0.15% ืžื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœื”ื,
16:40
but they clip coupons to save one dollar off of toothpaste.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
16:43
Now, you can see, this is the problem of shifting comparisons,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
16:46
because what you're doing is, you're comparing the 100 bucks
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืœืœื•
16:49
to the purchase that you're making,
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ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื,
16:51
but when you go to spend that money you won't be making that comparison.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ืืช.
16:55
You've all had this experience.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
16:57
If you're an American, for example, you've probably traveled in France.
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ืื ืืชื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
17:01
And at some point you may have met a couple
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืคื’ืฉืชื ื–ื•ื’
17:03
from your own hometown, and you thought,
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
17:04
"Oh, my God, these people are so warm. They're so nice to me.
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"ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื™.
17:09
I mean, compared to all these people who hate me
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"ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื” ืฉืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™
17:11
when I try to speak their language and hate me more when I don't,
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"ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœื,
17:14
these people are just wonderful." And so you tour France with them,
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"ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืคืœืื™ื." ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
17:17
and then you get home and you invite them over for dinner,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืืชื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืืจื•ื—ื”,
17:19
and what do you find?
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื?
17:20
Compared to your regular friends,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
17:22
they are boring and dull, right? Because in this new context,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
17:26
the comparison is very, very different. In fact, you find yourself
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ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื
17:30
disliking them enough almost to qualify for French citizenship.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
17:34
Now, you have exactly the same problem when you shop for a stereo.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื.
17:37
You go to the stereo store, you see two sets of speakers --
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื -
17:40
these big, boxy, monoliths, and these little, sleek speakers,
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ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื,
17:44
and you play them, and you go, you know, I do hear a difference:
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ื•ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ:
17:46
the big ones sound a little better.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
17:48
And so you buy them, and you bring them home,
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ื•ืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
17:50
and you entirely violate the dรฉcor of your house.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
17:53
And the problem, of course, is that this comparison you made in the store
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช
17:57
is a comparison you'll never make again.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืœื.
17:59
What are the odds that years later you'll turn on the stereo and go,
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ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื -
18:01
"Sounds so much better than those little ones,"
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"ื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื,"
18:04
which you can't even remember hearing.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื•.
18:06
The problem of shifting comparisons is even more difficult
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
18:09
when these choices are arrayed over time.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
18:12
People have a lot of trouble making decisions
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
18:15
about things that will happen at different points in time.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
18:18
And what psychologists and behavioral economists have discovered
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื
18:20
is that by and large people use two simple rules.
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ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
18:23
So let me give you one very easy problem, a second very easy problem
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”
18:27
and then a third, hard, problem.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
18:28
Here's the first easy problem:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
18:31
You can have 60 dollars now or 50 dollars now. Which would you prefer?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 50 ืื• 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืžื” ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื?
18:34
This is what we call a one-item IQ test, OK?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื“ืค"ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืŸ?
18:37
All of us, I hope, prefer more money, and the reason is,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
18:40
we believe more is better than less.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช.
18:43
Here's the second problem:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
18:44
You can have 60 dollars today or 60 dollars in a month. Which would you prefer?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื• 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืžื” ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื?
18:48
Again, an easy decision,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
18:50
because we all know that now is better than later.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
18:54
What's hard in our decision-making is when these two rules conflict.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื.
18:57
For example, when you're offered 50 dollars now or 60 dollars in a month.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื• 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
19:01
This typifies a lot of situations in life in which you will gain
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ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืชื—ื›ื•
19:04
by waiting, but you have to be patient.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.
19:07
What do we know? What do people do in these kinds of situations?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื? ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
19:10
Well, by and large people are enormously impatient.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกืจื™ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.
19:14
That is, they require interest rates in the hundred
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืฉื•ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช
19:17
or thousands of percents in order to delay gratification
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ืื• ืืœืคื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
19:21
and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars.
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ื•ื™ื—ื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
19:25
Maybe that isn't so remarkable, but what is remarkable is
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื
19:28
how easy it is to make this impatience go away by simply changing
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
19:32
when the delivery of these monetary units will happen.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
19:36
Imagine that you can have 50 dollars in a year -- that's 12 months --
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื”, 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
19:39
or 60 dollars in 13 months.
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ืื• 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
19:42
What do we find now?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
19:43
People are gladly willing to wait: as long as they're waiting 12,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื›ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื—ื›ื™ื 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
19:46
they might as well wait 13.
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช 13?
19:48
What makes this dynamic inconsistency happen?
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
19:51
Comparison. Troubling comparison. Let me show you.
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช. ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
19:55
This is just a graph showing the results that I just suggested
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ื–ื” ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื™
19:58
you would show if I gave you time to respond, which is,
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ืืชื ืชืฆื™ื’ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื
20:00
people find that the subjective value of 50 is higher
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
20:03
than the subjective value of 60 when they'll be delivered in now
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ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”
20:07
or one month, respectively -- a 30-day delay --
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- ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื.
20:09
but they show the reverse pattern when you push the entire decision
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
20:13
off into the future a year.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
20:16
Now, why in the world do you get this pattern of results?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช?
20:20
These guys can tell us.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
20:21
What you see here are two lads,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
20:24
one of them larger than the other: the fireman and the fiddler.
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ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื ื™: ื”ื›ื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ื›ื ืจ.
20:27
They are going to recede towards the vanishing point in the horizon,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื– ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืง,
20:30
and I want you to notice two things.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
20:32
At no point will the fireman look taller than the fiddler. No point.
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ื”ื›ื‘ืื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ืจ,
20:38
However, the difference between them seems to be getting smaller.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
20:41
First it's an inch in your view, then it's a quarter-inch,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 3 ืก"ืž, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“
20:44
then a half-inch, and then finally they go off the edge of the earth.
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื—ืฆื™ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
20:48
Here are the results of what I just showed you.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
20:51
This is the subjective height --
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ -
20:53
the height you saw of these guys at various points.
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ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
20:56
And I want you to see that two things are true.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจื™ื.
20:58
One, the farther away they are, the smaller they look;
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื;
21:01
and two, the fireman is always bigger than the fiddler.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื‘ืื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ืจ.
21:03
But watch what happens when we make some of them disappear. Right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื.
21:09
At a very close distance, the fiddler looks taller than the fireman,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ื›ื ืจ ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื‘ืื™,
21:12
but at a far distance
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
21:14
their normal, their true, relations are preserved.
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื.
21:17
As Plato said, what space is to size, time is to value.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ, ืžืจื—ืง ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
21:22
These are the results of the hard problem I gave you:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื:
21:27
60 now or 50 in a month?
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50 ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื• 60 ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ?
21:29
And these are subjective values,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
21:30
and what you can see is, our two rules are preserved.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื.
21:32
People always think more is better than less:
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช.
21:34
60 is always better than 50,
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60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ;
21:36
and they always think now is better than later:
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ื•ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš:
21:38
the bars on this side are higher than the bars on this side.
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื•ื.
21:41
Watch what happens when we drop some out.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื.
21:44
Suddenly we have the dynamic inconsistency that puzzled us.
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ืคืชืื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื.
21:47
We have the tendency for people to go for 50 dollars now
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
21:51
over waiting a month, but not if that decision is far in the future.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
21:54
Notice something interesting that this implies -- namely, that
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืš -
21:58
when people get to the future, they will change their minds.
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“, ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
22:02
That is, as that month 12 approaches, you will say,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืชื ืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
22:05
what was I thinking, waiting an extra month for 60 dollars?
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"ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ?
22:08
I'll take the 50 dollars now.
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"ืื ื™ ืืงื— 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•."
22:11
Well, the question with which I'd like to end is this:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื:
22:14
If we're so damn stupid, how did we get to the moon?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื™ืจื—?
22:17
Because I could go on for about two hours with evidence
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจืื™ื•ืช
22:20
of people's inability to estimate odds and inability to estimate value.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
22:26
The answer to this question, I think, is an answer you've already heard
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื
22:28
in some of the talks, and I dare say you will hear again:
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืฉื•ื‘:
22:30
namely, that our brains were evolved for a very different world
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื
22:34
than the one in which we are living.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
22:36
They were evolved for a world
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืขื•ืœื
22:38
in which people lived in very small groups,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
22:40
rarely met anybody who was terribly different from themselves,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืคื’ืฉื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
22:43
had rather short lives in which there were few choices
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ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
22:46
and the highest priority was to eat and mate today.
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ื•ื“ืื’ืชื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
22:51
Bernoulli's gift, Bernoulli's little formula, allows us, it tells us
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ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื•ืœื™, ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”, ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•
22:56
how we should think in a world for which nature never designed us.
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ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
23:01
That explains why we are so bad at using it, but it also explains
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ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ
23:05
why it is so terribly important that we become good, fast.
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ืœืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื”ืจ.
23:10
We are the only species on this planet
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
23:12
that has ever held its own fate in its hands.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•.
23:16
We have no significant predators,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื,
23:18
we're the masters of our physical environment;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื•;
23:20
the things that normally cause species to become extinct
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื
23:23
are no longer any threat to us.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
23:26
The only thing -- the only thing -- that can destroy us and doom us
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื•ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•
23:31
are our own decisions.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
23:33
If we're not here in 10,000 years, it's going to be because
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืชื•ืš 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื
23:37
we could not take advantage of the gift given to us
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ืฉืœื ื ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
23:41
by a young Dutch fellow in 1738,
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘-1738,
23:44
because we underestimated the odds of our future pains
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขื˜ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
23:48
and overestimated the value of our present pleasures.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื–ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
23:52
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
23:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
24:03
Chris Anderson: That was remarkable.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
24:06
We have time for some questions for Dan Gilbert. One and two.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜. ืืชื”, ื•ืืชื”.
24:11
Bill Lyell: Would you say that this mechanism
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ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืœ: ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”
24:14
is in part how terrorism actually works to frighten us,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื’ื“ื ื•?
24:18
and is there some way that we could counteract that?
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ื•ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”?
24:22
Dan Gilbert: I actually was consulting recently
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ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆืชื™
24:23
with the Department of Homeland Security, which generally believes
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ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
24:26
that American security dollars should go to making borders safer.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
24:30
I tried to point out to them that terrorism was a name
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื˜ืจื•ืจ (ืื™ืžื”) ื”ื•ื ืฉื
24:33
based on people's psychological reaction to a set of events,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช,
24:37
and that if they were concerned about terrorism they might ask
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ื•ืฉืื ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
24:39
what causes terror and how can we stop people from being terrified,
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ืžื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
24:42
rather than -- not rather than, but in addition to
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื... ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ
24:45
stopping the atrocities that we're all concerned about.
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ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
24:48
Surely the kinds of play that at least American media give to --
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžืžืœืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ...
24:54
and forgive me, but in raw numbers these are very tiny accidents.
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ื•ืกืœื— ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
24:59
We already know, for example, in the United States,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
25:01
more people have died as a result of not taking airplanes --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก -
25:05
because they were scared -- and driving on highways,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“ - ื•ื ืกืขื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
25:07
than were killed in 9/11. OK?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
25:09
If I told you that there was a plague
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ืžื’ืคื”
25:11
that was going to kill 15,000 Americans next year,
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ืฉืชื”ืจื•ื’ 15,000 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
25:14
you might be alarmed if you didn't find out it was the flu.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ื—ืจื“, ืืœื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืขืช.
25:17
These are small-scale accidents, and we should be wondering
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืืœื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช
25:20
whether they should get the kind of play,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื›ื•ื—,
25:22
the kind of coverage, that they do.
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ื›ื–ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื›ืžื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
25:24
Surely that causes people to overestimate the likelihood
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
25:27
that they'll be hurt in these various ways,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
25:29
and gives power to the very people who want to frighten us.
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืœืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
25:31
CA: Dan, I'd like to hear more on this. So, you're saying
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ
25:33
that our response to terror is, I mean, it's a form of mental bug?
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ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”?
25:37
Talk more about it.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืคืจื˜.
25:38
DG: It's out-sized. I mean, look.
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ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–. ืชืจืื”,
25:41
If Australia disappears tomorrow,
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ืื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืชื™ืขืœื ืžื—ืจ,
25:43
terror is probably the right response.
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ืื™ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
25:45
That's an awful large lot of very nice people. On the other hand,
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ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
25:50
when a bus blows up and 30 people are killed,
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ื›ืฉืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•-30 ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื...
25:53
more people than that were killed
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•
25:55
by not using their seatbelts in the same country.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื—ื’ืจื• ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
25:58
Is terror the right response?
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ื”ืื ืื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
25:59
CA: What causes the bug? Is it the drama of the event --
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื”? ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ -
26:03
that it's so spectacular?
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืฉื™ื?
26:04
Is it the fact that it's an intentional attack by, quote, outsiders?
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ืื• ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื–ืจื™ื?
26:07
What is it?
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื”?
26:08
DG: Yes. It's a number of things, and you hit on several of them.
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื›ืŸ. ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื.
26:11
First, it's a human agent trying to kill us --
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื• -
26:13
it's not a tree falling on us by accident.
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ืœื ืขืฅ ืฉื ืคืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
26:16
Second, these are enemies who may want to strike and hurt us again.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉื•ื‘.
26:19
People are being killed for no reason instead of good reason --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” -
26:22
as if there's good reason, but sometimes people think there are.
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ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
26:25
So there are a number of things that together
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
26:27
make this seem like a fantastic event, but let's not play down
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ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื›ื—
26:30
the fact that newspapers sell when people see something in it
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ืฉืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
26:34
they want to read. So there's a large role here played by the media,
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ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
26:37
who want these things to be
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื•
26:39
as spectacular as they possibly can.
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ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ.
26:43
CA: I mean, what would it take to persuade our culture to downplay it?
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืžื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
26:49
DG: Well, go to Israel. You know,
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกืขื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.
26:50
go to Israel. And a mall blows up,
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ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ,
26:52
and then everybody's unhappy about it, and an hour-and-a-half later --
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
26:55
at least when I was there, and I was 150 feet from the mall
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืฉื–ื” 50 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ
26:58
when it blew up -- I went back to my hotel
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
27:00
and the wedding that was planned was still going on.
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ื•ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
27:03
And as the Israeli mother said,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืžื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืืžืจื”,
27:04
she said, "We never let them win by stopping weddings."
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"ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœื ืฆื—."
27:08
I mean, this is a society that has learned --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืžื“ื” -
27:09
and there are others too -- that has learned to live
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช - ืฉืœืžื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
27:11
with a certain amount of terrorism and not be quite as upset by it,
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื“ ืžืžื ื•
27:16
shall I say, as those of us who have not had many terror attacks.
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ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
27:19
CA: But is there a rational fear that actually,
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื›ืš,
27:22
the reason we're frightened about this is because we think that
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื›ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื”
27:25
the Big One is to come?
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ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
27:26
DG: Yes, of course. So, if we knew that this was the worst attack
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ
27:30
there would ever be, there might be more and more buses of 30 people --
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ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช -
27:34
we would probably not be nearly so frightened.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
27:36
I don't want to say -- please, I'm going to get quoted somewhere
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ืชืจืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืฆื˜ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
27:38
as saying, "Terrorism is fine and we shouldn't be so distressed."
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"ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ."
27:42
That's not my point at all.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
27:44
What I'm saying is that, surely, rationally,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
27:46
our distress about things that happen, about threats,
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
27:50
should be roughly proportional to the size of those threats
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
27:53
and threats to come.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
27:55
I think in the case of terrorism, it isn't.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”.
27:58
And many of the things we've heard about from our speakers today --
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื -
28:00
how many people do you know got up and said,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืžื• ื•ืืžืจื•,
28:02
Poverty! I can't believe what poverty is doing to us.
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"ืขื•ื ื™! ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข!"
28:06
People get up in the morning; they don't care about poverty.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ; ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™.
28:08
It's not making headlines, it's not making news, it's not flashy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช; ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืฆืฅ.
28:10
There are no guns going off.
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ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื.
28:12
I mean, if you had to solve one of these problems, Chris,
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืจื™ืก,
28:14
which would you solve? Terrorism or poverty?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืชืจ? ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืขื•ื ื™?
28:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
28:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
28:22
That's a tough one.
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ืฉืืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
28:24
CA: There's no question.
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื”.
28:25
Poverty, by an order of magnitude, a huge order of magnitude,
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ืขื•ื ื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
28:29
unless someone can show that there's, you know,
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ืืœื ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืจืื” ืœื™
28:32
terrorists with a nuke are really likely to come.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
28:36
The latest I've read, seen, thought
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ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
28:38
is that it's incredibly hard for them to do that.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”.
28:42
If that turns out to be wrong, we all look silly,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื™ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื,
28:44
but with poverty it's a bit --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ื ื™...
28:46
DG: Even if that were true, still more people die from poverty.
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ื ื™.
28:53
CA: We've evolved to get all excited
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ื ื•ืจื
28:54
about these dramatic attacks. Is that because in the past,
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ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
28:57
in the ancient past, we just didn't understand things like disease
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช
29:00
and systems that cause poverty and so forth,
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ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื•ื ื™.
29:02
and so it made no sense for us as a species to put any energy
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ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืœื ืœื ื• ื›ื’ื–ืข
29:06
into worrying about those things?
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ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
29:08
People died; so be it.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•; ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
29:10
But if you got attacked, that was something you could do something about.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืชืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชืš, ืืชื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
29:12
And so we evolved these responses.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
29:14
Is that what happened?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”?
29:15
DG: Well, you know, the people who are most skeptical
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ืชืจืื”, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื
29:18
about leaping to evolutionary explanations for everything
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
29:20
are the evolutionary psychologists themselves.
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ื”ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
29:22
My guess is that there's nothing quite that specific
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
29:25
in our evolutionary past. But rather, if you're looking for
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ
29:27
an evolutionary explanation, you might say
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
29:29
that most organisms are neo-phobic -- that is, they're a little scared
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื ืื•-ืคื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื
29:33
of stuff that's new and different.
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ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
29:34
And there's a good reason to be,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
29:36
because old stuff didn't eat you. Right?
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชืš.
29:37
Any animal you see that you've seen before is less likely
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ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ื
29:40
to be a predator than one that you've never seen before.
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ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื.
29:43
So, you know, when a school bus is blown up and we've never seen this before,
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ืื– ืื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื,
29:46
our general tendency is to orient towards
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
29:48
that which is new and novel is activated.
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ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืคื” ื•ืขื•ืœื”.
29:53
I don't think it's quite as specific a mechanism
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื
29:55
as the one you alluded to, but maybe a more fundamental one underlying it.
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ืฉืชื™ืืจืช, ืืœื ืื•ืœื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
30:01
Jay Walker: You know, economists love to talk about
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ื’'ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืงืจ: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
30:06
the stupidity of people who buy lottery tickets. But I suspect
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ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื•ื˜ื•. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
30:10
you're making the exact same error you're accusing those people of,
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ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื,
30:13
which is the error of value.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื”.
30:14
I know, because I've interviewed
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™
30:15
about 1,000 lottery buyers over the years.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
30:17
It turns out that the value of buying a lottery ticket is not winning.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
30:21
That's what you think it is. All right?
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ื–ื” ื”ืขืจืš ืœื“ืขืชืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
30:23
The average lottery buyer buys about 150 tickets a year,
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืœื•ื˜ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืงื•ื ื” ื›-150 ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
30:26
so the buyer knows full well that he or she is going to lose,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื•,
30:30
and yet she buys 150 tickets a year. Why is that?
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ื•ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืœืžื”?
30:33
It's not because she is stupid or he is stupid.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื.
30:37
It's because the anticipation of possibly winning
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื—
30:40
releases serotonin in the brain, and actually provides a good feeling
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
30:44
until the drawing indicates you've lost.
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ืขื“ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืขืฆืžื•.
30:46
Or, to put it another way, for the dollar investment,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•,
30:49
you can have a much better feeling than flushing the money
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืคื—
30:52
down the toilet, which you cannot have a good feeling from.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
30:55
Now, economists tend to --
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช -
30:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
31:00
-- economists tend to view the world
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- ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
31:01
through their own lenses, which is:
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ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื
31:03
this is just a bunch of stupid people.
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ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื.
31:05
And as a result, many people look at economists as stupid people.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื.
31:09
And so fundamentally, the reason we got to the moon is,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื™ืจื—,
31:12
we didn't listen to the economists. Thank you very much.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื ื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
31:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
31:20
DG: Well, no, it's a great point. It remains to be seen
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื–ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•
31:23
whether the joy of anticipation is exactly equaled
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ืื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื”
31:27
by the amount of disappointment after the lottery. Because remember,
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ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืคืกื“, ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืจ,
31:30
people who didn't buy tickets don't feel awful the next day either,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืข ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
31:33
even though they don't feel great during the drawing.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
31:35
I would disagree that people know they're not going to win.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื•.
31:37
I think they think it's unlikely, but it could happen,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™,
31:40
which is why they prefer that to the flushing.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืคื—.
31:43
But certainly I see your point: that there can be
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”: ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
31:46
some utility to buying a lottery ticket other than winning.
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ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
31:50
Now, I think there's many good reasons not to listen to economists.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
31:53
That isn't one of them, for me, but there's many others.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
31:56
CA: Last question.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
31:58
Aubrey de Grey: My name's Aubrey de Grey, from Cambridge.
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ืื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื”-ื’ืจื™ื™: ืื ื™ ืื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื”-ื’ืจื™ื™, ืžืงืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'
32:01
I work on the thing that kills more people than anything else kills --
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื -
32:05
I work on aging -- and I'm interested in doing something about it,
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ื–ื™ืงื ื” - ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
32:07
as we'll all hear tomorrow.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืžื—ืจ.
32:08
I very much resonate with what you're saying,
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ,
32:11
because it seems to me that the problem
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
32:13
with getting people interested in doing anything about aging
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื ื”
32:16
is that by the time aging is about to kill you it looks like cancer
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื–ื™ืงื ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืื•ืชืš, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ
32:19
or heart disease or whatever. Do you have any advice?
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ืื• ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขืฆื”?
32:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
32:25
DG: For you or for them?
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื?
32:26
AdG: In persuading them.
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ื“ื”-ื’ืจื™ื™: ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื.
32:27
DG: Ah, for you in persuading them.
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ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™.
32:29
Well, it's notoriously difficult to get people to be farsighted.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืจืื•ืช.
32:32
But one thing that psychologists have tried that seems to work
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
32:36
is to get people to imagine the future more vividly.
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ื–ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
32:39
One of the problems with making decisions about the far future
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
32:42
and the near future is that we imagine the near future
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
32:45
much more vividly than the far future.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
32:47
To the extent that you can equalize the amount of detail
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
32:51
that people put into the mental representations
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
32:53
of near and far future, people begin to make decisions
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ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
32:55
about the two in the same way.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš.
32:57
So, would you like to have an extra 100,000 dollars when you're 65
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"ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 65"
33:02
is a question that's very different than,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื”
33:03
imagine who you'll be when you're 65: will you be living,
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ืื™ืš ืชื—ื™ื”, ืื™ืš ืชื™ืจืื”,
33:07
what will you look like, how much hair will you have,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš,
33:09
who will you be living with.
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ื•ืขื ืžื™ ืชื—ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 65.
33:10
Once we have all the details of that imaginary scenario,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•,
33:13
suddenly we feel like it might be important to save
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ืคืชืื•ื ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•
33:15
so that that guy has a little retirement money.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ืœืขืช ืคืจื™ืฉื”.
33:18
But these are tricks around the margins.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
33:20
I think in general you're battling a very fundamental human tendency,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
33:23
which is to say, "I'm here today,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืื ื™ ืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
33:25
and so now is more important than later."
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"ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจ ื›ืš."
33:28
CA: Dan, thank you. Members of the audience,
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื“ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืงื”ืœ ื ื›ื‘ื“,
33:30
that was a fantastic session. Thank you.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
33:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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